Project based

Learning

2021
Topic:
1) Railway Track crack detection system

2) Waste management

3) Globalization

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1)Railway Track crack
detection system

• Railway is one of the most significant transportation

modes of our country but it is a matter of great
sorrow that, railway tracks of our country are very
prone.
• That’s why, a vast number of accidents are occurred
every year due to this primitive type of railway tracks
and as the consequences of those accidents we
lose huge number of lives everyyear
• These types of incidents motivate us to think over
the above mentioned issue and take necessary
steps to protect those lives

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Through our proposed system, we need to establish
more modern and secure railway system. Besides this,
there is no such type of technology or system in our
country which can stop the collision between two trains
coming from the opposite direction of each other on the
same track

• We actually think over this matter and motivated to

do so. Moreover natural disaster can throw any
object on the rail track which cannot be removed
very quickly in the remote area.
• We thought if our system can detect those object or
barrier and inform to the control room then they can
take necessary steps 3 to avoid accident.

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 Train accident statistics

TABLE I shows statistics of the number of Table II shows Number Of deaths year wise
injuries caused due to train accidents

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METHODOLOGY
The main aim of project is to design the railway crack
detection using Ultrasonic sensors. The project block
diagram is shown in Figure 3, which contains
microcontroller (Arduino), ultrasonic sensor, motor
driver, motor, GPS module when the crack is detected,
relevant geographical location coordinates will sent to
the nearest station. This recording and sending of
coordinates are done by GPS module. GPS network
used by cell phones provides a low cost, long range
wireless communication channel for applications that
require connectivity rather than higher data rates.
Infrared transmitter is one type of the LED which emits
infrared rays generally called IRtransmitter.
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 CONCLUSION

As per the study the existing systems are time consuming as well as uneconomical. The
proposed system is not only overcome these problems but also improve accuracy and
crack detection in rails. It is the most economical solution provided in order to achieve
good results of railways of our country in order to minimize the stats of accidents caused.
There by possible to save precious lives of passengers and loss of economy. It also saves
the time and money for identification ofcrack.

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2) Waste Management

• Waste management is all those activities and action

required to manage waste from its inception to its
final disposal.
• This includes amongst other things, collection,
transport, treatment and disposal of waste together

IMAGE
with monitoring and regulation.
• It also encompasses the legal and regulatory
framework the relates to waste management
encompassing guidance on recycling etc.

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Effects of Waste

• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS:
• Surface water contamination
• Ground Water contamination
• Soil contamination
• Air contamination

• ECONOMIC EFFECTS:
• Municipal wellbeing
• Recycling revenue
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 The 3-R’ Cycle

1) Recycle

• Saves limited natural resources.

• Prevents greenhouse gas emissions and
water pollutants.
• Saves energy.
• Provides raw materials for industry and
creates jobs
• Saves landfill space
2) Waste Reduction

• Make double sided copies.

• Circulate memos, documents and periodicals.
• Use durable cups and silverware.
• Proof-read documents on the computer screen.
• Purchase merchandise with minimal packaging or order in
bulk.
• Read periodicals online.
• Send e-cards.
• Reduce your junk mail by writing to the Direct Marketing
Association at Mail Preference Service, PO Box 9008,
Farmingdale, NY 11735-9008.
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3) Reuse

• Reuse envelopes.
• Reuse single-sided paper for scratch paper.
• Reuse foam peanuts and other packaging material.
• Use remanufactured or surplus office equipment.
• Use rechargeable batteries.
• Use rechargeable fax and printer cartridges.
• Compost grass clippings and food waste.
• Donate toys and other items to charity.

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Waste Hierarchy Chart

Method of Disposal
• Land Fill
• Incineration
• Compaction
• Pyrolysis
• Making Biogas
• Making plastic roads

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Conclusion

It is found that with increase in the global population and the

rising demand for food and other essentials, there has been a
rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each
household. Waste that is not properly managed, especially
excreta and other liquid and solid waste from households and
the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to the
spread of infectious diseases

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3) Globalization

• The world is toward an interdependent, integrated global economic

system
• Globalizationrefers to the shift toward a more integrated and
interdependent world economy, including two facets
• Globalization of markets
• Globalization of production

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 • Globalization of Markets

• 1-3Globalization of Markets
• Globalization of markets refers to the merging of historically distinct
and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace.
• Instead, there is the “global market”
• falling trade barriers make it easier to sell globally
• consumers’ tastes and preferences are converging
• firms promote the trend by offering the same basic products
worldwide

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Globalization of Production

• Globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services

from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences
in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, and capital.
• Companies can
• lower their overall cost structure
• improve the quality or functionality of their product offering

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Global Institutions

• 1-5Global Institutions
• Institutions are needed to
• help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace
• promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global
business system
• Examples include
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• World BankUnited Nations (UN)

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Drivers of Globalization

Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater

globalization:

• Declining trade and investment barriers

• since 1950, average tariffs have fallen significantly and
are now at about 4%
• countries have opened their markets to FDI
• Technological change
• microprocessors and telecommunications
• the Internet and World Wide Web
• transportation technology

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Conclusion

Managing in the Global Marketplace

• Managing IB differs from managing a domestic business because

countries are different
• the range of problems confronted in IB is wider and the problems
more complex than those in a domestic business
• firms have to find ways to work within the limits imposed by
government intervention in the international trade and investment
system
• international transactions involve converting money into different
currencies

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