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Magister Teknik Sipil - Unissula

MATERI:
1) KLASIFIKASI TANAH USCS

2) KLASIFIKASI TANAH AASHTO

Teknologi Pelaksanaan Konstruksi

1-7. KLASIFIKASI TANAH

Dr. Abdul Rochim

Classification Systems 1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)

Two commonly classification system used are: i. Definition of Grain Size No specific
grain size-use
Atterberg limits
1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) (preferred by
geotechnical engineers).
Silt and

2. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Boulders Cobbles Gravel Sand Clay
Officials (AASHTO) System (preferred by Transportation Coarse Fine Coarse Medium Fine
engineers).
300 mm 75 mm No.4 No.200
4.75 mm 0.075
19 mm No.10 No.40 mm
2.0 mm 0.425 mm

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1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
% Passing sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm) Used for Fine grained soils to determine whether silt (M)
or clay (C)
60
< 50% > 50% Comparing soils at equal liquid limit
50 Toughness and dry strength increase e
li n
Coarse-grained soils Fine-grained soils with increasing plasticity index
"A
"
40

Plasticity index
Silt (M) CH
Clay (C) 30

20 OH
CL or
•Grain size distribution •Use Plasticity chart 10 CL OL
or MH
ML
•LL, PL 0 ML
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid limit
Plasticity chart
for laboratory classification of fine grained soils

Below A-line is silt – use symbol M LL > 50  High plasticity

Required tests: Sieve analysis Above A-line is clay – use symbol C LL< 50  low plasticity
5 Atterberg limit 6

1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
% Passing sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm) % Passing sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm)

< 50% > 50% < 50% > 50%

Coarse-grained soils Fine-grained soils Coarse-grained soils Fine-grained soils
Silt (M) Silt (M)
Clay (C) % Coarse soil (Co) = 100 - % Passing # 200 Clay (C)
% Gravel (G) = 100 - % Passing # 4

•Grain size distribution •Use Plasticity chart •Use Plasticity chart

G > 1/2 Co G < 1/2 Co
ML, MH, CL, CH Gravel (G) Sand (S) •LL, PL

% Passing sieve No. 200

< 5% GW, GP, SW or SP Use  Cu, Cc W : well graded P: poorly graded

Required tests: Sieve analysis 5% -12 % GW-GM, GW-GC, GP-GM, GP-GC, SW-SM, SW-SC, SP-SM, SP-SC
7 Atterberg limit >8 12% GM, GC, SM, SC Use  plasticity charts

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1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
To determine if well graded (W) or poorly graded (P), calculate C u and
Cc
D 60
Coefficient of uniformity C u 
D 60 Coefficient of uniformity Cu 
D10 D10

D 302 D 302
Coefficient of gradation C c  Coefficient of gradation Cc 
( D 60  D 10 ) ( D 60  D 10 )

Conditions for Well-graded soils

For gravels  Cu > 4 and Cc is between 1 and 3
For Sand  W if Cu > 6 and Cc is between 1 and 3

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1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)

60
Comparing soils at equal liquid limit
50 Toughness and dry strength increase e
" li n
with increasing plasticity index
"A
40
Plasticity index

CH
30

20 OH
CL or
10 CL OL
CL-ML or MH
ML
0 ML
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid limit

11 12
Plasticity chart
for laboratory classification of fine grained soils

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Unified soil classification (including identification and description) Organic Soils

Field identification procedures Group Information required for Laboratory classification

Highly organic soils- Peat (Group symbol PT)

(Excluding particles larger than 75mm and basing fractions on symbols Typical names describing soils criteria
estimated weights) 1
•

Depending on percentages of fines (fraction smaller than .075mm

D

Bordeline case requiring use of dual symbols

Wide range of grain size and substantial GW Well graded gravels, gravel-
Clean gravels

C U = --- 60 Greater than 4

Determine percentages of gravel and sand from grain size curve

Give typical names: indicate ap-
(little or no

amounts of all intermediate particle sand mixtures, little or no proximate percentages of sand D 10

 A sample composed primarily of vegetable tissue in various

fines)

sizes fines 2
and gravel: maximum size: (D30 )
More than half of coarse

C c = ---------------------
fraction is larger than

Predominantly one size or a range of angularity, surface condition, Between 1 and 3

GP Poorly graded gravels, gravel- D10 x D60

sieve size) coarse grained soils are classified as follows

sizes with some intermediate sizes sand mixtures, little or no and hardness of the coarse
More than half of material is larger than

missing grains: local or geological name

stages of decomposition and has a fibrous to amorphous

fines Not meeting all gradation requirements for GW
2.36mm
Gravels

and other pertinent descriptive

amount of fines)

Use grain size curve in identifying the fractions as given under field identification
Gravels with

Non-plastic fines (for identification GM Silty gravels, poorly information and symbol in
(apreciable

procedures see ML below) graded gravel-sand-silt mixtures parentheses. Atterberg limits below Above "A" line with
fines
The .075mm sieve size is about the smallest particle visible to the naked eye
Coarse grained soils

