Reading Comprehension Skills1@ Introduction Comprehension is part of life. Every waking minute, your brain is busy making sense of your world. It could be compared, in fact, to a very complicated computer. Messages are constantly coming in about what you see, hear, smell, touch, or taste. Your brain receives these messages, interprets them, sorts them, and saves them. When new information arrives, your brain looks for some connection to information already there. If It finds a connection, the new information becomes part of a network and is saved in your long-term memory. When it does not find a connection, the new information is quickly forgotten and lost The same process happens when you are reading. As you tead, your brain tells your eyes what to look for in order to make connections. Sometimes the connection seems to happen by itself—especially when the information is important or interesting to you. But at other times, itis not so simple. The text may seem a mass of information with no ‘meaning that will stick. However, you can learn how to make sense of what you read and remember it. In this part of the book, you will practice some important reading comprehension skills. You will learn to think in new ways about what you are reading. And you may find that your read- ing comprehension in your native language will improve.Lae Scanning What is scanning? ‘Scanning is very high-speed reading. When you scan, you have a question in mind. You do not read every word, only the words that answer your question. Practice in scanning will help you learn to skip over unimportant words so that you can read faster. In this unit, you'll practice scanning many different kinds of materials. You should work as quickly as possible on all the exercises. Remember that scanning is a high-speed skill. ‘Look at the let of art exhibits below. Will you be able to see the exhibition of Leonardo da Vinei’s drawings in March? = Créche Leonardo da Vinek: The Anatomy of Man ‘through January 10 Drawings from the Collection of Her Majesty ‘Queen Elizabeth I ‘through February 21 ‘Tho Grand Tour: European and American Views of taly through January 47 Master European Paintings from the National Gallery of reland: Mantegna to Goya Joel Stemfeld: Photographs of the January 13-March 28 Roman Campagagna through January 17, Bullding @ Collection: The Department of Contemporary Art, Part | ‘Late 20th Century Prints January 28-July 3 through January 34 *Photography: Close-Up/Stil Life On Kawara: Date Paintings in 89 Cities February 10-May 23, through February 7 "Closed Thursday and Friday evenings MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS + 465 Huntington Avenue + Boston, Massachusetts 02315 Did you read the whole list of exhibitions to find out? No! You knew what to look for. You scanned the list to find the information that you needed. isScanning in everyday life Scanning is a skill that you often use in daily life. For example, you might scan the list of names in a telephone directory in order to find a phone number. What else might you scan? exercize 1 > You can get a quick Idea about a book by scanning the table of contents. Practice thls by scan- ning the table of contents of More Reading Power. Read each question. Then scan for the answers. Work quickly! The Answer Key Is on page 278. 1. How many parts are there in More Reading Power? 2. In which part will you find information about reading faster? 3. How many units are founc in Part Iwo? 4, Which reading skill is found in Unit 6? 5. On what page can you find the unit on Topics? 6. In which part will you find information about pleasure reading? 7. Where is the unit on Hawaii? 8 .. How many exercises are there in the unit on Thinking Skills? exercise 2 > In this exercise, you will scan a newspaper ad for new cars. Read each question. Then scan the advertisement to locate the correct answer. Work quickly! 1, What Is the cheapest carn this ad? Which cars have air conéitioning? How many Crown Victorias are available? Does the Escort Wagon have power windows? Can college graduates get a rebate forall the cars in this ad? For which car can you ge: a “Daniel discount?” ‘Which car has the least discount? ist price of $13,499? How many cars have cassette players? Which car has an ori 10, In what town is Daniel Ford located? (Check your answers with another student. Would you buy one of these cars or vans? Why or why not?1996: TAURUS GL sepsis « wscons /E $4500 OFF ORIGINAL LIST Meter econ enves Neb) vo ~14, 699 '50 AVAIL AT THIS DISCOUNT 1996 TEMPOS $3800 OFF TEMEO ust Before Discount (Includes Rebate) S290 1100 AVAILABLE AT THIS DISCOUNT| 1996 EXPLORERS 4X4 ) Xt EDDIE BAI LTS & shve $2200 OFF ONIGINAL LIST Before Discount (Includes Rebate) ~oe82057 73 AVAIL AT THIS DISCOUNT 1996 F150 SUPER CABS vant 3 7 25 AVAILABLE AT THIS DISCOUNT 1996 ESCORT WAGONS $3500 OFF ORIGINAL LIST Before Discount (includes Rebate) eoinoae” 100 YOU PAY (OVER 150 ESCORT WAGONS AVAIL 1996 CROWN VICTORIAS voura a9 [OVER 50 CROWN VICTORIAS IN STOCK! 