Dr. RC. PUNMHIA BE, (one) ME (oat), PAD PROFESSOR OF CIVIL. ENGINEERING & "DEAN, FACULTY OP ENGINEERING ‘MIM. ENGINEERING COLLEGE, ASHOK KUMAR JAIN ARUN KUMAR JAIN (AS PER IS : 456.1978 AND IS: 1343: 1980) IFT EDITION 1002 LAXMI PUBLICATIONS NEW DELHI {{YDERABAD MADRAS — JALANDIIARPublished by LAXMI. PUBLICATIONS 721, Ansari Road, Darya), [New Delhi — 11002 ae rine: (BMH Branches SA, Mel Sue, Nis, Maa ‘vez Mame Tempe Sr, Ree, Hyena — © 1980, 1992 Ke. PUNMIA 1 1082 ASHOK KUMAR JAIN. & ARUN KUMAR JAIN Alt Rigs Resor by he Ahr Tha oak pa hare, mayne ipradced in ay fom asad thom ihe ton perio f theo Price : Rs. 10000 Only DIP COMPOSING BY Printed at Sanjeoe Ofer Press 2, Krishna Nazar Preface A concete strctre, either plain or relored, unique among the many gstems of modern construction. It the oaly type of Structure that manufactured fom its: component materials (Le Cement, aggregate and water) on these ofthe work. Prope enforced ‘concrete construction depends upon men—mea who undetsand the action of structures, men who know the characterises andthe imi. ions ofthe material that they are handling, nd men who are com: ‘cientions and determined 10 ondict ther work with honour (9 themselves and with credit to their profession. ‘The present tox book, in its two. volumes, presents modera ‘methods of design toth for ordinary a5 well as prestressed concrete structures, Volume I has 19 Chapters and deals with more common and elementary statutes. The peseat volume, in is 12 Chapters ‘deals with more advanced opie, Chapter 1 deals with beams curved in plan that are mostly used for water tanks disused in Chaplet 2, Blementary water tanks have already been dealt within volume Chapter 3 dets with teinfrced concrete pipes, mostly tse for water supply. Chapter 4 covers the design of Bankers and sos while Chapter S deals with all chimaeys of reimorced concrete. Chapters 6 and 7 deal wit portal frames and ‘building frames respectively. Design of aqueduct and bor cuberis have teen given la Chapter & More common types of concrete begs such a deck lab bridges Team brides and Balanced cantlove bridges have besn given in CCaapter 9, Caaper 10 dens with the ultimate load design while ‘Chapter 11 deals wth th principles and desig methods for prestressed concrete. Last, Chaplor 12 dene with the sess induced due 10 Shrinkage and creep of concrete Ech chapter eins with cer statements of pertinent dfinions, ‘esign prnepes and theories, and the design procedures, The base Principles are supplemented with nrmerows design examples and i Testration, along ith detaled raving, Various designs are based of latest Indian Standards. The {abies or curves giving permisibestesics andor design coefficients, swell the basi als for design, tke fromthe rious Indian Standards are groteuly acknowledged. Inspte of every care taken {o check the numerical work, some errors Ray remain, and I shall be obliged for any intimation of these readers may cone Jodhpur BC. PUNMIA 2a lan. 1980Preface to the Second Edition In the Second Edition, the subject mater bas been thoroughly Updated and the revsed Indian Standard Codes 18 486 994 ong 18 : 1343-1980 have been Invoduced. Both these Code ier fea their cari versions in two aspect + (1) Some design procedcnes have een basicaly changed and (2) the Coves wse'St one Tae Second Eilon incorporates both these spetts Homer sine te ‘change over trom the MKS to SI unit bo be radual” and ines the revised Codes have yet not heen cluded inthe aclagcorcceoes fall the tnstttions, the design procedures sed eat version, (of the Codes have ben retained The design procedures sid die in the Revised Codes have teen iven atthe end of each shapes and the illustrative examples, using thew new procedues have teow Solved in SI units. Limit State Design has been intoduced ia chapacr 10'as wells ln Chapter 11 on presresed concrete biped the readers will find the book useful In interpreting the provisos Of the new Codes! Further suggestions will be les apprecnes RC. PUNMIA Jodpur 16tJanuary 1983 Preface to the Third Edition Jn the Third Edinon of the book, the subject mutter has been thoroughly revised and rewrite in Stunts Revised Inan Standard (Codes 18 : 4561978 and 1S 133-198) have been exensvely sed, Majority ofthe diagrams have teen red. The chiptr oe Lint ‘State Design has been separated from the chapter on Uline Lang Design. Anew chapter on the "Yield Line Theory and Desig of Slats" has been introduced at the end. With the thiager hi hoped, the took will be more wscfal t0 the sudealy af wall a rarticing Enginecs Jodhpur BC. PUNMIA 15 March 1967 ome Preface to the Fourth Edition In the fou eaition of the book, the subject matter has ben thoroughly revised and uplatd, Seven new chnper have been added on the Limit State Design. With the 2ddton of the new ehapters the reader will be better equipped with the latest design methods. tis hope, the book wll be equsly wef tothe protcng Engineers. Jodhpur Be. PUNMIA in apt ASHOK KUMAR JAIN Preface to the Fifth Edition Jr fhe Pith Ban, te ook Has teen throughly revised, lars and upc The sumer chapters hve een ference {rom 20 to 22. Te book has heen Unie into parte Pat containing 3 hapten, on War Tanks Pat 2 om Pipes las land Chrno std contin 3 chap Par 3 on Cones Pomes ts 2 chaps Part is tench to Concrete Beane? Chapter. Far 5 cotaing 1c on Lin Ste Des Lusty" Pa 6, having? chap 0 Dried Concrete a Macelneas Tope 4 le porn ofthe Books 80s eset ‘othe tnt tate dtr Det thee aon, ud option, the sumer of the pages Inthe bok have tee Inrensed et fo 1144 'n i hope, with thee chang, the New Eaton wil he ore wel to Bok te stuns at ls Saar Jodhpur ‘hc. PONMIA ‘Situ. 1092 ASHIOK KUMAR JAIN ARUN KUMAR JAINyx cosh» Contents PARTI WATER TANKS! BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN Invedscton : Tonal ements in ums heute eam spp eyes Sst bear arg ppd “hese uly spaced comes Cine tem snp ype 2 cose and Indian anda Cole for dig for tr is 4ss975) Nature of sree in sper does Asin of sper dome! Gena Sax reurerntsssoang 1 Tada Sears Cras of Pracioe Qs 33%, Pen M165) ee a ft teen Slice tke Belen ft Soe sah frst« 7. Chea tak with domed tse aed oot knoe ne 38. Elles of comin S10. Desgh oF tank sapprtig towers Sil, Design of founetons Proves ; 42 Approumte method é of Protens ‘cuarrph § UNDERGROUND TANKS. 32 Ean rere o rk wat 53. Up pestee oe te tor 2 the tank 5A. Desig of resunguc ane PART IL PIPES, SILOS & CHIMNEYS 1 Lands on pipes 62) Steuer de To yomaie pre 3, Seeuer de 10 0 wei {4 Sees de 10 Weg of war ide 65° Serer dv 10 earl ner havacee ‘66 Semer doe 10 unensy bed at (7. ‘Strete doe 10 uno peers tm sde 68 Suess doe 10 Wingy dtboted fad 9, Sues oe 10 pt lad om cows S610. Sees ve 40 wer turn sod eterna 113. Hopper com 76. Inca Stardom design f tae 2 Proten Sees “Sine salt doe 1 at it ; ‘Sl pra Feforiment Gatto wn 5. Mises oro teopermie stews ‘86° camn eft ofl ad, wd ant temperate 7 Tempertre sreses fn armel rercement AB DEG of RC etn, PART I CONCRETE FRAMES ‘COMPTER 9. PORTAL, FRAMES 92. Amin of pot tes 98. Des of resengir pal fas with vei 94, Dann ot ne atte ae Peon (CHAPTER 10. BUILDING FRAMES 102. Suter frames 103. Ana for vera fads 104 Memate of comping BO 3S. Asi of fame cee Pr 106, Paral meted 102. Caner etioe : Proven PARTIV CONCRETE BRIDGES ‘CUPTER 11. AQUEDUCTS AND BOX CULVERTS TL Aquedues sat phon agitcts M12. Design of at aguasee «a, Ft box culvert es ‘maupoes ion = Visious pa of res “a ‘fps tige and monic wpa na a: “ype of fas, res and ea 46 Impat flet 4 126 Wind ad io 12% Leng fos = 129. Cena force 12:10, Wah of rstway sod fxnany 1211 Genet daignreements 1212 Sou ab ge 1213. Deck pier bes 1214. BMG i sab sapped on for else 1218 Disubuloe of tae nus co gia bees 1216 Mead of Catrauion cutient 1217. Couto meh 1218 Dose of 4 Team bedge 1219, Baansd cotter dee PARTY LIMIT STATE METHOD 1. Meta of cesgn « 182. Suey aod sees ropes se) «a pr ty ao ws CGIUAPTER 14 SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS 41, List aie of cole io fre « 142. Season velianyp for conrete _) 63. Swessecnin resioubiy for set a) 144 Sees Bock parame o 145, Dovgn ses Mowe parameters US = 4561008) ©) OTE i) 16. Sng risers reungie beans 147. Probe for tang tment of resstnce 168 Dasign of cecangl Beam ston Prolene 184. Design oC 0 doe rence secon 162 Stes Hoek sod NA. 463, Moment of retin when a, <2) 165. TS Coe pomdae fr foting mare ct restos (8 48619) 166 Design of Tem 167, Dou revosed Teams ‘CAPTER 17. SHEAR, BOND AND TORSION 17 mt atte of aqme + Soar 112. Deveopment eee Probes CCAPTER 18. DESIGN OF BEAMS AND SLABS 11 Des of beane 12. Dag of exer 13 Dass of donb reinfrad bees 14. Desig of ere way ain 185. Den one wy cetnus sb 186, Desga of Team rt Proiens 18. Li sate of caliee + Compeion score 194, Sho my lsd columns wh mnimoes ecru 195, Deven cas rs 6 79 78oy ‘CHAPTER 25. FOUNDATIONS 25.1 Indian Stand Cage Resemsendsons fo dn of footing (S497) is 252. Inte fonng of unin deh 0 BS tekates sped fog a PART VI PRESTRESSED CONCRETE & ‘MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS Soa oe ay i Cran ye pong = Design of dogged at resreing ens” End ecrages 336 2a Pein ‘Of stairs wth quarter’ space landing [Lawes presireas . on nc hae sre m sata Be San 7 rr a ae come o aus Kandel at nie wi oo oo 2 ST ee ie ma sete i oe : Bt hte tore mt comgoon, er 7 w unio ditibved abg. tne eceueresce 2818 Ind Sanco Ce recommendatins een ico gos 2 Eseresntauia a eames 7 Sirus roe a (CHAPTER 24, YIEED LINE THEORY AND DESIGN OF Stalls) Peers eee! cs nn i ay BE Sie oe yams Momestcepecty song an yield ‘tae eae eee hier ‘Amabes ty viel work meth 27S. tnsantyow and rpcred long on eonacte 112» ee eo eam oe TR ce Sgegaeemcnce oS veep ome, = 18 rons 7 vn eam i Sater Aa Area of ste (ete) i AvmAica of lepine! tesonl scenes Ae Tua ssa 6 ai eto te Avs Ares of 929 renorement Ares of esssesion of one te. Lee at ances of crt B=Pange wath of Team em Compresive srs covert Sires ia concrete surrounding compreshe se comPermisle tele wet ia cme eye Compesive sess at the uncon of ge and woh, D=Dept. nective dh ber fre Cntr adot ‘= Charatorisle seng of eo, HB TeMoneat of iets 1.= Equivalent moment of foes of ston Kem Cot of active ea press Ky =Coelieaof pate eth posure eaNewtal ss depth fe (8). L=tengh, Lem Deeks Teicher 0 clans; Length 5 Bind teh = Bending mame: mame (ani ste eign) Asia od on the mene (ht se deg) P Resse rio (4/6). Pree oped sot presse 1 Radius; at ao of ste tnd conic; 8". 