"A" line or PI less than 4 PI between 4 and 7

texture, a dark-brown to black color, and an organic odor

.075mm sieve size

Plastic fines (for identification pro- GC Clayey gravels, poorly graded For undisturbed soils add infor- are borderline cases
Atterberg limits above "A" requiring use of dual

GM, GC, SM, SC

cedures see CL below) gravel-sand-clay mixtures mation on stratification, degree

GW, GP, SW, SP

of compactness, cementation, line with PI greater than 7 symbols

should be designated as a highly organic soil and shall be

Wide range in grain sizes and sub- moisture conditions and drain- D
SW Well graded sands, gravelly
C U =--- 60 Greater than 6
Clean sands
(little or no

stantial amounts of all intermediate age characteristics.

particle sizes sands, little or no fines D 10
fines)
More than half of coarse

(D 30 )2
fraction is smaller than

Example:
C c = --------------------- Between 1 and 3

classified as peat, PT.

Predominantely one size or a range of SP Poorly graded sands, gravelly Silty sand, gravelly; about 20% D 10 x D60
sizes with some intermediate sizes missing sands, little or no fines hard angular gravel particles
2.36mm
Sands

12.5mm maximum size; rounded Not meeting all gradation requirements for SW

More than 12%

amount of fines)

Non-plastic fines (for identification pro- SM Silty sands, poorly graded and subangular sand grains
(appreciable

Less than 5%
Sands with

cedures, see ML below) sand-silt mixtures coarse to fine, about 15% non- Atterberg limits below Above "A" line with
5% to 12%
fines

plastic lines with low dry "A" line or PI less than 4 PI between 4 and 7
Plastic fines (for identification pro- SC Clayey sands, poorly graded strength; well compacted and are borderline cases
cedures, see CL below) sand-clay mixtures moist in places; alluvial sand; Atterberg limits above "A" requiring use of dual
(SM) line with PI greater than 7 symbols
Identification procedure on fraction smaller than .425mm
sieve size
Dry strength Toughness
• Organic clay or silt (group symbol OL or OH):
Dilatency (consistency
More than half of material is smaller than

 “The soil’s liquid limit (LL) after oven drying is less than 75 % of
Silts and clays

crushing
less than 50

(reaction
liquid limit

character- to shaking) nearlimit)

plastic
istics
Inorganic silts and very fine sands, Give typical name; indicate degree

its liquid limit before oven drying.” If the above statement is

None to Quick to None ML rock flour, silty or clayey
Fine grained soils

and character of plasticity,

.075mm sieve size

slight slow fine sands with slight plasticity 60

amount and maximum size of Comparing soils at equal liquid limit
Medium to None to very Inorganic clays of low to medium coarse grains: colour in wet con- 50 Toughness and dry strength increase
Medium CL,CI plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy ne

true, then the first symbol is O.

high slow clays, silty clays, lean clays dition, odour if any, local or " li
with increasing plasticity index
geological name, and other pert- "A
40
Plasticity index

Slight to Slow Slight Organic silts and organic silt- inent descriptive information, and
medium OL clays of low plasticity symbol in parentheses CH
30 CI
inorganic silts, micaceous or

 The second symbol is obtained by locating the values of PI and

Silts and clays

Slight to Slow to Slight to For undisturbed soils add infor-

greater than
liquid limit

medium none medium MH dictomaceous fine sandy or mation on structure, stratif- OH

silty soils, elastic silts 20
ication, consistency and undis-
50

High to very Inorganic clays of high or

turbed and remoulded states, CL

LL (not oven dried) in the plasticity chart.

high None High CH plasticity, fat clays 10 OL
moisture and drainage conditions or MH
CL-ML
ML
Medium to None to very Slight to Organic clays of medium to Example 0
high high medium OH high plasticity Clayey silt, brown: slightly plastic: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid limit
Readily identified by colour, odour small percentage of fine sand:
Pt Peat and other highly organic soils numerous vertical root holes: firm Plasticity chart
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Highly organic soils spongy feel and frequently by fibrous and dry in places; loess; (ML) for laboratory classification of fine grained soils
texture

Example 1
Example 1

100 100

80 80
% Finer

% Finer

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle size (mm) Particle size (mm)

15 • %fines (% finer than 75 mm) = 11% - Dual symbols required

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Example 1 Example 1
100 100

80 80
% Finer

% Finer
60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle size (mm) Particle size (mm)

Particle size fractions: Gravel 17%

• %fines (% finer than 75 mm) = 11% - Dual symbols required
Sand 73%
• D10 = 0.06 mm, D30 = 0.25 mm, D60 = 0.75 mm
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Silt and Clay 10%

Example 1
Example 1

Of the coarse fraction about 80% is sand, hence Prefix is S 60

Comparing soils at equal liquid limit
Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38 50 Toughness and dry strength increase e
" li n
with increasing plasticity index
Suffix1 = W "A
40
Plasticity index

CH
From Atterberg Tests 30

LL = 32, PL = 26 20 OH
CL or
Ip = 32 - 26 = 6 10 CL OL
or MH
ML
0 ML
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid limit
Plasticity chart
19 20 for laboratory classification of fine grained soils