1996 RANGER XLT SUPER CABS ‘SAVE $3000 Off Original List Before Discount (Includes Rebate) vam*.0,766 410 AVAILABLE AT THIS DISCOUNT 1996 TAURUS SHOS ‘SAVE $7000 OFF ORIGINAL LIST (Includes Rebate) YOU PAY $18,35 40 AVAILABLE AT THIS DISCOUNT] PY V Tm 30): 1) eee“ws exercise 3 In this exercise, you will scan supermarket ads. Read each question. Then scan the advertise- ‘ment to locate the correct answer. Work quickly! ‘A. Scan only ad number 2 to answer these questions: 1, How many different beverages are advertised? 2, What is the price of a 9” Pie? 3. How many ounces (oz.) of vegetables can you buy for 79? 4. How many Eggo Waffles are in a package (pkg.)? 8. What is the name of the company which sells frozen carrots? 6. Which juice is 100% natural? 7. How many pieces of pizza can you buy for $2.39? 8, Which pizza Is cheaper? ‘9, What is the weight of the frozen bread dough? 10. Is pink lemonade on sale? = - 99 Senecaluice 4 99 Sth Api o Aap 32.0 Can, Frozen "79 & Go Carrots 89 ere 2.39 ese, Ravioll 4 39 White Bread Dough 4 ggcl 8. Scan both ads to answer these questions: 1, Which ad has a lower price for orange juice (O})? 2, Do both ads include chicken? 3. Which ad has a lower price for Totino’s Pizza? 4, Which is cheaper, Ellio’s or Tony's pizza? 5, How many different kinds of bagel bites can you buy? 6. Do both ads include fish? 7. How many different brands of pizza are found in ad number 2? 8, Is Cool Whip less expensive in ad 1 or ad 2? 9. What is the name of the company that makes garlic bread? 10, Which ad offers more different kinds of foods? (Check your answers with another student. If you were shopping and you ha¢ only $7.50 to spend, which items would you buy? WSS FROZEN FOODS ese Ravioli 1. 39 el ite Zesty Pizza 1. 59 Cheese Pizza 41,99 Puzasheis 1.99 ed 4.59 Burritos 3.0 s Chicken 9. 99 de ae 's Fish 3.49 Aga 99Scanning tables exereine ¢ > _ In this exercise, you will scan the Table of Atomic Weights. Read each question. Then scan the table on the right to locate the Information. Work quickly! 1. What ate the four kinds of information given in this table? .. What isthe symbol for Iron? |. What isthe atomic number for Tin? |. Which has a higher atomic weight, Zinc or Lead? ‘What is the atomic weight of Hydrogen? Which has a higher atomic number, Phosphorus or Chlorine? ‘What isthe symbol fo Silicon? ‘Which has a higher atomic weight, Gold or Platinum? ‘Which element has the highest atomic weight? 10, Find an element which was probably named for a scientist. (Check your answers with another student. > _Wiite three more questions abost this table. Working with your partner, ask questions of each ‘other. Work as fast as you ean. L‘Table of Atomic Weights ‘Atomle Atomic ‘Atomic Atomic Element __Symbol_number_welght__— Element —_—Symbol_mumber__—_ weight ‘Actinium he 89 (277) Mercury He 80 200.59, Aluminum AL 13 26.9815 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 ‘Americium = Am 95 (243) Neodymium Nd 60 tad.2a ‘Antimony ‘Sb St 4aL75 ‘Neon Ne 10 20.179 ‘gon ra 18 39.948 ——Neptunium Np 93 237.0482 ‘arsenic as 33, 74.9216 Nickel Ni 28 5871 ‘stating a 85 (210) ‘Niobium No 4a 92.9064 Barium Ba 56 437.34 Nitrogen N 7 14.0067 Berkelium 8k 97 (249) ‘Nobelium No 102 (254) Berylum Be 4 9.01218 Osmium Os 7% 190.2, Bismuth a 83 208.9806 onygen ° 8 15.9904 Boron 8 5 10.81 Palladlum Pd 46 106.4 Bromine Br 35 79.904 Phosphorous. P 15 30.9738 Cadmium cd 48 112.40 Platinum Pt 78 195.09, Calcium Ca 20 40.08, Plutonium Pu 94 (242) Calfornium Cf 98 (251) Polonium, Po 84 (210) Carbon © 6 12011 Potassium = K 19 39.102 Cerium Ce 58 140.42 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9077 Cesium cs 55 132.9055 Promethium Pm ei (445) Chiorine a 17 35.453 Protactinium Pa 81 231.0359 Chromium Gr 24 51.996 Radium Re 88 226.0256 Cobalt co. 27 58.9332 Radon Rn 86 (222) Copper cu 29 63.546 Rhenium Re 75 186.2 Curiam cm 96 (287) Rhodium Rh 45 402.9055, Dysprosium Dy 66 462.50 Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678 Einsteinium Es 99 (254) Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 