1 Spacing of tars; anand ovition si Averige tond sr, eal ond to, ‘Te= Toric amen (mt ste den) (= Tene ares a st = Component f compeesse sel a Stat fase de to dey oad (mt sae deg) Va Sirengt of sea rontceneat (lait sate design) Wit load ; Tol fou X= Cherie c= Del of otal a lak sate deen) 2 Data : Coenen. Yy= Coerdaae| 2nZi= Rendng amen coe (= Surearge ange 1 Unie win of 208 Y= Sabmccped st weight of si “ Pace sey ae apogee tte fn. Pariah safe far appropri 10 Re materi misibe ss i emerete (eet om). isle compres in eoneee due to bending nate comgresine es fy conte ees p= Rermisbe porching shar sre rele pont compresine sis a ee,PARTI WATER TANKS Chapers 1, BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 2. DOMES 3. CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS 4. RECTANGULAR TANKS 5. UNDERGROUND TANKS.y i I 4 Beams Curved in Plan LL. INTRODUCTION : TORSIONAL MOMENTS IN BEAMS Beams curved in plan are used to support eicalar water tanks (eseroirs), cured blcoiss, cursed amps of othe sil stvteres Saving curved boundary. Such curved beams may be crcl, elliptical the Line Jing the support le a¥ay ial axis of the team. Since the CO, of To one side of any section does not tie along te ans ofthe Beam, i subjected to torsional moment, in addon %o bending moment (Merural monten) and. shea forceIn onder to aersians bow trsomst moments ae induced in bears tet us ome a space Frame shown in FiptA(a) having in tear Toe AD and Be mutually Ovhogonal fo cach tHCt bottom Per column BD. When vert Wad is applied on AB, Belhvap ae we os BD ol be subjected to Yering moments causing Taito rote in she amici deecion, TRE moment 3 Feet nit nde Bec te Hong ais of BC and Jae More cane sting or Wsson ni. Te trional moment Ta nee Spe content aff. tong the length of the Beam BC ip 1 (@) shows a eum cure in pn the Tons ans ie tentd Shas hadi of curstace A Point Othe ceaite a cae yecn he bean (subjected fo vetkal los Bends Seam Pie C.. f ash (C2) and reaction 10 one side ae alice aeny frm the avs | d8e 10 this vorional moment ose dhe Tong adi ea hat seiion.Such phepomentn este mapper in ci cave of tam sight in plan (Fig, tt GL es wo eS orto to one se of section Pies along. the eeGiegina sn. Mt should be ted tha in the case of a. staigh eet moment at any section isthe moment of al the aaa erie oe of i about the tases ans of the sesio (ere cof beam cared i pan, te dette of transverse ais i pint rot. Tee bensing. at any point P of the team By fore ne moment of all te fores to one side of i, about wnetinrace OP. On the ott hand, the trsioeal moment at fie pot ir the moment, of a forces about the Hongda (oF Wap) ess of the Ream at that section 12. CIRCULAR BEAM SUPPORTED SYMMETRICALLY tet us fit anape a compete eral Beam, sepported sm mere come (FB. T2 [a Te beam # thay continues, merry om Ree nop Let the eam te subjected 10 uniform an forme oud w pet unit Tength- Due to symmeny, the vertical detcpaes Teteh em wil he the sare. Als, the shear force eaten toting moment st tRe_ eave ofeach span will BE 2200, ae IRS rang moment atthe supports wl be 770, Let te angle Biended by ts eomseetie columns A and Be 29, and Ft he them raiay of te Beam be R Lond Wf ave all = 0 R28 = 20 RO thane ot C6. of an ae suceding an angle 20 at oF = Raine / / uty “Thos the C6. of the lod on team AB lies at 4 distance co B08 fey S86 fom the cnt of curere {() SHEAR FORCE AND MOMENT AT THE SUPPORT Dus ta symctt, the SF. and BML at each sopport will te eg et Re San Me be BM tech Sop ian, Boe 2B Re 02 wa Ea sas 40 and 20. foseon sing the end moments My vectors, the diction of wancat a sepgse lhe a shows Ga Fig. L2(0), im se the row Indice tests, dour Wat decom. The moment eShaet a) can Be essed it ERO compenen’s fo) Shoment Mia 8 about chord AD, amd fi) Moment Soon abaut DO. Sirs mont Me about BO,ean Ne Hesse two 00 tn onder fe vatng of end samt My Ft ws bance te moment bist abe chon AB,ROLE cosa] gy a [Nov The vertical reactions tA’ and B will ot have any moments about AB. Teng (tnd 0, we 2nd = Deno [882 Memwiti—oene) = 3) (oS. aND BC AT Ab PON Alert ected cl recon ad moment the SF and teing os stay fut the ha aba found. Let PO make an angie # with AO. (hig. 13). bet SF, and BM. at P be designated as Fy and My respectively Reaction Load on AP ata Re Faw RO RE or "KawR6 9S os) et the C0. of fad enh be 4 pst F, such Wat po = Bsing2 ee (Rete. Bq. 1) Aso fom Fig, 13, UFO Is perpendicalar to PO, we bas Fon Fo.sing/2 = Rin ga ea Hsing? eos g7 oi oe? Go =Fo.00 97 sing ? roan nSt a n(1 Se Draw AH perpenticuar to PO. ‘Theo, AH = Rsing and PH = R(t — cose Now BM, at P= moment about te radia sss PO. Component of end mores, about the radial ais PO Maen hoes Hence sagging moment 91 P fein oy My Fox AH = W, x FO Mecos Subsiuing the values’ of various "quantities, Myae ROR sing —wRp. RAE — wit — co: cose a OF My=wk sin # ~Osin' 9/2 ~ cas + 8016. <08¢ OF My=whtfOsing + 2.018.008 ~ t] oy (i) TWISTING MOMENT At & Let ihe twisting moment ot Pe Mf. Twisting moment at any point is equal to the moment of all forces on one sie of ou the tangential aus et point. This hen as pose ifthe TeR portion Sis the bean MjoMesing — Fe PH # Wx PG or Mx R(t Bcot8) sing ~WRO. RCI ~ cos) tke R {1d Re at) Mi wR ing — 6 oF he we?lp of Mia wR? pcos g — acnt@.sing ~~ 2)) “The shove eqution gives the dtibution of torso te beam. In order to got the poston of matt testing Osing = 8 = 0san9 bcorg — Bcor8.sing] : oment frei the above cqutioe wth pect 0p and oat it tore Thon we Bs ae} [nos ewoe@—s'9!*] {1.60‘above equation as gives the locaton of secton of contr inewre, For the sign parposs, the Salues Of Support momeD" Tage misipan ronment (M,) and the maxium twisting moment {ify cane 69 owing expesion| an Mc wR 28) 419) alues of ost 1: and.) depend upon se maitue of 8 and can he ken (fom Table 11, which 380 Meolite valve uf angle gx whore madmum twisting moieat osc. eit Ekrrmne he edi menses Ce unis; C= 000% rans CURVED DUFLA , a = 1275" = 0223 fadians wD 9 24) 2X OS236) = 3851 ‘Me = Cy (26) = 089 3557 2962 AN. (bogeing)_ Mo Cam (28) = 00S * 3351 = 1508 KN-m and Mi = CyeR* 26) = 0302 km Fonw.R.O= 2% 4X 0S236 109 5881 419 4. (i SP, digram. Tae ditiotion of SF. ven by Es. Faw RO-2) Fy=2 x4 Mr— 9) x Ry where #1 in doesor Fy = 0139600" ~ 9) 0 ? ee — “Thestove equation shows tht F varies nearly wth. Values eee = for Fy mt varying I interval 5 tabulated below se Tan ia am o { 1 elas oa @ BM diagam. BN My = wR YPsing + 96015-2084 ~ or My = 244 |OS236sing # 022% coe Peas P — oe My =32|05236sin 9 + 09129089 — 1] “Te values of My at $= 10 incr ate tulated below “The dinibaton of Bending Damen shown IF FB, LAC. i) TAK, Bingo. The ewistag moment Mat any pov ss phen by Bq 16 () wR Wensg — Bea19.siné ~~ (9 [oS2sboarg seria orang ~~ HH] eR 2Wesg — OMNES —OOTAS EH 9} CH ere gi In degres ‘Tre values of Mat KP ater are tube telow ‘wining moment dagen b shown la Fig TAG) JA. SEMICIRCULAR BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED ON THREE EQUALLY SPACED COLUMNS iat ns am ke he ee of emer beam ABC, simply supported over end coluninA and B, Conlauous one cea ia) Ead woes a 4 ad 8 be eet sero Dus to sw reason at and B wl e ome (ey wil be eiferent. Let wo Rist find the Tot lod one sent Sam ot C6, of fod fom cate © = po = Keine bod ten cane 0 = po = 888 Se mk.shout tangeat at point ¢ E IN I RE In order to find the vale ofthe reaction R,, take moments aRixco = ORR shen i= a nO Ah wwak oko R R any © SR any pot In order to find the SF distribution consider ay point PF angle g with OA. The CO. of the load on AP wil beat pint wer ro =Eing2 Draw prea Alf nt EG on th 9h te FO ea uap | On Reig oanga = RBG co = fost = Bite rou? 8B cay = aes aw Re DaceRe Dowty we(E-1-¢] « ql is Sala from ang. 2 4. at pot P i eritenty equal 10 te forces 10 AS Kt of point Myo Boxall = EG a po Me és oawos) onder to Fad the watimer staging Needing moment where in AC sierenate Eq. 118 with respect 10-@ and put Chua 40 Peso. Mea wR [ES 2 omg ~ 2x 2inf x Lom 9/2] ae ete eee ish hes 72 = rat’ = OST eacans Edstuuting soe See of @ in Eq. LIB, we get Maa ove [Eg Eatn 20.72 = Bi zd = 01Si4 wR (ons, 035) (6) Tesonal moment at ony pnt “Torso ment a ny point Ps he moment, about ange st P, of at the onees to Be helt of F. Mi = Ryx 7H ~My x PC x (PO= HO) ~ W,(PO~ GO) “Bien Kasey wRo [R~RBF) or cosp—ptsing] (116) e-etsing] Cl In oider to ge the maximom torsional momen, dseentnt he abe eqstton with rerpeet 10 and equate K 10 20M REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTIRES EE [BED sing 1 4 cs, of -we| 6 e]=0. at tang on AGF sing ~ 1 tog a0 or 05708 sing —1 = cosy Syuarieg oth the side, O2258sing — 11416 sing + 1 = cos'g =~ statg 1258p = Laing or sing D8" = 1.037 radians, os Stbstitting' the value of ¢ in Eq, TH we get s2 Mim Rowena — 07 in 544] oF tk 01088 wat uy Mths satue fa i subsite in 24.118, wegen Thus the pint of massntn trian cies Rh te poet con Pru Esample 12 semicircular beam with rade of 4m is sino scored et aac Se a EA Be eam ames a unt dumbed tad of 30 tion hep ee eben ince of ts oun met Detain Si, see 9 set pointy and pon SE, BAL. wed TA ng Satin. (Pie). Redimi w 220 kN POE (x2) = 4566 4N rath k os. fe neers DwR=2K 20% 40 160 EN ASN whe m4 = 80 AN ete : or Fe = 0 [05708 017459), The variation of Fy is thus tincar with g Bal Os SOUS DOIN % 0] = — 80 an To locate the postion where F, i ret, me ave, 05708~ 0017489 = 0 or = poms Meat 9 tet nono 7 Me = ~ 0429 wR? = — 0.429 x 20 (4)? +e =~ 13728 Nem (Le, hogging) Mou = #03516 w= 4 Oise 207 2846 em (oct The Neng omen at By oer al hen by Eqn Mont [asnsing 2008] = 320]05708sing — 2 sig ‘The values Of M, at 30" interval af tabled below ee Jn order to nd the postion whee BAL b Zen, equate 113 to zero. Thus, i * O570Rsing ~ 26in'g/2 =o oF 5708 2m 2 08 9/2 2s g2 or (an g/2= 0708 7207 or on 594 [hich i evident he lnstion whet forionl moment i masenm. ‘Thus, we conclude thatthe pont of tomiondl meen ie Mi = 0045 wR = 0.1085 x 20(4)' = 3842 Kam at ga souie [REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ‘The disbaton of torsional moment given by By. 16 sg 9 +sing or Mena faste- armors ting 4:55) vse £ + sing —0MI745 6} ie oar aii ten The SF, BM. ond TM digas are shown in Fig ia | | om, | ait on | at | okey tan eno" (stan) as st saman69 229 sen, nol A, Sos She Ls. STRESSES DUE TO TORSION IN CONCRETE TEAMS ‘ynen torsion i applied 10 a concrete beam, sheat stresses 2 ee et he Bam hae 1 ms a ea cree en 265" = 03953 ra tt radivs of the eran section qi masimom sear infensiy de 10 01sion, ‘Thea Grom simple theory