GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
MADE, WHICH CAME TO BE CENTRAL PART OF
-FROM THE GREEK WORDS
LOGOS- STUDY
PSYCHE-SOUL OR MIND
PSYCHOLOGY-THE STUDY OF MIND AND SOUL
THREE IMPORTANT TERMS:
*SCIENTIFIC STUDY
- IT IS RIGOROUS DISCIPLINE THAT THE
SYSTEMATICALLY INVESTIGATES ON HOW AND
WHY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
*BEHAVIOR
- ANY FORM OF ACTION OR ANYTHING WE DO
THAT CAN BE OBDRVED DIRECTLY.
*MENTAL PROCESSES
- ANY SERIES OF ACTION OR PROCEDURES THAT
OCCURS IN THE MIND SUCH AS THOUGHTS,
FEELINGS, AND MOTIVATIONS.
GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
-“TO DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, PREDICT, AND
CONTROL BEHAVIOR”.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
THE FORERUNNERS OF PSYCHOLOGY
SOCRATES
-HIS BELIEF THAT THOUGHTS AND KNOWLEDGE
COME FROM WITHIN US AND THAT
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF ALLOWS ONE TO
LIVE A VICTUOUS LIFE.
PLATO
-INTRODUCE TO US THE IMPORTANCE OF
RATIONAL THINKING.
ARISTOTLE
-STRESSED ON THE IMPORTANCE OF INDUCTIVE
REASONING, THAT IS MAKING
GENERALIZATIONS FROM OBSERVATIONS
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
*RENE DESCARTES
- BELIEF THAT SOME IDEAS ARE INNATE.
THE BELIEF THAT KNOWLEDGE AND
PERCEPTION ARE INNATE IS CALLED NATIVIST
VIEW.
*JOHN LOCKE
- EMPIRICIST VIEW, BELIEVE THAT WE ARE NOT
BORN WITH IDEAS INSTEAD OUR MINDS ARE
EMPTY AT BIRTH.
-TABULA RASA- BLANK SLATE
*HIPPOCRATES
- FATHER OF MEDICINE, HE BELIEVE THAT
ILLNESS HAVE NATURAL CAUSES.
*FRANZ JOSEF GALL
- DEVELOPED THE SYSTEM OF PHRENOLOGY
WHICH IS THE STUDY OF THE SIZE AND
IDENTATION OF THE SKULL IN REFERENCE TO
INTELLIGENCE AND PERSONALITY.
BEGINNINGS OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ
-BEING THE FIRST ONE TO MEASURE THE SPEED
OF NEURAL IMPULSE AND STUDY ON REACTION
TIMES.
*NERVE IMPULSES- BRAIN
*AXIONS- SEND
*DENDRYTES- RECIEVES
ERNST WEBER
-CONTRIBUTE IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF
SENSORY EXPERIENCES PARTICULARLY THE
CONCEPT THRESHOLD.
TYPES OF THRESHOLD:
*TWO-POINT- APROXIMATELY DISTANCE -ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENT

*JNT (JUST NOTICABLE THRESHOLD)-

SLIGHTEST DIFFERENT OF TWO STIMULI.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
GUSTAV THEODOR FECHNER
-SHIFTED THE STUDY OF CONSCIOUS
*PSYCHOPHYSICS- STUDY OF SENSORY EXPERIENCES TO UNCONSCIOUS ONES.
PERCEPTIONS (MENTAL STATES)
*SIGMUND FREUD
WILHELM WUNDT
THREE STRUCTURES OF MIND:
-FOUNDER OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY
*ID- PLEASURES
-FOCUSED ON THE STUDY OF CONSCIOUS
*EGO- REALITY
EXPERIENCES AND USED THE METHOD
INTROSPECTION. *SUPER EGO- CONSCIENCE
*INTROSPECTION- METHOD THAT CAN BE
TRACED BACK TO SOCRATES. IT INVOLVES THE
EXAMINATION OF THE MIND THROUGH PHYCHOSEXUAL
OBSERVING AND INSPECTING ONE’S 5 STAGES:
THOUGHTS, PERCEPTIONS, AND FEELINGS.
*ORAL

*ANAL
EARLY SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN PSYCHOLOGY
*PHALLIC- SEXUAL ATTRACTION
STRUCTURALISM
*LATENCY- BASED ON ACTION (SCHOOL)
EDWARD BRADFORD TITCHENER
*GENETAL- SEX ORGAN
-PERCEPTION, CONSCIOUSNESS, FEELINGS AND
THOUGHTS

-COMPONENT AND STRUCTURE BEHAVIORISM

TWO MODES: -RADICALLY CHANGED THE SCIENCE OF

PSYCHOLOGY
*PASSIVE- MIND AND HEART
EDWARD L. THORNDIKE
*ACTIVE PRODUCTIVE- MIND, HEART AND
BODY *CLASSICAL (IVAN PAVLOV)- STIMULUS &
RESPONSE