Erbium er 68 467.26 ‘Samarum = Sm 62 150.4 Europium eu 63 151.96, Scandium Se 24 44.9559 Fermium Fm. 100 (253) Selenium Se 34 78.96 Fluorine F 9 8.9984 Silicon si 14 28.088 Franclum ig 87 (223) Silver Ae 47 107.868 Gadolinium Ga 64 157.25, ‘Sodium Na un 22.9898, Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Strontium Sr 38 87.62 Germanium Ge 32 7259 sulfur s 16 32.06 Gold ae 79 196.9665 Tantalum Ta 73° 180.9479 Hafnium He 72 178.49 Technetium Te 43 Helium He 2 4.00260 Tellurium Te 52 Holmium Ho 67 164.9303 Terbium ® 65 Hydrogen, H 1 1.0080 Thallium q aL Ingium in 49 11482 Thorium ™ 20, loaine 1 53 426.9045 Thullum Tm 6 Irigium Ie 77 492.22 Tin Sn 50 tron Fe 26 55.847 Titanium Ti 22 Krypton kr 36 83.80 Tungsten w 4 Lanthanum La 57 428.9055 uranium u 92 Lawrencium Ur 103 (257) Vanadium = V 23 Lead Pb 82 207.2 Xenon xe 54 Lithium u 3 6.941 Ytterbium = Yo. 70 Lutetium lu 7 474.97. Yetrium Y 39 Magnesium = Mg 2 24305 Zine 2n 30 Manganese Mn 25 54.9380 Zirconium = Zr 40, Mendelevum Md 101 (256) ‘Based on atomic weight of carbon 22 = 12,0000, Numbers in parentheses ae mess numbers of most sabe Isotopes a22 Scanning newspaper listings exercise 5 inthis exercise, you will scan the TV Listings. Read each question. Then scan the listings to locate the necessary Information. Work quickly! 1, Which channel shows a movie starting Clint Eastwood? What hours are included in the listing? What movie listed is given four stars? What time can we watch a baseball game? How many news programs are shown at 11:00 p.m.? What is the title of the movie to be shown on TNT at 8:00? What is the title of the oldest movie to be shown? How many channels have numbers? Names? Which channels show more movies, the numbered or the named? 10. Which channel has Spanish language programs? (Check your answers with another student. > _ rite three more questions about this TV Listing. Ask your partner to scan for the anewors. Work as fast as you can. 11s Comprehension Skills m WEDNESDAY TV 00 Foo [730 [6:00 [630 [900 [530 [2000 [s030 [22700 Ba [sree (sey Br nooo exer ar tree womens Tae a= EC Ojo Bow Ta Weng a= chen |evonce | Revs Pent age baa — [OATHS BT to [Se EE [ms rer aa co Ba [Bs [yeas owwar | acae ons Amen oR oo Ba [eRe | ear Hen |e tos vs age | aga — ws ie Ba [ER eee rae Scone rT tal sng = ae, eee eamanoee | See Seam | sce emer Temes [Ween | Reve hav] gs [age | Gt ro eee ro [ase ae ERR gw) oa Ras [aan [° gear soaess ES Tire | anon ao Dane [iia Seid ae Soma alooe Tonia ame aap |e Tae Wear reer ey FRR Dame | en | S| [oer Se [ETT | mea Room | Son SoBe aca 7200 |7:30 [8:00 [630 [00 [890 | 40:00 4030 i:00 [os [re ‘sro [woes —— see Sea ee [SE peewee wee ome [mm [tse = [ SERRE Ee as gre owner gaa Su Ba ee a Sas Spe [Sioa |S e OR RE RSI RT pre = Fa es ES So pa Someone Sor REY | rarer | Dott ew RS SSN Tee rene ara ta ay REA Fae — sw ar [Ba [one are TSSRegyer ere [Re cima ems 2) 5/2) 3) | 9) $| 8] 8) *| 5) 8g) 8/98 BBB Bees “as ns i ee] ego an BOVE! aT = (=| |gecieges FF omarion — |p goo comes ao [morse ERTS =f Ea meer om corer eee gg ee ie2 inthis exercise, you'll scan a “Bost Sellors” list from a newspaper. Read each question and then ‘scan the lists to locate the answer. Work quickly! 1. Which authors have two fiction books on this list? What is the title of the book about World War II? |. Who wrote a book with a plot set in Chicago? How long has Jurassic Park been on the list? What is the title of the book by Sidney Sheldon? Who wrote the book about the Princess of Wales? What is the price of A Year in Provence? What is The Prize about? Who wrote a book about living a successful life? 10, What company published the book about Malcolm X? ‘Check your answers with another student. Wilt three more questions about the paperback bestsellers list. Ask your partner to scan for the answers. Work as fast a8 you can. 1 Is there a book listed which interests you? Which one? Why does this book interest you?Reading Com | January 31, 1994 Paperback Best Sellers Fiction 4, ALLAROUND THE TOWN, oy Hor Hazns Gia 2 (Pocke.$8.50) A colege suds soosed of rrrcerirg hrpoessr. 2. RISING SUN, by mihatccion. Bane, 85:99) 6 ‘a mvestgaonfoloing he death oa woman sts 3 THEROAD TO OMAHA, oy Rater uum. Bartam 2 $5.90) Alawer anda etre general wnt thy an Ina tbe tase ove: re sate of Nebraska. A, THEAIRM, Jom cesham.