af onion of shals aM ot aoe o oar where J polar moment of intin as, or (147 0) were D is the dlameer of the cieulafsextion 2 Square Section Mire steses duc to torsion in @ team of square section with side of aqusre a ean be approximately determined 9y assuming ARE auch to be equnalent to a ebcaar section of diameter < wa as) 3. Rectangular Section “The rigid amas for the determination of shear stresses de totonion in stectengl section bemvemelGieal An approximateamas 6 hen ee Fie LID (a shows a rectangle beam 8x D, subjected 1 slot moment Tee! nome! ser ae ‘M‘vryngmopitdes atthe ower fe a well asa the set Stale te ton Tae shea sess ate ou comet A,B, Con D is found t be 20, while warinom shar aval 4) Sede ost athe i-pornt Of the htt and verti es Speech The Shar ser atthe CG ofthe secon wl aso as Consider an clement of sie de, ) at co-ordinates (9) of te beam section. The shea ste qa this element can be resolved ES es ecceetes teat ene eae inoaertalosaptoitety mor acters alae "tpn 7it we 08 trowel ts AB ad De cts gay sora os Avs0(e ald ofthe ie 480 D6 give at the comers where x= 22.9) is evidently zero. This variation ‘is shown in Fig, 1.12 (0). H pel pee eee meee ee =afi-% oven (tt a) ‘Acsumption 2. Toe horibotal Shea steis gy varies Uneay sacros the depth of the beam [Fig. 12 ()] with zero value as {ts CG. Simian, the variation of vertical shear stress scrose the width varies linearly (Fg. 12 (@)] with aero value at the CO. of {he setion. This atthe element wth (gy) co-ordinates, the values ‘of horizontal and verte! thar ses are ) Assumption 3. The shear stress q, and are related by 5 a3 ‘Ths shows tat ig sess sires (occur he eae ot ta side wich nest he sed oe bcion ene Sb, Sn heme ge ine, Tf at mie sal one *, Nonional momest of rane ae th cement & mene AM! = yy tae.2)de.dy Hence for the entre eh s ae woth [erteonh‘Sonstuting the values of gy and 4. fom Bap. (i) and (i) wea fe? Flo 42 Bral-B) Fao tne. ptrning een wet isu 049 a) 149 5) Wed, a ‘Other expressions ‘bach hs ven the folowing empirical formes for maximus. shear 10055 ae 26 eed +p 150) #o[ 5] Indian Standard, 1 : 456 recommends the following expression for masimurm shear stress po ME 4 2) a o~ 35 0+3) ast) “pumoshenko and Goodie wed the method of cory of ticity for determining the shear sues dv 10 torsion In general, he shat re eae ta fomion can be expesod by te following expression veo geo 13) where C, the coefient, Table 1 gives the comparative snives of C, by various formulae saa Ls VALUES OF GeO. 138) Bete [ekarion) 1a Fora | wr g Ber | “ttt |aaniy we en 53) 12 as as | me fase Ea C \ ' ay 4. Other sections “Table 1.6 gives the expressions fr maximum shear stress due 1 torsion, la seaons of atous shapes. (om Se ary Mat mw,REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES nature of fallere of a beam subjected to torsion 1s simfarto the fatlure dee 10 dlagona tension, the reinforcement 5 the sinar maser forthe tansverse {Pige api Raving he same direction a8 hat of torsional moment, Scie provided io the diestion of principal tensile stresses Flowcver doco difulis in enastrecton apd for reasons of economy, onions reinforcement is proved ia the forms of: () swo-lgaed ‘tirups, slong. with (2) Hoagtdinal bar (© Spiral Reinforcement : Circular Section {ft onder to undertand the mechanism of crack formation fue 10 tonton, let ws eonsder drealar section of bear shown in Fig: Lista). Let we tke a plane lamina of sides Rud® cach, at Ie surfue, apd of dR thickness Let" be the shear sires along the sides ofthe lamina. Due to this, tele srss will be induced {none diagonal plane and compressive ses along the other will te idced, Hence he lamina wil ty to tearoff long the agonal (e-Ts cacs willbe formed in itectons 1~ 1,2 2,3~3 et (Fg, 113 6) each paral vo AC, forming 2 cracks, The eat feinforcement therefore wll be at ght angles 10 these cracks, the form of spa ig, 113) shows a cra section subjected to torsion. It {a well Klown thet sear due fo forion &suxinum atthe surface, nd decrees (nad the centre ofthe Seton. Shear reinforcement portion of the section (shown shaded) in to combined effects le more than tbe Permbsile valve. Let R’corespond to that radius at which the Smbined shear sts sogelt the permissible vale. Now consider lamina at radal dsance r, of Wickness dr and sublending an Sngle a, The lamina obod (Fig. 113 4) will thus have ts ses qual fo. reach, Let the shear stress at that plane be q- Due {o this diagonal tension wil be induced across diagonal a, of tens ff Le twill be at rlght anges to the principal plane ac. The tla Tensile force on ae wil cons the side 0. “Tal agonal tension force crossing ab eg ae «dr (rad co 455 ar Moment of diagonal fesion about the ais frcwounes where ofr he af “This should te equal 10 the moment of the tease fore in the spl reinforcement having area of stecl 4, and provided at stance 7 fom the aus Avonns SPER Jeera Arce. Hel. ~ (He Ang [t- 1.53),“ine spel should be placod at a tance 7 from the axis, such tna the nce coincides wih tke CG, of the tensile forces seen ataded ea, Prom this consideration, te valve oF, & given yy ec te the pith ofthe spiral and Ay be the eos sections} area of the spiral tar. Then, Bay 7 (135) Coma 1938) has given the folowing expesion forthe torsional sivengh of eet seston reinforced wih spa clnorcement Mow 2VE nei AB 55) or Apntan Ate Moy as) nis isthe same a5 Bh. 155, 10 put 9 210 (4 Spiral eiforcemeat ¢ Kestangsie “Te amass of recangser section, spall reiforad i ex remetyafiet Conan gov the ftw. expression OF he tions engin of Desn, wh slr eitorce . Mt aE ase sie shoes of set ens he 1 A SE Sar tan ere ee of 4s six thew Kab 26 std Fie D-2d (i) Rettoroerent iH 6 ars + Crear setion apy ed Hongda ‘As mated eae, it 6 extremely cient te provide spiral reinforcomeat, Moreover spiral reeforcenent has to sacl change remeron at the poat of cotta sorsion. Arte praca propos! te ae provide reinvorereat #9 8 fort of ROOPS ST BEAMS CURVEDINPLAN « and longitadinal bars-Te hoops ress he clrcamteretiat component art endgdnal temion whi the longitudinal bars. feist the aia ‘component tring to Fig, L13() (#, she tril ore on ae, «Oe he si nS egal te 7 don AS" dr Tae fore can Be ese seta albag a and tangentaly along ad, The tangent Jeneiment acs along. he engl ofthe teams and Is rest ty SomPomprment provided righ angles 10 the a ofthe Dae. "Tangent component = (9-70 cr cos 3°) 18 coperete fs U6 N/m ‘thus “tee then fen Hence dimensions ofthe beam are ll riebt 4 Langan Since "re enceeds ry, Dov loaghudinal and wanserse rein forcement are nocteay. The longitudinal reinforcement designe fo ret am equtalent BM. My given by Ma = M+ Mr where M=B.M 108 Nene | Men TOLD were T= wrlanal moment arn x 1 A MOO 3930 Nm Mao AS P4838 «108 = 6853210" Nm Aan afd” TOROS IT aia “TOO = cs Using 16 mm o 5, Ae No. of 16 mm © batsSince My 6 es thas Af, no longitudinal reinforcement fs necssary 3 the top of the Beam ‘Tranmere Reinforcement ‘Transiese fenforement Is provided 4a the frm of vertiat rps. Powde two earner buts of 16 fm atthe Top Fac, at {dear cover of 25 mum, to Bold the straps, as shown Ia Fp, Lis y= cone to centre sistance between comer bars ia fe diretion of with = 402532" 16= 33 mim é.-cone cea dans fetcen corner bas tb techn of th 0S a The mee of econ dr ofthe tops Fgh By Aen ia Using 12 mmo =2 Ig spe, Aa = 22 (12) = 26 met p= [sera t rea) * However, the spacing == ocr shoald not exceed the last of) g— nty, Benne TE and 300 mm H ‘wheter = shortdimension of sirup 29 sitist esa mm | | » sezmm | Latent, sas + EARS . rou 181 mm. Thus, 4, 2147 mm & permissible Hosover, provide 12 mm © 2 Ip stirrups @ M45 mm ck “The section of the beams 6 shown in Fig, 118 ample 1. Design she section of he beam anabed in exarple 1.2, urs AFIS concrete, Take 04m Oy 140 N/m Setation + ‘From example 12, we have the folowing data : ‘Marinum BM.= 13728 kN-m hopping atthe support and ‘S46 uN-m sagging at the Intermediate pin. SSR. at end support 4566 4 ‘SE. at central support = 91m Maimem torsonal moment = 3342 KN-m ‘SE. at point of max tomion = 3731 KN 1. Design conan For M 1S concrete, 2039 j mast; R= 2 Design ef Seton for BM. ter Fo im ~ Vi. Vat AV pw = W"cas x00 Sm Provide D = 650 mm Using 20 mm oiameter bare and a clear cover of 4 cm, Yaveisl ave i6t At the point of mis. forslony = 3731 KN Vow 373i + 163342 2 14425 en rom 3731 + 165882 = 14425 iN eM «MAIS 1000 = 040 5mm? ba” sins a For balanced design, percentage reiforcement (p) = 072. From “Tatle 1.6, 1, = 033 N/mm Since ty i greater than t shear rein forcement necessary. ABO, om Table 37 Tynan fOF M 1S concrete J M6 N/mm" Hence 1 ses tha fae Theron, the dimensions of the team ate Ok At the central suppor, S80 AN 12 x10 ** sores ‘Ths less than, Hence only nominal shea reinforcement is necessary AL tbe end supports also, 566 «108 fi te SEAI0 8 058mm 027N/am?“This tes than half ro Hence xen nominal shear rela forcement is nol nostsary at the end suppor (4 Main and Longitudinal reinforcement (@) Section at point of mainun: torsion T= Mig = 3842 N-m at @ = S048 were the BM. zero, Ma = Mot My where Ma 280 aad a+ warlt2O nell 24522 KN = 45225107 Nom Mo = My = 452% 1" Ma, t822 xt Ae” uid ~ TDK 087 xD = 633.0 sing 20 mm a, Bang Ay = 36mm No, of tae = S223 02 cs Since Mis 20, My > M. Hence Ma Mr~ A= S. “Tes, the above teinforcement has abo (0 be provided at the top of the section ‘Thus provide 2~20 mm bars both at top aswell ss at bottom of section, a this feation (@) Secton-ot point of marinurm hogging BML Maximum hogging BM. occurs at the. central support ‘e=90 where torsional moment 210 No, of 20 mm @ bars = 1210 ae Hence ute 6 Nos 20 nm bars. These has wal be provided st the topo the section since max BLM. boggiag a the intermediate Sopport The bending moment erro at asetion at an angle of $245" sith end radial line or stan ange of (AP ~ S86") = 3056" (rom the central pla neither direction. Distance of this section, along the ane of beam = RX ¢ = 4 3038 y= 2.15 m ftom the support Development length Ly = ie" $05) 586 for M 1S concrete Lax S820 160 mm = 116 ‘hus, 4 tan can be cori at ean, 4,2 fom she mid sopom ano smn tat te tomaing 2 basil Say take the oui BML and the onal meat eyo 2m (teem 2s! <6) fom the cel suppor. (0) Sen a pin of ce. Soping BML At the point of max saguing BM. (# = 29.72", ms KN Mi = T= 1695 4m stear fore = ‘te 14+ 74D «gost 00) 2293 im M Ma = M+ My 4846-4 2295 = 7139 Ma. 139% 10 ‘Seid TDK OST WO No, of 20 mm ©:bars <3 m0" Hence provide 420 mm ¢ bar a the Dotloe of the section, ‘Out of thes, two bars cam Be carted at 2 polat whete they are to longer required, provided that point Is a least at a distance Of Ly= 580 116) mm anay. The bars are 10 be continued 10 4 ditance of 120 = 240 mm beyond that point Hence discontinue two bars at a distance of 110 +240 1400 mim = 1m on citer side ofthe point of mut sagging BM. (= 47) Thus the dstance of point of curtalimext from 35 m and 07 m fom face sins id=2i0 81. support = 4-302 = (of support, Te remsiniag 10 bars are to be continued 10 tke fare of toronal BM, and slo t tty the bond and anchorage fequiements at the eadAare ate ice ban of am 9 oon Mgt ty tas OF cp ota a ah stan anh ‘requirements envisaged in the following equation fe aera: % (@) Point of mas. torsional moment rae Iat te point of max toron, SF.