EXPERIMENT # 5

BTS

Apparatus
 Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
 Strain gauges
 Rock samples,
 Scale, vernier caliper,

Theory
Poisson Ratio:
Poisson’s ratio is “the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal extension
strain in the direction of the stretching force”. If Compressive deformation Poisson ratio is
considered negative and if Tensile deformation Poisson ratio is considered positive. Its
formula is:
Poisson’s ratio = – Lateral strain / Longitudinal strain
And it is unitless.
Lateral Strain:
It is defined as the ratio of the change in diameter of a circular bar of a material to its
diameter due to deformation in the longitudinal direction.
Longitudinal Strain:
It is defined as the change in the length to the original length of an object.

Modulus of Elasticity:
The ratio of the stress in a body to the corresponding strain (as in bulk modulus, shear
modulus, and Young's modulus) it is called modulus of elasticity and coefficient of elasticity.
Stress is defined as force per unit area and strain as elongation or contraction per unit length.
E = σ/ε
Where; σ is stress, E is modulus of elasticity and ε is strain.
Hooke’s Law:
Hooke's law to say that the strain (deformation) of an elastic object or material is proportional
to the stress applied to it. the stress and strain are proportional to each other. Thus,
Stress ∝ Strain

Stress-Strain curve
Stress strain curve is a behavior of material when it is subjected to load. Take a test of a rock
sample. To determine the relation between the stress and strain for a given material, let’s
conduct an experiment. Record the fraction change in length and the load needed to cause the
strain. Then stress-strain curve passes various stages before fracture. These stages are;
 Proportional Limit
 Elastic Limit
 Yield Point
 Ultimate Stress Point
 Breaking Point

Specimen Specification and Preparation

1. The ends of the specimen are perpendicular to the axis of the specimen within 0.001
radians or 0.05 mm in 50 mm.
2. The sides of the specimen are smooth and free of abrupt irregularities and straight to
within 0.3 mm over the full length of the specimen.
3. Specimen is straight, circular cylinder having a length to diameter ratio of 2.5-3.0 and
diameter preferably not less than NX Core size (i.e. approx. 54 mm). The diameter of
specimen is related to the size of the largest grain in rock by the ratio of at least 10:1.
4. The ends of the specimen are cut parallel to each other and at right angle to the
longitudinal axis.
5. The ends of the specimen are flat to 0.02 mm.

Procedure

 Measure the length of the specimen at two places at right angle to each other and
diameter of the specimen to the nearest 0.1 mm by averaging two diameters measured
 at right angles to each other at about the upper height, mid height, and the lower
height of the specimen. Use average diameter for calculating the cross- sectional area.
 Load the specimen under UTM in such a way that the stress rate is within the limits of
0.5-1.0 MPa/sec.
 Also place the dial gauges to detect axial strain and lateral strains.
 Obtain the stress strain curve or load vs displacement curve.
 Select a straight line of the curve in the elastic limit and calculate stress and strain
from load versus displacement curve. Divide stress by strain to get young’s modulus
of the specimen.
 Similarly plot the lateral strain curve and divide stress by lateral strain.

Images of Experiment

Calculation and Observation

It is calculated by dividing the maximum load at failure by cross-sectional area of the
specimen.
  Strain = ᵟ/Lo
 Stress = P/A
 Modulus of Elasticity = σ/ε
 Poisson’s ratio = – Lateral strain / Longitudinal strain