(son/Oot 85.90) 53 ‘he see, nd ously tet dosrgs of law em rete emma or young ener 5 MONALLY'S SECRET, ty Lawrence Sane. 6 (Boney, $8.99, nfs search for some vatiale Solon stamps, a detoctve ings sear to Ig 6 JURASSIC PARK, by nihaecictton. Botrtne, 28 $5.90) Abitechniin ues gence doang to make SGrosatrs ie aga in 3 ee park. 7 ATIME TO KILL, ty oi cristo. sand/Oot, 42 $5.00) tal es of aca tensions. {G BLINDSIGHT, oy etn cook. Bee, 85:98) The sange deseo some New York upies ae Investigated bya woman psc. Q BEYOND EDEN, oy catine cour ony. $5.99) 3 [Agua aetectve hops a youre woman scape ‘eats tom hr pas. 4 THELINE OF FIRE,» Wes, cttr. owe, $5.99) 2 ‘re latest lure fom the Wor Wr eres “The Caras the stor of etomets to rescue to marines [ATHOUSAND ACRES ue emo. one, 40 TEE ewe denne’ oa taay ota 112. THE DOOMSDAY CONSPIRACY, tysiiney 2. Salon. Wane, $5.99) A mystriousbareen lnk 'S vested by an American 43 COMPELLING EVIDENCE, oy stow Marin. owe, 5 $5.90) nen ented wit the murer of Par usb, ‘woman is defended by he exer: 44 SUARDIAN ANGEL, ty Sox Parts. (Ce, $5.90) 4 Sect Nor sien mg ca ABARIVER RUNS THROUGH IT, ty Noman 44 Maclean. Pocket, M $499) Tre stores ht ake Place ino grat otters of Norton, Nonfiction ‘THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MALCOLM X, win 14 the asestance of A Hae (Dale, $5.99) Anew ‘ten of He tory Fhe lack lead. EARTH IN THE BALANCE, yA1Gor.(Pume, $13) kn assessment byte ce Preset of to onion. ‘THE ROAD LESS TRAVELED, ty Sco Peck, 482 {ouerstone S88, $10.95) pct wes to he situa! and psjchologeal neon ‘YOU JUST DON'T UNDERSTAND, ty Octorsh 89 Tien. Gaon, $10, Peers of coneuniation ‘etree he fons nd hw arena hem 4 2 3 4 5 [item gssyaantotteneor 5 Sri te cm 7 8 DIANA: Her True Story, Andrew owen. 10 (Pocket, $5.95) eae sory of the rinses of Wes, BACKLASH, oy Stain Faus. Archor/Oobles, 18 $12.5) Ajounaist wits about he bates of he rrecia ond potieans against wean ahs ‘THE PRIZE, by Dane! vega. Tourhstone/SAs, $26) 1 How worlstory ence he 300 entry ee been Q) AYEARIN PROVENCE, by rt Moye tags, 75 $10) Ahtah wrterdesonbes his experences fouthem France MOLLY IVINS CAN'T SAY THAT, CAN SHE? 13 2y Mal ns, tage, $1.) An ose anaes Advice, How-to and Miscellaneous 41 THETFACTOR FAT GRAM COUNTER, ny 139 Jamie Pope-corde ard Martn Kata, (Norton, $2.50) How toe aown ante tt crtnt of one's lt LFE'S LITTLE INSTRUCTION BOOK,ty 77 Helseon Brown Je (ede Hl, 5.95) Tps or owt yours nit. ‘THE SEVEN HABITS OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE 102 PEOPLE, ty stephen R Cove. (Fesie/S48, $9.95) How io schieve success: th pnspes onthe rats. ‘THE WORLD ALMANAC AND BOOK OF a FACTS 1998. (ora timane/Pharos, $795) The RAND MCNALLY ROAD ATLAS. (Rand oNaiy, 1 57:95) The 1993 eaiton of 00d mae fr ha Unto Sater, Conass sn Meco. ao fF wn 226 Scanning magazine articles exercise Z You wi be visiting Boston with some flends in the autumn. They would like to spend a day In the country. You see this article about ploking apples and decide you want to know more about it. ‘Scan the article for the answers to the questions below. 1. Where does this article recommend picking apples? ‘Who picks the apples? . What kind of apples are the very first to ripen? . Do you need to bring bags for the apples? . How much time does it take to pick apples? How many apples should you pick? 2. 3, 4. 5 6. What else can you do at an orchard besides pick apples? 7. ‘8, What should you do with the apples when you get home? 9. What can you do if you pick too many apples? 10. How can you find out where to go apple-picking in Massachusetts? ooo Picking Apples—A New England Tradition By Gennadi Preston ‘Throughout New England, people know that fall has arcved when the Melntosh apples begin ‘to tur red in the orchards in early September. ‘ter the *mac” come the Cortands, the Empires, the McCoons and, finaly, the Red and Golden Delicious. All through September and October, the aroma of ripe apples fills the air on sunny days—an invitation to come picking, ‘doy of apple picking Is, n fact, 2 popular ‘way to spend a fall day in New England. From Connecticut to Maine, its generally possible to find an orchard within an hour's drive and the ‘tip is well worth the time. Not only wilt pro- vide you with plenty ofthe freshest apples to be found, but it also will gve you a chance to take In some sunshine and autumn scenery and get ‘some exercise. And the picking is usually best done by adults. Children should not cfimb up into ‘trees and risk hurting themselves and damaging the trees—younger members ofthe family can have fun just romping around the orchard. The picking may not take long —two hours at ‘most—but many of the orchard owners now ‘offer other kinds of entertainment. At some ‘orchards, you can go for pony rdes