= 3781 KN (ee Fit. ee cieen ee este ee ove los Seen ee ‘AS found in step 3, Tur = 0.49 N/mun’, which bis more than t- = 0.33 L Cay aaiintise aussresanenatmantl N/mm. Hence shear reinforcement & requiced. 2451310 Nm Anew hit 4 ot = S28 — 98 mm ‘the direction of width = S00 — (4) x 2) ~ 20 Cente to cents distance Between corner bets In fhe ivedion oF depth = 680 — (40 2)~ 20 5 suet 3731 x10 Ba SOR Tw * Fx 559% 1H However he minimum transwerse écinforcement should be Rares Folin ole nage 2e15=226 m0 Using 12 mm @ 2igdstirups ving An meat ‘However, the spacing should aot exceed the least of 1, Let us asiume width of support = 600 mim. Assuming side ae aaa cover = #0 mm (Eg 115), anergy ae of hook = i and SEY and 200 mm, wee are rape ure tesceecusecueaasn cece sve thot dimension of sirup 40+ 20-4 12-992 mm leon tie pro ss0 4204 B= S82 mm =3¢) +168 nth, BEES asi m 5 = (0 = 40-320) + 16420= 590 mm - Hence = 1% am is prise. Howcs, oie 12a Wega «college ius Gm ce atthe oon Of asus, Stats alent aloes moment Tae spacing risy be continued for © distance Ly = St@= 8x 20 1160 om ff say, LT mon either side©) A poles of max SF. (ermal upper) ‘SF =80 EN’ . ‘This ess than «Hence only nominal shear reinforcement 4 necessary. The nominal shear reinforcemeat & given by Taking f= 290N/mm* or mild steel bars dz 2 04% 500 9g « Choosing 12 mm o 2 Hd sueraps having 4g = 226, ne se 8 280 mam ‘Manimum prmisiblespacing = (75d = 075 x $90 = 442m, Hence provide straps @ 280 ce (9A en supports SE 48.65 aN 45.66% 10) “This fs les than een half ra Hence as per LS. ende, oven sominal teinforemeat Is wot necscay. However, since the Beam ‘ary torsional" moment “t other secon fr which erat behewout ° fof the Beam section i a1! not known, we vill provide nominal eras (4,12 mm © 2 ip straps 280 mom ek) athe ced supports se. 1. Side fee reforcenent “Tue Cove specifies tat whe the css sectoal dimension acces 450 mm, hutonal loa! tae shoud be prove ‘Aen of such se fc Tenrcement stint he les a a on v= 9 (50 x 60) = 325 mt se two 16 mo a one ke mi ip of ech fe), eng A= Boca) = a The deals of the elaorement ea shown Fig. 116 = amt ebe b | f § a i i 5 iPROBLEMS spit rads of'3m and supored coninaemty on fe sao ‘am cares » unfomt dsie fa 30 tin eg ect {owe wei. Determine the Reng meen sing ant nd hee fer a en teat Ab pt The Why TM. mad SF, Sapo 2 A seul Dean i py pert on tee egy pcs xu Show tema eg ese a he ng Imomet ae equ 10 0429 nf ad 0104 wl respec, oon, s's Stones oe Con a mine eee, ‘Smita ‘bad 16 kN cgi ate been, eee oes (ho wei. Deermie the S1, BAL and TM, St wat pos and he's, BMC aod TM se, ‘sos of 3 mst eal ange of 120° The ee fied Oe ent Std cates 4 perpen If 28 AN The Re cguas ‘Stteern, hig meth = 80 on thd Soph = 10 Taking Ca Sees, dw he fendeg sme anton! ome ap ft j Domes 2.4. INTRODUCTION ‘A dome may bene as thin shell generat ty the esution cf a regular curve ato! one of ite axe The shape of the dome ‘epeeds upon the pe ofthe cure and the direction ofthe is fof revoutlon When the segment of crcl cure fovobes about is vera ameter, a sphercal dome f obtained Simla, conical ome is cbained by the revolution of 3 igh angled triangle about its verti a, while an eipical dome i obtained by the revlutlon Of a elites cure about ane of fs ance, However, out ofthese, ical docs ae move commniy wed i the css O 3 sDFig. 2106) shows the vertical section of aspherical dome. The successhe horbonta Hing subtead equal angle at the centre of the pre The ots wee scorn ng ral Ey bvisonl ring sopports the load the rings above I ard (ans Ito the one below i The reaction between the rings 1 tangential 1 the cured surtac, ging re to compression along the medians “The compressive ses called mendonl dst or meridional com- pression ig 2.1(€) shows the plan of Horizontal ring. which may be imagined to consist of 1 number of vous, The joins berwecn tajcentvousoie ofthe rng ze rata. The tendeny of ecparation| of eny roussotr willbe prevented because of Is wedge shape, and hereto, hoop comprestion wil be caused in each tng "To summarize, therefore, Wo (pes of steses are induced in 2 dome [Fir 210) i) Meriional thrust (7) aloag the direction of meridian {i Hoop stres () slong the latitudes. 23, ANALYSIS OF SPHERICAL DOMES Let as now analyse stesses developed in spherical dome of ngorm thickness To cases of Toasing wil be considered () sriforly dstibued lou, (i concenated fond at te crown, 1) Veit distributed Tond| Lav = enifomiy debated fod, lcusve of ts ovn ‘wight per unt area ries of the dome {= thickness of dome shell imeniy of meriionat thst 1H = intensity of hoop sins (@) Meridionl three Fig, 22(@) shows the sesion tough the vertkal acs of revo tion olfa thin apherial dome, Let easier the equim of Sting 421 betwoen wo borinntal planes 4B and CD. The extremity St the oncontal plane AB makes an ange 8 with the vertical a the centre wile the exfemity of the horizontal plane CD wakes lange 04-40, The ing this subtends am angle 9 at the centre ‘Tee folowing ae the forces seing om the wait length ofthe ring {i The meridional thrust T per snit length of the cide of letinade AB, acing tangentially at (or aight angles 1 the radia) tine 08). W) Tee reaction of thrust T-+ AT per unit length of ce ‘on tttode CD, ating tangentially at D.(i) The weight BHF of the Hing el, acting vertically down, Tt shosld be noted thatthe reaction +47 will be greater tag ihe thrust T dus tothe fle of the weight of the rnp and fue to the change Ia the ittination fom 6 of (@ +46) of the fad ince The meridional thrust Ti caused duc to the weght Gt the dome tell 4PH above the heron! plane Surface area of dome shell APB = 27 xP But PO~OP—CQ=r—r esd _mr(1~ cod) Weight of dome stall above AB = 2xrxPQXw =2x7w(1~ eo) Since the sum of vera! components of nist T acting alone te circumference of the cele of latitude must be equ tO the foul weight of the dome shell APB, we have Ter x QB) xad=2xPw(l~ sO) 2aP w(t 2099) tl reine Thewé en Tris 6 tus the expression for Re eins the 6) Hap ers We now sca ht he meron thes Tien oT + €T a tor Sie inp Ths deren the nein se Tan TdT. nang 4? and. 8-440 ropetvey (0 he Totton cusps. Te bei hop fre pe Ui engh f secs meee on arpa one ae iat of cing rd, Hoop foe = Hirao « ‘The boreal componen's 7 Feo 9. nd hs Nona component tase bovp "cmon cng to ince the Gomeet Se ig whe the boron component of 7-4 €T wi Be (raz) (om 8 b8) ands tenon component wi ese Soop compression Now magne of oop tension wre x Rano ing cx driind = Tri Magne of op comprouon (Td Tye 0 +68) Xs oF ng CD THEDewO terse eee ot) Eee Te “The difeence betcen (i) and i) wll ease the actual hoop, sires If (i) more than (i), hoop sess ll be compressive, ‘wile Wf () is more than (i) hoop sres will te tensile. Thus the hoop fore, whlch 6 equal 10 the difference beween (i) and (iy. is due to the change'in the valve of Then a0 increases {yma amount do Hence in the limiting ese whon 9 extremely ty Hrdo 4 {rowers pu Ta BA tom 21 1 wr =cos nek. [ramos =ea a pone - ods [See ee] an -| asd cafe 2av one 14 2sinocos0 + 24) cy [ Le ses ONContO + cose 2a Lor cato + ond = 1) T+ cord en “The above expression gies the hoop stress in any horizontal ring the extent of which btends an angle @ withthe vera, Te centre Ifthe value of H cained form Eq. 22 is positive, hoop force will be compressive | other it wil be tensile ’at the own, 6 0 Hence from By 22 H= MEInvent of Mop ses ar com = Hea EE (compres) xe ‘rs te maximum valve of oop ste. The Ap se weit ge’ deeming se? nena th feces tore At That 7 becomes tense To find the’ positon of the plane where hoop sires becomes 2er0, we have i oped end or cos'@ + and 120 or cos = 0618 From which @ =51°89°38 Hence round the citcle of latitude at which the angle (6 = St'a)" 34", hoop sess i240. For all portion of dome about this angle, hoop compression wil be develope, while for the portion telow ths plane, hoop fasion wll be developed which wil go on ineresing further towards the base of the dome 2. Concentrated load at the crown ‘Let ws now find out the sreses Gewloped in the spherical dome dv 0 a concentrated fad 5” siwated at the crown P as shown fa Fg 23 TAs before et ws consider ving ABCD bounded by horionta Planes ab andCDsub- Tending anges 9 and O48 withthe ver tale Let rhc ‘rest pe oni legt Dl initode al Sctint Sangentiily and TAT be thew pet ‘omit length of the ‘Ste of ittude CD. “The sum of the vertical components De threst Pacting long. te circum {erente ofthe cee of 0. 