5 STAGES:
FUNCTIONALISM
-CONDITION STIMULUS
-STUDY ON THE FUNCTIONS OF THE MIND AS IT
ADAPTS TO ITS ENVIRONMENT. -UNCONDITION STIMULUS

*WILLIAM JAMES -NEUTRAL STIMULUS

-THEORY OF EVOLUTION -CONDITION RESPONSE

-UNCONDITION RESPONSE -NATURALISTIC

*OPERANT (B.F. SCHENER)- POSITIVE AND

NEGATIVE BEHAVIOR
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
TWO CLASSIFICATION:
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
-PUNISHMENT TEST:

-REWARD STANDARDIZED PROCEDURE

-SIMPLE REST IN THE NOTION THAT A TEST

MUST FOLLOW UNIFORM:
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
PROCEDURE
-THE STUDY OF PERCEPTION BELIEVING THAT
PERCEPTION RESULTS FROM THE ADMINISTRATION
ORGANIZATION OF PERCEPTUAL EXPERIENCES
ANALYSIS
INTO COHERENT WHOLES.
EVALUATION
THREE PROPONENT:
THIS ALLOWS FOR THE VALIDITY AND
-MAX WERTHEIMER
RELIABILITY OF ANY TEST.
-KURT KOFFKA
TWO MAIN TEST OF HYPOTHESIS IN
-WOLFGANG KOHLER PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH:

-“THE WHOLE IS DIFFERENT THE SUM OF ITS *DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

PART”
-IS A SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF A
PERSON, GROUP, OR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
THAT PROVIDES DETAILED CHARACTERISTICS
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
OR CLASSIFICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
-INTELLIGENCE EVENTS OR ISSUES BEING STUDIED.

*HOWARD GARDNER- MULTIPLE METHODS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH:

INTELLIGENCE:
1.) ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
-VERBAL
-EXAMINING EXISTING DATA ON
-VISUAL & SPATIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EVENT BEING STUDIED.

-BODY AND AESTHETICS -INVOLVES RESEARCHING ON ANY EXISTING

DOCUMENTS AND RECORDS FROM
-MUSIC INSTITUTIONS OR THE MEDIA.
-MATHEMATICAL DISADVANTAGE: NOT UPDATED
-INTER-PERSONAL 2.)SURVEY RESEARCH
-INTRA-PERSONAL -INVESTIGATES BEHAVIOR OR ANY
-EXISTENTIALISM PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES OF INTEREST THROUGH
THE ADMINISTRATION OF SURVEY
QUESTIONNAIRES OR INTERVIEW.
DISADVANTAGE: SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS
3.) CASE STUDY
-IN-DEPTH AND DETAILED INVESTIGATIONS OF
A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL OR SMALL GROUP OF
PERSONS.
-IT INCLUDES COLLECTING HISTORICAL AND
CURRENT INFORMATION OF THE PERSON OR
GROUP.
-SITUATION AND LOCATION
4.) NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
-VARIATION OF THE OBSERVATION METHOD.
-INVOLVES INVESTIGATING BEHAVIORS AS THEY
OCCUR IN NATURAL SITUATIONS OR
ENVIRONMENT.
5.) CORRELATION RESEARCH
-EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO
SETS OF VARIABLES FROM WHICH INFERENCES
CAN BE MADE.
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
-EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION- CHANGES
THE EXPERIMENTER MAKES IN THE VARIABLES
AND ENVIRONMENT SETTING.
-TREATMENT- EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATIONS
GIVEN TO A PARTICULAR GROUP IN THE
EXPERIMENT.
3.) CONTROL GROUP AND EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
-EXPERIMENTAL GROUP- RECEIVES THE
TREATMENT
-CONTROL GROUP- SRVES AS BASELINE OF THE
BEHAVIOR BEING STUDIED AND THROUGH
WHICH OBSERVATIONS IN THE EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP ARE COMPARED ON.
4.) RANDOM SELECTION AND RANDOM
ASSIGNMENT
-RANDON SELECTION- MEANS THAT EVERY ONE
IN THE POPULATION HAS EQUAL CHANCE TO
PARTICIPATE IN THE RESEARCH.
-RANDOM ASSIGHNMENT- FOLLOWS THE
SAME PRINCIPLE; PARTICIPANTS ARE ASSIGNED
TO DIFFERENT GROUPS ON THE BASIS OF
CHANCE ALONE.

-ESTIMATION OF THE DEGREE OF RELATION

BETWEEN VARIABLES.

*EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

-THE STRONGEST TEST OF HYPOTHESES.

1.) INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND DEPENDENT

VARIABLE

-INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- CHANGES OR

MANIPULATED IN THE EXPERIMENT.

-DEPENDENT VARIABLE- HYPOTHESIZED TO

CAUSED VARIATIONS ON ANOTHER VARIABLE.

2.) EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION AND

TREATMENT