or ride on a haytiled wagon. You may be able to watch & horse-show or visit the cows or sheep in the pasture. Or you may decide to take a hike and have a pienio olong a country lane. Some or cards have set up refteshment stands in their bams where you can taste local products, such as apple cider and homemade baked goods. A few hints: 1. Call before you go. Check the local news- paper for the names and locations of orchards hich offer pickyourown apples. Then phone to find out their hours, sineo they may vary from ‘one orchard to another ‘Yu should also ask about the rules regarding‘bags and containers. Most orchards provide bags, but afew do not and some wil alow only certain tyes of containers, 2. Check in when you arrive. Before you start picking, you should check with the orchard ‘owner about which varieties are ripe in that per: fd. and which parts of the orchard are onen for picking. Respect the owner's privacy and do not 0 were you are not allowed! {3 Plek carefully. When you pick the apples, treat them gently, Some orchard owners advise pickers to treat the apples as though they were gs. I they bruise, they wil spoil more quickly. ‘The technique for plekingis simple: hole the apple firmly but not too tightly and twist it off the branch, taking care to leave the ster attached, since removal ofthe ster will also cause rot 4. Don't waste apples. Be careful to pick only the apples you need. You may be tempted to pick too many ofthe delicious looking fruit, {and then find thatthe apples go bad before you can eat them, Since the apple season lasts for almost two months, you can always retumn for anather load of apples later. ‘5. Keep what you pick! Once you take an ‘apo off the tree, you must keep it. I's rot fair to the orchard owner to leave ‘apples on the ground were they will auicky spoil 6. Store your apples properly. Put your apples in the refrigerator as soon as you ‘get home. Studies by the Vermont Department of Agriculture have shown ‘that apples last seven times longer when kept under refrigeration Ifyou do pick too many apples to eat Ina week or two, you could try freezing them to use later in pies and cakes. Simply peel, core and slice them, and then put ‘them in airtight plastic bags. They may be kept in the freezer for up to a year. Wiite tothe Department of Agriculture in the state that interests you ‘and ask them to send a lst of orchards that offer pick-yourown, For Further Information ‘Write to one of these departments of ‘Agicultue to obtain a ist of orchards in each New England state. * Connecticut Dept. of Agriculture, State Ofice Building, Hartford, CT 06106 * Maine Dept. of Agriculture, State House Station 28, Augusta, ME 04333, * Massachusetts Dept. of Agriculture, 100 Cambridge Street, 21st Foor, Boston, MA 02202 * New Hampshire Dept. of Agriculture, Division ‘of Agscultural Development, 10 Ferry Street, ‘Concord, NH 03302 ® Rhode Island Dept. of Environmental Management, Division of Agriculture, 22 Hayes ‘Steet, Providence, Ri 02908 * Vermont Dept. of Agriculture, 120 State ‘Steet, Montpelier, 05620 a72a Ing Comps Scanning newspaper articles exercise 5 You are doing a report on ethnis diversity, and you find this newspaper article. Scan the article for the answers to the questions below. Work quickiy! 1, In what year were the population statistics calculated? ‘Who was the governor of Hawaii at the time of this article? How did D.H. Hwang describe Hawall at the time of this article? What is the name of the professor who stu Which group in Hawaii's the largest? Hawaiian society? ‘What is the combined total of mixed and pure Hawaiians? . How many Chinese residents are listed? What is the percentage of Samoans? How many Caucasians live in Hawai Does any ethnic group have a majority? > check your answers with another student. Write three more questions about the population of Hawall. Ask your partner to scen for the answers. Work 2s fast a8 you can. 1 ‘Would this information be useful for a report on ethnic diversity? Why or why not?Hawaii’s ethnic rainbow: Ing Comprenension Su shining colors, side by side by Susan Yim Advertise Managing Edtor/Fetures 8 Design erica is going through an identity crisis. ‘Nationally, early in the 2Ist century, the white population is expected to go from jority to less than $0 percent. Ethnic ‘groups—especially Hispanic and Asian—are increas- ing due to immigration, and already there's more Interradal marrage, especially in such trend-setting states as California and New York. Sociologists and others ponder: How will all