25 fact mst be equal tothe toad 3s hence Te 2arsindx sn@= 0 EL ey w Taare 7 atnee ‘As duced te pros ct; te oops deeoped tn ahi fg bane foie deen he mena thant Pant 7447. ene a oe Teese ca(rooee xing, using te vue of toa Fig 24, we get 1ay ow 1d Ww cosorsind 4 = 7a6| Farsi’ wa Israd Diserenaing the above, we get 29) w ec 250 where £ is the thickness of the dome “The minus sine shows tht hoop stress wil e teste through ‘out, due to the conceited. Had [Ax the crow, 9=0 . Hence H becomes lafnte. Therefore, ny concentrated load i the form of lantern or ornament etc, should ays be dseiuted ver suficentaea, to redete the hoop ses At the crown, Iti zo desiable to thicken the dome atthe top {o spread he Toad ‘over greater area. ‘Sees duet» combined saiformly dribaed lad and point lad ‘The stresses due 19 point oad applied at the crown should bye added algebraic to fhe sresss developed due to uniformly Stboted ve, fad apd selelgh ef, te dome, to get the fn "Tule 21 gives the coctcens for oop stress and meridional ‘area due to sadormly dstrbuted load and concentrated fod at (he erown, for erent Values of 8a an oo | sraed | Sreeat [ea ar ete ec ie em mo cc soe | ee ee ce 24, STRESSES DUE TO WIND LOAD “The anaiyis of steses in domes due 10 wind Yoad i very tediog since the dome has eavature ia to directions, Slace the (hckness ag reinforcement reqire for the vertical and uniformly Uninbuted loads 6 moch sales than provide from practical con ‘ldcratons, ext eacuaton of steses due to wind Yoad and the Sree Grime and temperature variations are not neces ‘Ther eicet i taken into aesbunt BF adding and extra Load of about 00 to 130) N por sqm. of the surface of the dome. 28, DESIGN OF B.C. DOMES Tc requirements of thickness of dome and reiaforcement from the pit of wien of induced stresses are usualy ery small HBeree minimum ticknese of 75 cm proved to protect OS Sima, n minim see provided is 15% of the sectional Ne aalcach tiection meridional 8 well as along the Tttses, [The teinfrecment wil be fn addition to the hoop tensile stress ‘Toe see reinorement fs pronided in the middle of fe thickness Tine dome sh Near te edgy some hogging bending Moment “fay be developed, and hence medina steel sould e placed near the top sutte Provision of lag tea the dome is not Hemishpenca, the meron thrust tthe supporting cle of tods(ee, a the hase) wil aot be verti ree inciaed meron trast athe support wil ve horizontal “limponent which wil suse the supporting wals to burst outward ‘Sing it fare I safer to teat tas horizontal component of meridional thrust, ing at & provided atthe base of the dome ‘Foc cinrecmentpronded inthe ing beam kes this hoop teas and taster only vera reation 1 the supporting was. The tensile Seton the cyan aeaofeonrete on tering, Bam section Soul not exceed 12. Nims Placement of main ecinforsement tn dome ‘As state cuit, « minimum reinforcement of D157 of aes is prowded both inthe direction of aitade a well as of the midis {ylbe reinforcement along he mcrdins Is cosinacd upto ion there wil be congestion of ce there Hence Irom practal co erations, the metdionalrenforcemeat i stopped at ary tied Grate neat crown, anda separate mesh is provided as showa in Bip 2 Novseporate reinforcement long Pttude 8 provided in {his ae at the crowProvision of openings Openings misy be prosde inthe dome a required from other fancional or architect requirements However, sulien immning ‘einforeement shoul be proved all round the opening, a shows In Fig 25. Tae meridional and hoop reinforcement reaching the ‘opening. should be well anchored to the trimming rlsforcement IF there & an opening atthe exown of the dome, and if there (any concentrated oad of lantern ct. actig there 8 ring beam sould be provided atthe. periphery of the opening, a& shown in Boal movie. the periph of he opening. a Design Example 2.1. Desi a spherical dome oer @ cealar room, forthe following daa {@) Inside diamecr of oom = 12 m (W) Rise of dome =4m (a) Live load due t0 wind, ke snow ete, = 15 kN ‘The dome has an opening of 1.8 m diameter ofits crown. A lanue is provided ety top, whieh cues a deat fad of 22 AN ‘cing along the camfrence of the penn g \ | 4 Na hem 1 Solution. 1. Geometry of the dome Fig. 26. shows the dome. Let ste radius of ts dome te & ‘The diameter of base AB = dia. of toom = 12 mh Ree PS = 4m (er PSPs =6x6 or @r~4)4 236 From which r= AO = 65 a2 ‘Agsin CD = diameter of opening = 16 m 0. rise at opening ay A(2x6s-m=cL rom which 0s k= 0105 m og sing = 28 = 04281; 2.0 = 74" j008 20923; 5 0623" jcos8 = 03800 sine= & 2. Landing ‘The various formulae served care are valid when there is sno opening athe crown. In our cae, there Is opening of 16 mdiameter. Howeet, for eaeaation, purposs, We diameter. Hoag and te weight ote, extra potion of tS here no PST pe accounted for by reacing the Jad of the me shall nto comideration only the elective weight of Taster. That Ter the thickness of the dome be 100 rm. Fe uniformly distributed oad per 39. m of (@ Settweght of dome shell = 04 x 25000 (Lave Hoot 500 Tox = 4000 Nin! = 4 kit Weight of dome stell CPD =w x2nrh aw x2 x65 fective weight of lantern = We 22-8, surface area are 2500 N. 005 17 = 138 AN 13 Caledon of sreses due 0 combined losd “Pac ses at any horizontal ae wil be al 1 the age sum asses de the two losing, nd the dm for tne masimom of these stresses. Torat meridional ste caro tose 1+ om 00339 =026 2052 Nye? - 2) “the values of meridional stress and hoop stress for various satucr of 8 are Tabolated in Table 22 [act i _[ to ir [rm [enms [ oom[ me [ome [= ome |“ “& Hoop tet ace of re lad Hoop sireses should alo be found in absnoe of the load rns ua iereae the tense steses In the upper portion of the cet pein sear the periphery of the opening However seme ck tnrut wil not focrese by omiting the tive toad ‘x 25000 = 2500N =25 KN efcive weight of lntern= 22-25 x 25X65 x 00S 1689 4 “Thus the oop steses due ow calculated above wil be deceased in me ratio of 252 (= 0625) while the Roop siresses due to, W Eo wttscinraetty an of 82 (= 129, Theresia tweed in Tale 23.“Thus we see that the maximum hoop tension af the opening has boon intesod from 0058 Nam! «0 0195 Now ‘S. Proian for réforcement Max compeesve sess = 0354 Ninn? (a Max. hoop tensile sess = 0198 Nia ‘Mac. hoop tension per metre feagth of meriion wots x 00 5 1000 = 19500 Nt ‘Area of sel 19 at Feinbrcenet or temp = S100 101508 Tout winfrement = 159+ 190 207 mm wx Using # min © ss, spacing = <1 am However, provide 8 mm ¢ bass @ 160 mm cle where hoop emi eS Rimes” gine portion where no hosp tension & eatoped, minum rea of sel @ 013% wil be 150 Hence Sexise's mma tors @ 300 min ck vos =a 6 Design f lover ring eam Meridional thrust per mete Tenth of the dome at ts ase = 0193 100 1000 = 19000 N/m Horton component T pet mete eng «Tack 22) Spleens 27307 NZ Hoop ten ning 10 rp HE eam arpor = 880 N Ung 10 wn ¢ ta, No of os = = 4 Hence provide 4 rings of 10 mm bas quale ava of compose sction of beam of an of os section A SAE (DA m a + BK TES HE At s682 Alloming tensile stress of 12 we have ram inthe composite section, _ se A 568 From which A= 30880 ma eam of 200 mn _ 200 mm. Provide ings A the tng Dea, However, provide ing 6 mm e wraps @ 160 mm ce to tie the 1 1. Dan of ig tm ot te oping top compression) im the ing Sm 348 x 100 10 ewe 400 09924 « 08 = 28105. N “The horizontal component wil be provided for By a beam which tt form the fink between the lantern and the COME. Provide a rng beam of sie 160 mn > 160 mm ele above the Gomer below the. dome, ae Fegired from architecturat reqerement. mp. es dng eam = BNO = NZ Extend the 8 mm 4 sags in the ring team alo (sate)“The details, of reinforcement are shown ia Fig, 27. (pee mn 9 288 Shebmmere { 26, CONICAL BOMES et us now analyse a conical dome subending an angle 29 at tne apen tore te intensity of uniformly distributed load ineasive wei Sw weigh, on unit area of the dome. TO Aes Pes zZ = ad aero DOMES n “Consider horton rng ABDC as before. Let the eriions chro pon unit tengh ofthe sing be T at B and T+AT at sting tangentially Tar er ponent ofthe total meridional thrust at B wil elders Ceequt ts abe Hoan the dome shell APB. Let he pidny Oe Sivootal plane AB and cD bey and y-+dy from apex P Diameter AB=2yten0_ 5; eagih AP= gig Load on dome shell APD oe2yen 1 we Vertial component of tral T= (=2y 204) Tos aygune op z Inteasity of meridional sess = os “The norizonal component of T wil case hoop tension at B cite ne norzonal component of T-+dT wil enise hoop eO= presion apaiode of hoop tersons Tin radius of ring at dep sis! @ Tein yan = Ty Manitede of hoop compression The diference in these 4o horizontal components wil ie ce rn cap ore et Pe the oop compression indie he a pert breadth, Let dr be te breadth of he Fins of help a Tig. 280)] then ds = 25 Hence we have Hai ~« (tea?) ence)one Laryate Sasittng the valve of Tan dileeaiting, we gt eZ [EL pst] = AE Foy Hence H=my santo en Hence itemiy of hoop stews = "2 usta (270)) “The hoop stress will be compressive throughout, Design ample 22. Design ona! mo for hall having 4 aie of 30 m The rie of the dome har the # mu Asus the tse and other lauds a 1509 Nin ( Geomary of the dome Diaeter ei 5 tang = easionor sind = 985; cs 03918 oy taaing Let the thickness of shell be 10 cm Weight of dome shel im! = 01 1x 28000 = 2500 N ive load =1500-N Toi w= 4000 Nan Wi) Catton of srs Moridonat thrust 7 = "2 Zeon" Maximum 7 will sur a the DMSe AB whese y <4 000 4 Tm “203sn8" = 58200 N (comp) 2382 N/a (Sale) a 8520, Meridional stress = 7,582, Hoop fore wyant, Ha, = $000 < 4.5) = 100000 N (emp) oom 1 Nim (Safe Hoop ses = an Naw? ae) 0) Ste reinforcement ‘Trestrsses workout tobe sate. Henceonly somal enforcement thas 10 be provided @ 045% of the atea of concrete 150 mn? Using 8 mmo bats ae = 50 ma Spacing = HAs — A000 5 353 oom However, provide 8 mm @ bars @ 300 mm cle both the wa ‘The meridional bars may be discontinued near the apex, 4 wire mesh may te provid there to avoHd congestion Of See (9), Desien of ring beam Horiootaeomponestof meridional thrust Twit ausean outward force on the soppor causing hoop tension. Hee aap beat neces ‘Hoop tension P in rig team = Tsind 5200 % 01985 = 54000 Ni ot we fce = Px 2 Sua <2 somo sea 2 ‘Area of sce to resist hi, Ae = 8080 0 3657 si? Using 25 mm # bars, de = 490 mn! 5 No of tas = Bag 0 ‘Actual Atéa of sel provided = 3920 mm Tie these by 8 mm & 2d stirrops @ 300 mm cle Let A be the area of ring beam. Bguhateat area of compsie section A+ 18% 3920 = A + 1560 A+ (m= AeAssuming the allowable tensile stress Ia composite section 10 be 12 Nim’, we have hich gives A= 37940 ma? Provide ring beam of size 700 mmx 700 mm “The detalls of the einforcement 1s shown in Fig. 210. se 11m es Osan repli pea rns once freee PROBLEMS 1. A sper dome, span 10 m and 2 as sel hh 120 ‘ASAE Se, tra kad of Sob Nat se pee The wd Hd ‘nthe dome ete 4 the eye Wo 1200 Na, sain 1s Sree, een and egy sub rarconen. oy deat Me 2 Design 8 con! dome fr the atone, re 1 m0 Hater 5 Design ¢sphereal dame cnr 2 cbt com of 29 in ate, Te ROS be Bre maybe ten el to Io ie Gate The dor at Mainline tie cecuernce nog SUP diame a te sper Taxe te food due to wind te 15 AN! of te suri aan of Be done, Use MC 1S cones [3 Circular and Intze Tanks 34. INTRODUCTION ‘A water tak is wed 10 sore water 10 rie over the daly requirements In general, ler tanks can be csi under tics Fare tp tanks testing On ground, (i) elevated Tanks sepporte bead ing and (@) underyrouné tanks. Prom the sbupe point of SATE tanks may Be of several ype, suc 28 (cea ans ip yetumgutar antsy in spncrial tanks, Gv) Inte tanks and) eee Aes th enical bots Some simple cases of etcolar ‘Sree taguar tanks have Yoon dati invoome