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Example 1 Example 1

Of the coarse fraction about 80% is sand, hence Prefix is S

Of the coarse fraction about 80% is sand, hence Prefix is S
Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38
Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38
Suffix1 = W
Suffix1 = W
From Atterberg Tests
From Atterberg Tests
LL = 32, PL = 26 & Ip = 32 - 26 = 6
LL = 32, PL = 26 & Ip = 32 - 26 = 6
From Plasticity Chart point lies below A-line
From Plasticity Chart point lies below A-line
Suffix2 = M
Suffix2 = M
Dual Symbols are SW-SM
To complete the classification the Symbols should be accompanied by a description
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1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)

Example 2
% Passing sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm)
Classify the following soils Using Unified Classification
System. < 50% > 50%
Coarse-grained soils Fine-grained soils
Silt (M)
% Coarse soil (Co) = 100 - % Passing # 200 Clay (C)
% Gravel (G) = 100 - % Passing # 4

G > 1/2 Co G < 1/2 Co •Use Plasticity chart

Gravel (G) Sand (S) •LL, PL

% Passing sieve No. 200

< 5% GW, GP, SW or SP Use  Cu, Cc W : well graded P: poorly graded

5% -12 % GW-GM, GW-GC, GP-GM, GP-GC, SW-SM, SW-SC, SP-SM, SP-SC
23 >2412% GM, GC, SM, SC Use  plasticity charts

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Example 2

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Example 3

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Summary of the USCS Symbols

Soil symbols: Liquid limit symbols:
G: Gravel H: High LL (LL>50)
coarse grain soils fine grain soils S: Sand L: Low LL (LL<50)
[>50% larger than 0.075 mm] [>50% smaller than 0.075 mm]
% of fines M: Silt
CoF
C: Clay Gradation symbols:
0 5 12 50 FP 100

e.g., SM e.g., CH
O: Organic W: Well-graded
CoGr Pt: Peat P : Poorly-graded
CoGr - CoF
e.g., GP
e.g., GP-GC Well  graded soil
Example: SW, Well-graded sand
1  C c  3 and C u  4
Co: Coarse F: Fines Gr: Gradation P: Plasticity SC, Clayey sand (for gravels )
G = Gravel M = Silts W = well graded H = LL > 50 SM, Silty sand, 1  C c  3 and C u  6
S = Sands C = Clays P = poorly graded L = LL < 50 MH, Elastic silt (for sands)
29 30

2. American Association of State Highway 2. AASHTO

and Transportation Officials system
(AASHTO) i. Definition of Grain Size No specific
grain size-use
Atterberg limits
Origin of AASHTO: (For road construction)
Silt and
 This system was originally developed by Hogentogler and Terzaghi Boulders Cobbles
Gravel
Sand Clay
in 1929 as the Public Roads Classification System.

300 mm 75 mm No.4 No.200

 Afterwards, there are several revisions.The present AASHTO
4.75 mm 0.075
(1978) system is primarily based on the version in 1945. (Holtz and 19 mm No.10 No.40 mm
Kovacs, 1981) 2.0 mm 0.425 mm

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2. AASHTO 2. AASHTO
ii. General guidance iii. Classification
 8 major groups: A1~ A7 (with several subgroups) and organic soils A8
 The required tests are sieve analysis and Atterberg limits.
 The group index, an empirical formula, is used to further evaluate soils within a
group (subgroups).

A1 ~ A3 A4 ~ A7

Granular Materials Silt-clay Materials

 35% pass No. 200 sieve  36% pass No. 200 sieve

Using LL and PI separates silty materials Using LL and PI separates silty materials
from clayey materials (only for A2 group) from clayey materials
 The original purpose of this classification system is used for road construction
(subgrade rating).
33 34 Classification starts from left to right

2. AASHTO Group Index

• Used to evaluate the quality of a soil as a highway subgrade material.
iii. Classification
• This index is written in parentheses after the group or subgroup
designation [e.g. A-4(3)].
The first term is determined by the LL

GI  (F200  35)0.2  0.005(LL  40)

 0.01(F200  15)(PI  10) (1)
The second term is determined by the PI

For Groups A-2-6 and A-2-7

GI  0.01(F200  15)(PI  10) use the second term only

F200: percentage passing through the No.200 sieve
Note:
The first group from the left to fit the test data is the In general, the rating for a pavement subgrade is inversely proportional
correct
35 AASHTO classification. 36
to the group index, GI.

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Some rules of Group Index GI

Example 1
1. If Eq. (1) yields a negative value for GI, it is taken as 0.

2. The group index is rounded off to the nearest whole number

(for example, GI 3.4 is rounded off to 3; GI 3.5 is rounded off
to 4).

3. There is no upper limit for the group index.

4. The group index of soils belonging to groups A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4,

A-2-5, and A-3 is always 0.

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Example 1 [Soil B]
Example 2

 Classify the following soil Using AASHTO System.

 Given:
 % passing No. 10 = 100;
 % passing No. 40 = 80;
 '% passing No.200 = 58
 LL = 30; PI = 10.

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Example 2

Terima kasih

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