these ‘people with different roots get along? Time magazine celebrated the Fourth of July last year with a cover story about the nation’s ethnic ‘iversty and asked the questions “Who Are We?” land "What Do We Have in Common?” “To someone in Hawaii all this concern about eth- nic diversity seems like so much fuss. For most of ‘this century, Hawali has been a mulitcultural society, community of different ethnic groups where no ‘one group is the majority Backin 1961, sociologist Lawrence Fuchs came to Hawaii and wrote "Hawaii Pono,” a very good book bout the islands’ march toward statehood. Init, he ‘concluced: “Thi is the promise of Hawaii, a promise for the entire ration, and indeed, the world, that peoples of different aces and creeds Can live together, enriching ‘each othe, in harmony and democracy.” ut not many people beyond Havwal’s shores thave paid much attention to what's going on social- lyhete. So when New York-based playwright David Heney Hwang spoke at the University of Hawaii last sum- ‘mer about Hawall being a model multicultural com- ‘munity for the rest of the country, it raised the obvi ‘ous question: ‘What could others learn? The Hawaii model Gov. John Waihee likes to call Hawai "a market- place bizaar." He's made several speeches recently about the Hawaii model to Mainland audiences. “In Kawaii, you have something a litle different, in which people are encouraged to be proud of theit heritage” says Waihee, “There's a pride in that kind lof a socety that allows you to pick and choose and enjoy the cultural conteibutions and uniqueness of different groups.” Here are the latest population statistics by ethnic g10up for Hawaii. Total population in 1988 was 1942,564 excluding miltary and dependents. Japanese — 288728. Mixed (Part Hawaiian) 202,134 24.4% ‘Gaveasian 20.3% Fipino 118.6042 6% Mixed (Non Hawaiian) 112,403 19% Chinese ‘7,787 3% Otherunmied ———«a2879—~C*«*:SK iorean 10,720" 1K Pure Hawaiian Ec Samoan SSSC«AOSSSSC Puerto Rican 3% Black 3% Source: State Doartment of Heath, Hal Heath Survellnce Program for 1988, Because of rounding. ereentages may not ttl 200, “In a way, we've tied to call that culture which allows everybody to kind of exchange, goin and out of, enjoy various things...n Its bes: sense, local cul- ture," he says. "What glues ital. together is the native Hawallan culture.” UH professor and political analyst Dan Boylan is an even bigger cheerleader for Hawali’s multicultural ‘model, pointing out multicultural societies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific where ethnic groups ‘don’t get along. "We are the nation’s experiment in multicultural sm. I don’t think anybody’s paid attention to that atall," Boylan says ‘We get along because no one group has enough people to be in the majority ard to dominate, Boylan adds, and that extends into politics. "Our political model is no one constitutes that 50.1 percent that's necessary to oppress anyone tlse," he explains. “Whoever has wanted to govern In this state has had to form a coalition across eth- nic lines. Unlike the Mainland,) politicians have to appeal to different ethnic groups to win elections. 230 Life is not easy for any of us. But, what of that? We must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves. Scanning encyclopedia entries exercise 9 > You are writing a report about Marie Curie for your history class. You look In the encyclopedia for ‘some basic information. Sean the encyclopedia entry below to find the answers to the questions ‘below. Work quickiy! ‘When was Marie born? What is her middle name? ‘Where was she born? ‘Where was she educated? ‘What was her specialty in scientific work? L 2. 3. 4 5, What was her husband's name? 6 7. How many years did the Curies work on their radium study? 8, When did they receive the Nobel Prize? 9. Which American president helped her with her work? 10. What is the name of her most famous book? ‘Chock your answers with another student. Wiite three more questions about Marie Curle. Ask ‘Your partner to scan for the answers. Work as fast as you can.We must believe we are gifted for something and that this thing, at whatever cost, must be attained. —Marle Curle CURIE [ki"r''}, the name of a distinguished French family whose most prominent members hhave been scientists. Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) was born in Warsaw, Poland, Nov. 7, 1867. She tecelved her early ‘education and sci entific training from her father ‘and for several years taught in a Warsaw nigh school. In 1891 she moved to Paris, where she studied physics at the Sorbonne, receiving her de- gee In 1893. Two years later she ‘married the French chemist Pierre Curie. After AH, Becquere!’s investigation of the radioactive properties of uranium, she commenced her researches in radioactivity, and in 1898 the dis- ‘covery of polonium and radium in pitchblende was announced, her husband having Joined in the research. It took them four more years of Work to isolate radium in its pure form; during this time they made numerous discoveries regarding the properties of the new element. While they were conducting thelr researches, ‘the Curies suffered from financial hardship, and Marie Curie was obliged to teach physics in a school for gs. In 1903 the Curies were award- ‘ed, with Henri Becquerel, the Nobel Prize for physics. The process for obtaining radium they ‘reely gave to the world without any thought to thelr own gain Marie Curle became chief ofthe laboratory in her husband's department at the Sorbonne in 11903 and upon his death In 1907 succeeded him there as @ professor of physics. She was ‘awarded a second Nobel Prize, for chemistry, in 11911 for her work on radium and its com. Pounds, and in 1914 she was placed in charge of the radioactivity laboratory of the new Institute of Radium in Paris. Here she was later Joined In her work by her daughter irene, who married Mme. Curle's assistant Joliot. During World War | she organized radiological service for hospitals. In 1921 she visited the United States, and in 1929 President Herbert Hoover presented her with a check for $50,000 which hhad been raised by subscription and which was Intended for the purchase of a gram of radium for a laboratory in Warsaw that she had helped to establish. In addition to the classic Traté de radioactivié (1910), she published numerous papers on radium. Mme. Curie died at Saint Cellemoz, Haute-Savoie, July 4, 1934, ‘CALEB W, Das Pierre Curle (1859-1906), French physicist, was born in Paris on May 15, 1859, and was educated at the Sorbonne. He became profes: ‘sor of general physics atthe Ecole de Physique {et de Chimie in 1895 and professor of general physics at the Sorbonne in 1904. Much of his early work was concerned with the subject of magnetism in crystals. With his brother Pau Jean Curie he investigated plezoelectricity in Crystals in 1880. His discovery ofa relation for electrical susceptibility is known as “Curie’s law,” while “Curie's point” is that critical point of temperature at which ferromagnetism suc- denly disappears. He was run over and killed by ‘a dray In Paris, on Apr. 19, 1906. at32 You have an assignment to do an oral report on a recent development In technology. Scan this ‘passage from an encyclopedia to answer the questions below. Work quickly! 1, Whose idea was the satelite in the first place? 2. What was the name of the first communications satellite? 3. Who was president of the United States when the first communications satellite sent Christmas message? Which countries cooperated to develop Echo 2? Which satellite was the first to send television broadcasts? About how far above the earth were the experimental satellites? How many kinds of commercial satellites are mentioned in the text? ‘When was the first commercial satelite placed in operation? Which satellite first cartied both telephone calls and color television between North America and Europe? 10, What is the name of the newest satellite mentioned in the article? ‘Check the accuracy of your answers with another student. Then write three more questions about communications satellites. Ask your partner to scan for the answors. Work as fast as you can. L Is the information in the article useful? Would it help you to make a good oral report? Why or why not? What additional information would you like to have? Intelsat $SATELLITES ‘The higher powered satellite amplifiers of the 1980's made possible TV transmission into antennas small ‘enough to be mounted on the roof of a private home ‘of on the side of a building, With such an antenna, ‘ghosting ofthe picture due to reflections from bulld- {ngs or hills no longer occurs, Also, the bandwidth per ‘channel, wider than that used for conventional TV broadcasting, makes for pictures of better quality and higher definition In addition to countries using their own satellites for domestic service (Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Mexico, the United States, and the Soviet Union), about two dozen countries lease satelite transponders from Intelsat for domestic communication services. HsToRY The idea ofa satellite system for communications was ‘ust suggested in 1945 by Arthur C. Clarke, an English ‘engineer and writer About 1954, John R. Piece, an ‘American engineer, made a thorough study of all types of satellite systems for communications. His work ult- _mately led to the active repeater satelite program. 