Tof the book TMtimented to disease sme more advanced cass of etular a rectangular tanks, and other pe of nk in te construction of concrete suctre for storage of water and ome ligula, the imperiousness of eooctete B most event re teeatty of any uniform and thoroughly compactd eons TERemmie proportions ts mainly dependent on the water-cemes Sas Tee incease in mcrcoment fan ress 40 INtease in een Te decree inter cement raw hector bedesisble rece ine permeabiy, but sey much reduced water-eenen See compaction dfites abd prove 10 be Rarmful bc PEP Gieen i rade ith prtlar materials, Tez ower im ‘othe water cement fala which can be used economically om 2 to tne Passa slet ices of mix compatible wih availabe aeepeeacn when arc ape and grading have sn important Pein SReeGbliy which mest be sued 10 the means of compacion Siete Esttien compaction prcerbly by wration is eseasst S'S dcsiranle to specty comet conten! sucleniynzh to eastre ‘hatanorough competion iobaibte wie mlntaiing asa"tow wate-certent ratio. The quay of EBERT should nT e Iss ‘an 330 kg/m? ofconeet.It should also be les than S30ke/e? of concrete 16 keep the sbrtkage low. In thicker section, where 3 Feduction in cement content might be desirable wo restit he tempera ture se due wo cement hydration, a lower cement content Is uly Permisile I is usual use rch mix tke M20 grade In most St the water tanks Design of liquid reining structures has 10 be bated on the avoidance Of cracking In the coocrete having regard 0 He tebe Strength has 10 te ensured in is desiga that concrete docs not ‘ack on ts water fee. Cracking may also result from the restraint ‘Oshritkage, fee expension and eotracton ofconcrete du to emp ture, and shrinkage and swelling due to moisture elects. Core placing of reinforcement, se of sal sed bars aod we of deformed fas lead fo 2 difsed astbaton of cracks, The tsk of taking ‘due © overall racking ad sbrinkage effects may be minimized by limiting the changes moisture coment and temperature to which ihe temperature as whole & subjected. Cracks can be prevented by avoiding the use of tick umber shutering which prevent the isy scape of heit of hydration fom the cnerete mats TRe sk ‘of racking can alo be minimized by reducing the tesiraints 09 the expansion of contacto of the srvetare. For long walls OF Sas funded ator Below the ground lve resrsnts canbe minimized founding the structure on Nat lye of eonerete with nterponition| of siding tyer of some material to break the bond and cle ‘movemeat. However, i should be recogalzed that common and more Serious cases of leakage ln practice, oer than cracking, ate dec Such ay segrepation and honey-combing and in particular al joints sate potential source of leakage. 32. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ACCORD. PLAIN CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Piain concrete meaibcsof rere concrete iq structures may be designed agsnst structaral flue by allowing terion tn Plain concrete as per the permisible lmls for tension in bending Speci in IS * 480 (Le permisible stress in tension in bending ‘ass be taken tobe the same as permissible stress In shea g measured 6 inctined tesson) This wl automaticaly take care of fare Coe {0 cacking. However, nominal reinforcement in accordance with the requirements ofS: 456 shall e prod fr pin concrete structural members 2. PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE () For restance to cracking Indian Standard Code 1 = 4561978 doesnot specify the pe imisible sresses in concrete for Hs vesstance wo tacking. However, is earlier version (5 "436-1968)incided the permis sence fn direct tension, bending tension and shear Thee vatues ate hen {Table 3.1. The peamisible tense stress due to tending spp to the face ofthe member in contact withthe lid, In members les than 225 mm thick and In conact wit the lguid om one sie these permissible streses in Bening app also to the face Tomo ftom the au, Grice emia ars Ts 1 ont eat (6) For srenph extn lm strength clelatios the usual permisble sees, in 13 18 18 fe 18 8 ‘ever srace ands agate found fo be 24668 Nem? from i TUB fe LE AE EF poner. : fe a ie 71] ce Pe = 24665 x Be 24565 x 17 = 144290 N/m height 3 a le ly 28 i2 of va aunt 18580 Nin fond i Taample 3 aye / PERE "ee of nk oad : a fee o ngs, Aas 42% «1247! 5 a 312 Providing rings of 12 tum © bars at both te fees, age] Fe (EES 0013 rare spocing of tts = "psa Provide the sings @ 18D mm spacing on each foe e 2 12 = 2x 1000 x 113 t Biel. [RIE IEUEIELE ; eal Ae proved = 210510 556m i tab Be ‘Tensile stress in concrete wall : use nigel Tome w= HERE o He 13 18 5 fF iF D78N/mm’ <12Nimnt Hence sae ‘he hve pcg an ey ae pan Don Mi'Shc catia bos, cg enon sweet o [fe 8 2 18 (88 face. For M 20 concrete (having. oa: = 71N/mm? and m= 13) and EEE UB Ie le ienvant no be tone ac wd R12 SS PERRETOD angen am, Using 12 mm 4 bars and 4 dear cover of 25 mm. Ht elect Ele|- | 15 [E18 [8 8 Ae fo BM, =, SBI 2 a7 amt 4 4 spucing of 10 mm ass = 1202S 25 le te eye ee ace, HME vie 10m tas 200 mn at. ater TERETE “These bars are required in the bottom 5 m height ony However, provide these atleast upto 3 minimum eight equal 10 ‘development length Ly given by = |mfa fe le]. ‘gn 2 10x 11S l tl ban Te 7 dO 360 un = 036 mFrom pacts, pie the Oats a | scm the bot aba eS, oa Bef Seton ter ball e'@ 400 mace) apo tp Ry Sea omer of Sm Prove buon rare! @ 0 oxo once ‘Au =85 x10 10 = SiO Arca of steel on each fee = 25 mn. However, 0 atoms! reinforcement wil be prosiled at he Inner fe since the eri Stet for canoes selon vl ere this purpose, At the outer fe prove 8 mm tars at spaicg =!OB2S5 x 200mm, At the ter fre ie Foutne BML, the mcs imate ot vas about 250 Roh ata dep of 9m Te toe 2650 x 1000 TS ORS 1 ‘The distribution reinforcement proved wil ere this purpose is eatomry to provide 180 ram > 150 mm havnehe at the jones ft the wal and the hase. teln@rcement of S mm ® bay 200 mm ce may be provided S. Design of raf slab Diameter Of 100! sah, ypio centre Uae of outer walls = 11.7 +017 = 11871. The root sib, eu in plan, may be sarod to be simply supported at is periphery. Let the total thickness of Top coverei00 am is eight = 02 x 25000 = 5000 N/a Assure Hive loud of 100087, ‘Aves of stel required 195 ma? Total VDL = 5000 + 1000 = e400 N/m (ie sod (Mie ate the rac and cramferentat momenss at te cente of the 1, one F000 (HS) e4009 Semin 308 x tN CGirountereatal moment at the edge i sven by (toca + Bo 900+) 1642 HF Nom 3mm Provide a total thickness of 200 mim Using 12 mam bare and cleat cover of 15 mm, avallable d=200-15-6=179 mm for the fst yer and 1726167 mam for the second ler. Racial and circumferential reinforcement required at the p96 10 ATS ORS KIT For 12 mmo tan, Ae = 113mm 118 Spacing = 100023» 467 mm The spacing & very aml. Henee wse 16 mm & bas o=201 ma 1000 > 201, spacng= 10007201 = $3 mm, Hence provide the reinorcementin te formofa mesh consisting of 16 mm. tars spaced at 80 mm le each of the two InyeEs A igntanges to each oer, Near the edges, the bars do not Rave proper anchors since they ae fee. There wl be slipping tendency ia heace ars wil aot Be epable of ting any tension. AC the uges tail tens stresses aryera, but eeumfereti ens stresses rs hecawe of (Mi). = 2662 1 Nem, The tendeny of sipping in Be noid by providing exe crcumferenal reinforcement. it fhe form fogs paced na width egual to the bond length of the mesh tars, Avatable ob 1S 2x 16-8 “as mi, = 2419 amt 26210" sunt him pee ag = 1807 Spacing of sings 1= 20006201 108,mm. 1 (io. Zt macinen My te cee. Te cate 3s) 23 516) steel wil he proved for @ length Som ence prvide rings of 16 mim @ tars @10 mm of, tual sings ting egal 10 2+ Lm Chock for shear si SEN he es phen wa =} x 600) #484) 705 N/m wath.0s, iow OUN/mm. Hence safe Jie, The roof sib provided in the form of ordinary sa like hi bighly uneconomic nce restr thickness an hea Feinforeement is reqlred. Normal, oo! {s provided in this fom (of dome, the design of which tas teen Mustrted in Frage 6 Deven of bas sla. The loading on the base sab s shown lm Fig AL The design of the base ahs heen done sepraicy in Bsample 3 1. Design of het circular bam. THe tsk is supported os 8 circular Beam which In arn fs supported vit equal spaces columns (9) The diameter of supporting cic, upd tke ears Of the team=9.2m, The toal kad Won the beam 637826 he For the design of a ctcular beam, rter Chapter | ‘Supe-imposedlesd on team ‘exnss sass eng Assuming the eam 10" have & secon of 809 mn 500 Seif weight = OR 015 1 25000 = 1000080 my ms N/ Tol = 22051 + 10h = 230821 Nn, From Table i, Ware T ; mons; coams ment Radas of beam = 22 = 46m van = D00149)(F) «stu 0 1 = 08S 10 Non Me = Coon!) = 0085511 Tons 0" Nin Cy. wR (28) = 01005 S.A > 10" SF. at the point of maximum ‘orslonal_ moment (gn =1DIS" 02228 rains). Is ven by ovat x46 (% -0225) “RO ~ tn) =a19ie6n Design of section Une MTS conte for the elclar beam. “Mena = 0539 10". [TEER — 055mm a Vos x 50 Keep total D=1080 mn, Using 20 mm oars and > clear covet 1080 H- 25 1085 mm, Ch of ear srr The equivalent shear & given by vaveiet 5 incre V=S.F at te point of maximum torsional moment p= HOMBN. of 25m, T= maximum sorsional mament= Mf 1099 1m b= breadth of me Beant = Sem = 05m sio146 + 1s OIE ass 2 Us = Ht 90 Nam? 8 Rd * STH TOS Tnis Is tess than tena = MON!) for MIS conte (Tabie 18 j. Henge the depth satiation, Longitudinal reinforcement Equivalent moment Sn = M+ Mr where M =" BM. at any Seton, Mya 1( 42) where T= MG=toninal moment at tat secon Let ws take the section at the column support where BM Ma) is masioum M = Me= 04538 10ae [REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ‘Te tosional moment at =O & ghen by Ey 16 Mb = WR [eos ~ Beat cing ~ (0 9)) Here onwat Mg Tous, ts i ng moment iz tte ptt of wma Sinitay at the Pol ci Maxime took BM (eoet2%), BM tm Heme BM. and tag mare “Ot effectively additive at these Iwo sections, a onto 1 Rm 0459 x0 rats No 0 20 wm # fs Provide 7 bars im one ty These bars wl Be provided 6 us? 3586 BE use, vet a 3 bars inthe second ter Thee he top a the soon, seh ‘animus BAM. Muay atch clon separ Te MG {gibson af mem on (ee 13 Ds = Ris 40 02225» U2 m Hone cata 0 ts ee nd Contin the remaining to to Se a aaehor bas fn a ‘of this arrangement, below) Peace ‘he poi of mama ona ; lone: a2 AT is equal to ze10 (see Fig. 16 also) ie ee Heres Mo M4 Mp0 Meaty wosre tye g( LED + 1080 “ : 009i Ro te equ inorencn: hak Fe prsiad for Me since AY eae 1x 1000, : Pe TRE = OT! No.of 22 mm © tars =e razag ‘Ako, atthe mid span of the Beam, maximom poste 14. Me is 02098 x 10hNem, The osional momen at this section ero (Fig6). Hence Ma = M4 Mr=Me + 0=02285x 10" Nn (02295 1X 1000 = 3905 An ="Tayscunre ros = 108 a Hace he arangement of 12 bas of 20 mn for tongng BML tthe suppor) wil be as under (Prove 12 tas of 20 mm ¢ x Ue cnn SUPE fn two tae (7 ars in top lager +5 bor in ct DI) (Ut fin = 2" (a Re = 46x 0225 = 1.02 08 cola) eat ta Scone dma © He GN Sr ae atthe suppor Prove 3 anal bos of 20 Bate he bottom face of the Beare running thoughout (ay. Of te reining eh ba of 29 mm, cscntioe 5 pan gS TE75 enion andcomtaue 3 tas Trowehow the tp foe “hs ne aoe fom the sone aragement het 3-20. tar wie ale ouput at cach fp and D0 Ef wa Se 3 tar wl take ce of trim! moet Whe beatin where BM. & 20 Transvoce refrcet Pst Faien* Tasos infocement is provided ip the fer of vit ‘ual to 2° 8m, No, of 20 mm ia bers pri Pe (4. 165) Transverse svinrups Let the slround dear caver bref distance tetween corer tars in the tet of width = SO ~ 25 <2 20 00mm di = astance Detween corner ars in the diretion OF depths H@D 25 02-—20-= 1010. Let us ose 12 mm © 4 Igo serps, fe =4(Zx 2) = 4800!Hence substituting the vats, 005910" 4 sigt46 = [acim taco Sra From which 2, = 29 However, provide 12 mm 2-4 Ipd stirrups @ 250 mm ct for a tance of 1.6 m (approximately L/3) fom each support For the remaining central 1/3 potion, provide hound Tere #2 Iga straps 19 250 me ce Sie fore renforcoment Js : 486-1978 states ha when the cross section dimension _3fosum exceeds 450 mm, additonal longitudinal bars shallts proton The tot area of sich longitudinal ar (ae ce enero should not be lest than 04" of wet ace a 1045 «$225 ms A= Eh x $009 145 w 22: et woke 12 mm & bars ting Ae = ta! No.of tne S28 Howe, powle3 bas of 12 mm on each wa ee S. Dita of reafrcement. Details of telafveciment te ae nin Fig. 312 36. DESIGN OF FLAT BASE SLAB FOR ELEVATED CIRCULAR TANKS ten the cicuar tanks are elevated and support the aaays snd design of the bie sb depenis on the tauney ie whan ' supported. Fig 313 shows some alternate arrangements fe up Porting the elevated water tanks (©) Slab supported on circular beam Fis 213) shows the bose sah supported on a cco beam of rectangular crsescton,uhie In tach supped so nna of columns, the diameter of supporting ele of he bears neneg 2 0f the lamer of the tak, The detention of leads fm sch a base sh was made in Example 43 whete i was poimee Ot that the fing moment atthe bate ofthe tank wal an oF increased as the siameter ofthe supponing tele ka for increased. When once the loang te oy a an save Sct ese fev ere ae agri pent ce egy Smet trenepo ort ore sept onsiing ofthe oa xeon rm te cel HSM 9 9 EE const omen a he nt wth te NEN Wat 2 an ar the ata of cre sah Te Asien CE Chapter 1 pas heen. done in Example (cy Stub supped on masonry ver the, yey shows 4 sab supported on masonry et Ts stan oe oe etme toe fod atthe es, 268 NESTS sayy uted an bowee the ak 6 10S PROT aor rng beam maybe poe om. th op of eA on clue at pe supported on tm 18 tat ee a, Oe Fa andthe wd 10 be camp oe ase THE ana of sie any OS bee made in Example 35 Co sab supped on four Bons oats Ose Bast shows te st sapped on fur eam WA in wc apoio fur clr. Te a eres in a ea ae 2 ay ee Seams cee the tase sit designed for” NeMAing se tl ad of ees and ost, Ths teams ate, SOigN i the orl Sty of aun Le ifeach ome assumed (9 UY Fan of sti wang i> mina BN en equal wo Hex = ME, The unk wall evevangs Be fom tate equal io xen ME, Te nk wall orang se reer Hence the was ae slafrcs wih MP Reams Heep stn ian ats comes team, 10 SS7POR is own Toad : tay lab supported on ino ams ssl orto seis scm is shown in ig, 349 (Ths two PS A oppor oor came sume ha HS Te sonnet gen antering ful he, ua ond 8 care asad ye cred by the wo Beam Tas En emery Ty ed a TEA wt sgn TEMS eae eon a sa sian al oon bats a op ad tsi #7 Hat WAR 3 3 reinfonepeam support iowIWFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTtis om the ctcular team at rads joint withthe vera wal Reler ‘ls of ceuar slab. The design of Brample 3A ssonry torer supported on masonry tower. The “At the edges and eutjected to seve, the tank it be suppor "ovided on the top ofthe colar a this In that ate also, the bse sat the edges. The toate of Bample 35 beams emtually orthogonal > supported on four beams which columns. ‘The sa betweca the ‘ay sqvare lab with corners ‘inh i esigned fora bending lat tn each aiecion, where Slob. The teams are designed ch eam is aeumed to Say ly. the maximum BM. is © (unk wall overhangs the four forced with few bats at she a8 cued beam to support ms mutually orthogonal B13 (@, These so beans are ‘ssumed thar the tank walls 3c hall the total loady and the sised by the wo Beams. Ths, Yo, ad is designe as T-beam 4 as wm way sab having its ‘tion The nk val should be 1 hotiom that cam act / Ss RINGS OF Igmen & BARS Oonns wesw 25mm RACAL oans ‘aang Rernese Ons it fs sins8 pf Boone. tt had i Taal 1 Beet Ee Ree pormes Perera betel tee tarons — Prange ses ‘a VinTical SECTION memseen oF Tae ‘AM SECTION AY SuPPOF rob rr tome [72 sonny saute] [Panty onm@: Net 1anm 2uco staps _, t20mm 6] 230mm R201=4. 2m (@) LONGITUDINALSECTION OF CURVED BEAM PON in PE erga |= EIRELAR AND WCEZE TANS a (Sb supported on a number of beams Sech 4 gstem, shown in Fig. 313 ( is adopted for large sap circular nls ving Mat bottom. The load is transferred through a numberof eonlsuous Beams muti orthogonal to cach fther, These beams are designed for wlangula Woadings The sab fn Berwcen the beams designed es two-way sla. The tank wall {Ereiforced witha few Sas atop ahd bottom so that it cam act, s'5 eumved beam 10 support its own load ) Shab supported throughout Sometimes, elevated water tanks are supported on masonry plaom, a shown Fig, 213 (). The case ts similar 10 the one fn which the base sh is supported on ground surfce. In such a se, nominal thicknes of sia is provided, and its reinforced with nominal relnforeement, a6 lsat in example 3 Design Example 34 + Design of Base Slab Design the bate slab of the crcalar tank: of Exanple 22. Solutio. 1 Calton of BM and SP. “The loading o@ the tase sit of the tank shown in Fig ‘11. The radial and cucunferenial bending moments ae eactted With the telp of formats given below. Due 10 the hozging moment M= S782 "nvm, the radial and crcumferentia BM atthe ceale fof te slab are rice, © BAG due to UBL. pe 6700 N/m es + Ae =o Mom Siptenr) = Bx aon (5905)-F) = 8756 (35.22 -r/) tne Spt ee n= + Be +£Ga'-P) = 5) M= + £69 -) «AM 559359 -) = 29188 (10567 = 7) kg/m wthte sosnvoncrD CONCRETE sIRUCTS “The values of Me and Mf, a various lostons are tabulated below 20 = ae =| (visio a= $935 andb = 4619) Mt Mo (BM. due to poi toad W For r= For 1 cy] ayy] Tre values of lu fy at varows location are tal (ii) BAF ue 08 at the ends there will be constant BIM. of Me Mos 732 ehroughout the sla 472 N-m Due w bogging Bit 73D and (©) Mee mame The net momeots wil he the algebraic sam of fhe thre and are fabultod elo va : 7 ra Ta cn) ; Brace ‘Me | ste | waame | one to sey From the above Table, a maximum sagzing mornent oéeurs at the cette, wile maximum hogging moment occurs at the Hing team soppor. The circumferential moment fe sagging throughost, His magaitude being manimum at the centre. ‘Maximum shear force oeratt at the ovter edge ofthe ring team ad its magitude i given by eB _ 46700, 4 371035 Tix" 2 4 dex = SAIL N per metre wid 2 Des of sab ‘The slab Is 10 te designed for a maximum BM. of 112089 $m. sine th moment hang, enon wil csr the wer Flom BM. poiet of vex [Tae oon EE 2 nm Using 25 ma ba, sea clear ener of 2519, vibe d= 300 25-+ 12.5 = 2825 mn for rail relaforemeat. Since the Beading moment f Dogging fom te Cuter edge of the slab 0 the Ting beam oppor, wil DE Provided at the upper fice. Atcaof ste! for rade reinforcement ets9 10 TS ORS RES Using 25. mm tes, Ay = 4509 mm? cing = 10D x 4508 Soacng = OR Keep the spacing of 120 mon ‘The radial moment & found to be Zero ma rads given by 8786 3522 —)-250589-4792 = 0 292mm tos mti REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES which gives r= 29m. The hogging BM. exists from r= wiso3s tore 29 m with te macimum valve atr= = 6m. Hence ‘be above atin barmay Be completly cartaledatr= 2.9m, proving hooks there ‘A the centre ofthe sa, radial moment is postive Gagging) and she circumferential moment also positive, each being etal to 73007 W-mam, Hence reinforcement for Boh these may be provides In the form of mesh atthe Outer fae of the slab. Effective depth for second ler = 2825-~25 = 257mm. 007 x 1000 A= SORT ETS” HO spacing of 25 am @ tars = 220051909 170 0m Hence provide 25 mm bars @ 170 mm ce both ws. This teinfortement may be provided forthe portion of the sab aside the sopporing ce es upto rabuA6 m. Aft hat, $10 tars fan be cored and tars can be comiued upto the ent ‘Attbe outer edgeof the slab, circumferential momen Mogens. ence’ spec rng reinforement wil have to be provided. Using 2 mn ringy valble d= 2025 ~ 12 ~6 = 2645 mm, Aan yg NNO 737 me (= Sys ORTH IBIS ey 03 x 300 x 1000 Minimum senforsement @ 03% 0 60 Using rings of 12 mm 0, Ae 1000-5 113 2 118mm = 120mm 0118 2 118mm = 120 Prove these ring fom the outer ede sm, a the inner face of the slab. “the details of reinforcement are shows in Fig. 2.12 Design Example 2, Desig of crear tank with dooiat top and Mat base support on masonry tower. ‘Design a circular tank, with domical top for a capacity of 409000 lies, The dipehof water 10 be 4m including o free oat Tbe ene The tank 10 be sappored on masonry tow. Take unit eight of ater as 9800 N/m Spacing 5935 m) wets 1, Dimensions of the tank “The capocy of the tank ie the same as gen in euimple 31. Hence we ve Do ot7msH=4m 2 Design of ref dame? Membrane Analysis ‘We stall design the top dome aod fring bean on membrane ansysb, considering these to be independent ofthe tank wall whieh ‘Sasumed to be frat the top. Let the rise of the dome be 2 and is thickness be 440mm, Let us design the dome for ise Toad of M00 N/m "Tne cade of the dome is sien by R= (2 the) From which -=935m Sef lat of dome = 011 1% 25000 Lhe toad 100K ovalMeriionat stress mytaeeey ‘Maximum hoop stress occurs at 8 =O and its magnitude 386 ean Wnt 186 N/mm (x, ‘Maxiniin meridional secs wil be at @ mg = 37.73 its mage tude being S800 + 9.55 [1 ~eon 3778 ‘10 [ants 208190 N/m? = 0.21 N/mm? (sae) The streses ate within safe mf. However provide miainum, reinforcement @ 0.3% of aren in cach dreton. 