1958, Score, which consisted of two radio receivers, two transmitters, and two tape recorders, transmitted to the world the prerecorded Christmas message of President Dvrght D. Eisenhower. On Aug. 12, 1960, a passive communications satelite, Echo 1, was orbited to conduct communications experiments. A ten-story: high balloon, Echo 1 was used to bounce radio and television signals between the United States, England, and France. Echo 2, part of a cooperative program of ‘experiments between the United States, England, and the Soviet Union, was launched on Jan. 26, 1964, ‘The first electronic active-repeater satellite, Courier 1B, was launched on Oct, 4, 1960. It was also the fit satellite to use slar cells rather than chemical batteries for power, and It transmitted for 17 days. ‘After a hiatus of almost two years, the Telstar, Relay, and Syncom projects provided a series of spec: tacular successes that proved the feasibility of satelites for commercial communications. Telstar 1 was orited fn July 10, 1962, and Telstar 2 on May 7, 1963. Telstar 1 was the first communications satellite to relay experimental television broadcasts. Relay 1, launched fon Dee. 13, 1962, and Relay 2, launched on Jan. 21, 196, were similar to the Telstar Syncom 1, the first synchronous satelite, was suc- cessfully launched on Feb. 14, 1963, bt an electronics failure prevented it from being used. Syncom 2, launched on July 26, 1963, was used to test the syn: chronous satellite concept thoroughly, and Syncom 3, launched on Aug. 19, 1968, was used to relay telecasts ff the 1964 Olympic Games, held in Japan, to the United States and Europe. The low-orbiting satellites (up to 6,000 miles; {9.600 km) such a Score, Echo, Courier, Telstar, and Relay provided many useful experiments. But the ‘evolving technology made synchronous satelites the ‘hoc for commercial uses. ‘Commercial Satellites, The history ofthe Intelsat system comprises several successive generations of satelite, Intelsat 1. Eanly Bird (Intelsat 1), the work’ first ‘commercial communications satellite, was launched from Cape Canaveral, Ha, on Ape. 6, 1965, and was placed in commercial operation over the Atlantic ‘Ocean on June 28, 1965, Early Bird had a capacity of 240 simultaneous telephone calls, or one color tev sion channel, between points in North America and Europe, Barly Bird introduced live commercial televi- Intelsat 2. Three satelites of the Intelsat 2 series were successfully launched and placed in commercial service during 1967. One was placed over the Atlantic ‘Ocean augmenting Early Bird, and two were placed lover the Pacific Ocean, These satellites had the same ‘capacity as Fatly Bd and each covered one third of the globe. They introduced multipoint communica- tons capabilitythat is, each satellite could link earth stations in all counties within Its area of coverage. ‘These satellites extended satellite coverage to two thirds ofthe worl. Intelsat 3. A thied generation of Intelsat satellites was placed in commercial operation over the Atlantic, Paci, and Indian Oceans between January and July 1968 to establish the inital global system. These satel- ites had a capacity of 1,200 simultaneous telephone «alls of 4 television channels, or combinations there. Intelsat 4, An even further advanced fourth gener- ation of satellites was launched beginning in January 1971, and by July 1972 an improved global system of Intelsat 4 satellites was operating over the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. This series, larger and heavier than the Intelsat 3 teres, had a capacity of 4,000 simultaneous telephone calls plus two television channels per satellite. The Intelsat 4A version of the Serles was fist launched in 1975 and, by using a num- ber of satellite amplifies, provided 6,000 telephone circuits plus two television channels per satelite, Intelsat 5, Intelsat 5, fst launched in 1980, had a capacity of 12,000 simultaneous telephone ciecuits plus two television channels. This series uses a fly- ‘wheel deiven by an electric motor, eather than a spin- ning satelite, to maintain stability. The Intelsat SA, an expanded version of the Intelsat 5, provides 14,000 telephone circuits and two television channels Josue V. Chae