03 100 100 300 Usiog 8 mm 0 ade = 0m 1% $0 160 mom Hence provide nm # bors @ 160 mmetein both he directions. 2 Dasign of rng beam “The thickness of dome=10 mm Meviional thust per metre teagth of the dome at its hase ae190 x 1 = 20820'N/m Horizontal component 7 per metre length nso co 37.7" = 20820 X 07508 = 16420 N/m Hoop tension ting to rapture the beam, tear x 11 5 asn39 1 96 6330 Using 20 man bars, No. of sings 7 Spacing Acca of stel required = 26330 538mm! However provide 4 rings of 20 mm ¢ bats for symmetry Equivalent area of comnosite section of beam of rea of eros secon Ak Ati DAwwd + 12% 2S6=A + 1507 1 = 1256 am RR T Allowing a stress of 12.N/mmn? in the compere section we A 13070 From which A» 65200 fm. Hence provide @ rng team of size 300mm x 280mm Provide 6 mim © straps @ 200 mm cic tote the engin the sng eam, These rings ar Tapped with dome. reinforcement se shown in Fig. 315, 4 Design of Tank wat Since the domed roof has been designed ox the membrane nas the tank wall may be assumed to be Ince atthe top. L= the tank wil Be wsimod 19 be reained 9 the bottom Let us deige the wall on the basis of Corpentons reco mendations and cotticent (Reynolds Handbook) gen Tables. H HA ons & aR acacte pong Hence from Table 3:7, we gt the (lowing values of oetcets ster linear interpolation Fe001St; Ky=037; Kem 057 Moar = FH = 0138 x 0048)" = 9999 Nm (against 91ST Nemim tained by LS. method In Example 42) Jit Dk: = 4x 980 4 11.2 0574 = 131630 N/m (Gesins 128990 Nim obtained Oy 15, method in Example 32) Leki = 0297 x46 159m she bawe (or 216 m ‘low top, paint 225 oy bok top ae obtained ‘yr 1S. meth), 16 22160 = asm! of ing13mm} cach fae of wai =222 m0) in verte direction a the outer face. The spacing of Proving 12 mm & ngs (Ae 4002188 eae Spacing 97 a fee cet “However, provide these @ 200 mm cic. fi terrae Fu notion slab Is designed as clamped at the edges. Actual An provided = 2% 1S 6 1399 yp ‘Assume 490 rm thlkaess of sb, es Weight of water pee m? of slab © 4x 1x1x9800 = 39200 N so (2) cee 00 x 1.32 om = + 107 x 10 Nom ‘of the following © (f) 15 cm, (i) 3 +5 s= tem Radial shear F, = fa = } x $0000( 57" oF 7) = 146250 N ‘the water face, These ars are requirec in bottom SO cm height = con 7 38. 2. “ ooo x 132 026 mm Provide distribution scinfrcement.@ 09% of the aea of : omer. Using 39m bas an nar over of 30m, Wal thick ving = M+ 15= 4878 am sng = 93 36 190 x 1000 = 444 esse i . Peo teak thkise= 450 mn Area of scl oi each (ase= 222 mm, However, no ailora Roasted 39 1830 408 mn dx Ho 1009 reinfonoemest wil be psidod the inner fe the seta steel FS RUNS 405 for sumitever scion mill serve ths purpose. Hence provide Aue dy (oe wets BML~team ¢@iszonen Jane fnes @towm «| Spacing of 30 man o bars aving Ay = 7069 mnt 100.7969 19 um, Hence provide 59 mm # cadial bare @ 13 mum el Com the edge to «stance of 2 mat the water face of the sah. Provide reo rings of 30 tm # wires 10 Support these ‘Check for shear = 1050 Hence the lab isso in shea Poste Ba Using 20 mam @ bars, d= 450 ~25 ~ 10= 415 mm for one uiyer gad 13-29 395 wom for the other layer Reinforcement for posiive Mand My i phn by tinea Spice of 29 ma tay = DS Hence provide 20 mm o bare @ 110 mm 6 in both sie dons The deta of tenforcement ete are shown in Fig. 3.2. ‘Nove It wil be sce that plane sab atthe Bottom & ih encconomical—requiiag 43 cl thick ship and hey reinforcement 2 Gone or domed bottom pteted a5 used Tne tas 3.7. CIRCULAR TANK WITH DOMED BOTTOM AND ROOF tank wih st bottom f hight encconomacal In such exes ‘Gomed ottom may be provided as shown in Fig, M16. The sing teams. and Hest the hoiontal compoaeet of he thtst from the domes. ‘The design of the tank done In wo stages (0) amaljis and desgo of various components on the membrane Shuji) elfct of jolt rections doe to ontnuly1. MEMBRANE ANALYSIS In the membrane arshss, cach component of the structure sesumed to act independent of the thet 80 thatthe components Saary only membrane sires, wihowt ary bending moment, The an where af a3 (Y= 404) (The moment needed 1 cause dockwise rotation witout any radial asplhcement of edges Ie phen hy (Ma)y= moment sites rotation say) Corresponding force & given by Ee ey, cs (vars) as) iat say (0) For diplcemont of walt i) The thrast eded to cance outoara displacement Bw withoot rotation i sea ty = thrust stifusss < lspacement ‘The moment nesled 19 ease coeksse raion oat any rai moment & eR barrie eae Ccomesponaing (Gis) = 2082s Gaver) 64) Es 650 sy and Z Br (6) For apace of ring nee the oer dispiacement 6° wt fngih i gen Ay. Ebsd? Cah moment i given by sh, 0 Bol 352 Chem Te tha, + Gla, — ade 2 Baht Moy — 3)With the help of the above two si ‘Yeand ys wil be now. Heace the moment ‘all, Me, ean be found fom the relation ‘Maz = (May ~ (rh (lockvise) Hoop lesion in walla botom = fin =2EZ 355 Similary, boop tension'and moment inthe bottom of dome and the ring beam can be called, For the tank wall, the boundary conditions at is bottom ate 1 follows Manny tancous equations ‘the Botom of the 3 w AtreH Saye ) ‘The boundary condion equation (, (H(i) an6 (i) can now be subtted in Eq. 3.3 to get the vals of the our constants A.B, and D, and the wal an be completly nase. However ‘in practice stent to determine the hoop tension nd Bf at top and bottom of the wal, im which cae it not necesry {0 apply Eq 33. See Esample 2.7 for the anais and design of such tank Design sample 36, Desig of circular tank with domed batom, ‘and top : Membrane Analsie Redesign the tank of example 35 the bata of the tank consis of a dome having conta ie of 29 m. The tan spared tion. Fit. 3.16) 1. Dimensions of tank We bine D = 117 mR =D/2=585m;H=4m, For the top dome, Ry = 956.34: =2m; 9s = 3779. sing, = 06119; 00s, = 07908, For the botlom dome, she rads Rei phen by = Rhys where fy = 2209 oss R= axemsings cos = 07525 (Ry 22)22 385 385 «oss; g, = 41.21%; 2 Design of top dome and the top ring bam Since the design 4 being done by membrane analysis, she ‘imensions and reinforcement ct of top dome and top ring beak tll be the same a computed (a example 35 The set ta are summarized belo Masimum hoop sites = 186820 N/m = 0.1864 Ninn Maninum mci sess=208190N rs) = 02082 N/m? “Trikes of top dome =F = Wem = Om Reinforement th top dome consis of 8 mat bars @ 160 rm ce in both the dations For the top ring bea, Horizontal component of 7 Hoop tesion in team ‘Wah of beam = by =300 mm = 03m, Depth of beam = 4)=230mm = 023m Relaforcement conte of 4 rings of 20 mim bats tht by 6 mm we siinups @ 240 mm et 3. Design of tank was Since the design & 10 be done on membrane amass, the tank wall wil be, seme he fee 3 top ad Poton,aed the faak walls wil bo subjected to potely how sass. ‘Masinum hoop-crson at base ene = 950 x 4 x HLT = 29120 N/m (epsinst 181680 Nim obtained ia Exmpe 39, of rings = 2232 - 1000 mm? Ae of rings = 27820. ‘Area required at each face = 997 me 1000 313, Using 12 ma pars, spacing = 10007113 213mm, Hence provide 12 mm ¢ rings @ 100 mm ce on each face. tual aren provided = MOOD 5 > 2360 am Actual aes py BUS 5 3 2200,The atove sping can be istesed 4 the top, sage reser ari tinea sing ates stress of §2.N/ee? for thickness ST is ehen by the combined section, ino + (1s 300 bo ie! mm. From wt Minimem chchness 3H +5 = Gx} Set7em=170mn, Henvepronde 170 ms shes eyoughout is Eeght,hoagh be hikes 2 Tne lop on Be redo. x 109 100 = 4% ne? ewe x Sas Spacing of 8 mm hee = 12m, Honower, provide Sar vera Mam G20 een co 08 eh fas Keep a deat ewe” of 25 5m, 4 Design of bate doe For the bitom dons, Let tae thickness (2 = Bem = 02 Smovings = 6588 Sigh aftr er the surtce of dome gen by 2 Hom hy] x te = oenene UES CY a 35 — 2 oval semuce ¥en of dome 22h © 2x x 88822 SME weight = 12275 x 02 % 25000 = 613750 N ‘oval Wy = 3000554 + 615950 3614805 ead 7 BODIE rates Nos or it ones = SOLD nn SSE re + cIRCULAR AND DTZ TANKS we Masimum boop sites at centre wn BUSES sss! = 0684N/mm* .( safe ) Mime mesons stew = 22 Siete ) = 46129 N/m BUS xs8 10758 (Gas x 06s = 0746 N/a Atematvly sear force Fy F931. “Meridional thrust T; = =F = S3. 1283, im Sg = 06 N/m? Sueses are within safe imi. However, provide minimum rin- Meridional stress = Using # mm ¢ bars, de = SOM 00 350, ‘sa Hence provide mm # rods @ 90 mm ci in bor diretions §: Dai of baton ring beam Meridonal rw = 746128 x 02 x 1 = 19226 N/m, Hoeomat component = 189226 0s 9, = 140226 x 07528 =e (Aternatboty, Py = Feat gr = 98331 cor s.2¥° = 112282) Hoop tension, tying to rupture the beam ‘Spacing sum rsa Taso 1 653 = 58 Using 50 mm @ bars, Ae = 70686 om Si No. of rings required = SL = gw of rings regu 81-9 Ars of see! roqured = S711 mn? Howwer, prise 9 ngs of 30 sum & redActual Ae = 70686 x 9 = 6362 ou Bauivlcnt area of composite section of team of area of ers sectiondgn Ai + (H— t)dn eas + (= 6 “Allowing a sees of 12 N/mm! inthe composite section, A 76300 From which Ay = 470838 nn SEA) ram sa = 8 wm, providing Provide # ma f srrups @ 260 ms cle Wo He the ngs ye the 8 ma vertial bans provided @ 200 mmm ic fm the inner face of The tok wall ay bE saken around the tng. ‘The detls of reinforcement ete, are shown in Fig, 317, Design Example 37. Design of rcular tank with domed botoot sand top ifect of continuity mr apts desig of previous example, taking ino account the ect of conta of Jos Sota 1. Top int ‘The outward displ g328 at of top dome i given by = 249.5110 tps) = ~ 505850 pe ROL (peor | Let y be the ouvard avert of the top joint. The pet covewad dplcement of top dome wit boey— dum yr SS (By s[ 888) ezmee Nowat The inward horizontal acon Hay of dome en by Eq 3.29. Hig BTX956.O5U9F 5299 2p, + 8S Zan cs or ta = (25; + 589.3) Nim i a= (Sa5 * 53) % a re inant eatin fing eam gen E4331 yw ERD ABD 62063 "9 “ "Te iad horizontal ression of tank wal ves by Eg 3.32. (uais7y aD 10 aise se were a “fase (aarery]and 28D LOI capes 12 Ouovard horizontal test P: of dome dve 16 external load given by Eq 3000 9.55 1+ 0758 Hence from Eq. 334 we have Ha Has + Ha Py As X 07908 = 16466 N/m.) or{ BE, + 503) + ana 1-6) + 810% 6) = 18s, 3197 «10 From which yy = 22x10 Hoop ses in ring beam SHE 3197 x 10 eT 05465 N/m? Hoop teason in ring beam = 5465 x 10 x03 5023 S710 N (Against 96330 N found by membrane ans) Hoop tension in dome = 465 x 10" 01 x 1 = 54650 Nm ‘The Houndary conditons at the top of the wall will be _aa7< = 5465 x 10'N a a © a) a : © 2 Botom Juneion From previous ecmple, meridional thrst T)=199258 Nim Alteroathely, Ts can be computed from Eq, 336

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