Load Axial Lateral Load Stress Poisson Ratio

Sr. #
(Kgf) strain strain (N) (MPa) (No Unit)
1 500 3 -1 4903.325 2.115836872 0.29
2 1000 10 -1 9806.65 4.231673743 0.13
3 1500 18 -1 14709.975 6.347510615 0.10
4 2000 22 -1 19613.3 8.463347487 0.08
5 2500 25 -1 24516.625 10.57918436 0.07
6 3000 29 -1 29419.95 12.69502123 0.06
7 3500 32 -1 34323.275 14.8108581 0.06
8 4000 35 -1 39226.6 16.92669497 0.05
9 4500 37 -1 44129.925 19.04253185 0.05
10 5000 39 -1 49033.25 21.15836872 0.05
11 5500 41 -1 53936.575 23.27420559 0.05
12 6000 45 -1 58839.9 25.39004246 0.04
13 6500 49 -1 63743.225 27.50587933 0.04
14 7000 50 -1 68646.55 29.6217162 0.04
15 7500 52 -1 73549.875 31.73755308 0.04
16 8000 55 -1 78453.2 33.85338995 0.04
17 8500 56 -1 83356.525 35.96922682 0.03
18 9000 58 -1 88259.85 38.08506369 0.03
19 9500 60 -1 93163.175 40.20090056 0.03
20 10000 61 -1 98066.5 42.31673743 0.03
21 10500 62 -1 102969.82 44.43257431 0.03
5
22 11000 64 -1 107873.15 46.54841118 0.03
23 11500 65 -1 112776.47 48.66424805 0.03
5
24 12000 66 -1 117679.8 50.78008492 0.03
25 12500 70 -1 122583.12 52.89592179 0.03
5
26 13000 74 -1 127486.45 55.01175866 0.08
27 13500 75 -1 132389.77 57.12759554 0.08
5
28 14000 76 -1 137293.1 59.24343241 0.08
29 15000 77 -1 147099.75 63.47510615 0.08
30 15500 78 -1 152003.07 65.59094302 0.08
5
31 16000 79 -1 156906.4 67.7067799 0.07
32 16500 80 -1 161809.72 69.82261677 0.088
5
33 17000 81 -1 166713.05 71.93845364 0.085
34 17500 82 -1 171616.37 74.05429051 0.08
5
35 18000 84 -1 176519.7 76.17012738 0.08
36 18500 85 -1 181423.02 78.28596425 0.08
5
37 19000 86 -1 186326.35 80.40180113 0.08
38 19500 87 -1 191229.67 82.517638 0.08
5
39 20000 88 -1 196133 84.63347487 0.08
40 20500 89 -1 201036.32 86.74931174 0.08
5
41 21000 90 -1 205939.65 88.86514861 0.07
42 21500 91 -1 210842.97 90.98098548 0.07
5
43 22000 92 -1 215746.3 93.09682236 0.07
44 22500 93 -1 220649.62 95.21265923 0.07
5
45 23000 94 -1 225552.95 97.3284961 0.07
46 23500 95 -1 230456.27 99.44433297 0.07
5
47 24000 96 -1 235359.6 101.5601698 0.07
48 24500 97 -1 240262.92 103.6760067 0.07
5
49 25000 98 -1 245166.25 105.7918436 0.09
50 25500 99 -3.5 250069.57 107.9076805 0.09
5
51 26000 100 -3.5 254972.9 110.0235173 0.09
52 26500 101 -3.5 259876.22 112.1393542 0.08
5
53 27000 101 -3.5 264779.55 114.2551911 0.08
54 27500 102 -3.5 269682.87 116.3710279 0.15
5
55 28000 103 -3.5 274586.2 118.4868648 0.53
56 28500 104 -3.5 279489.52 120.6027017 0.45
5
57 29000 105 -3.5 284392.85 122.7185386 0.33
58 29500 106 -3.5 289296.17 124.8343754 0.51
5
59 30000 107 -3.5 294199.5 126.9502123 0.23
60 30500 108 -3.5 299102.82 129.0660492 0.12
5
61 31000 109 -3.5 304006.15 131.181886 0.24
62 31500 110 -3.5 308909.47 133.2977229 0.12
5
63 32000 111 -4 313812.8 135.4135598 0.52
64 32500 112 -4 318716.12 137.5293967 0.09
5
65 33000 113 -4 323619.45 139.6452335 0.08
66 33500 114 -4 328522.77 141.7610704 0.09
5
67 34000 115 -4 333426.1 143.8769073 0.07
68 34500 116 -4 338329.42 145.9927441 0.07
5
69 35000 117 -4 343232.75 148.108581 0.06
70 35500 118 -4 348136.07 150.2244179 0.13
5
71 36000 119 -4 353039.4 152.3402548 0.37
72 36500 120 -4 357942.72 154.4560916 0.29
5
73 37000 121 -4 362846.05 156.5719285 0.26
74 37500 121 -4 367749.37 158.6877654 0.23
5
75 38000 122 -4 372652.7 160.8036023 0.22
76 38500 123 -4 377556.02 162.9194391 0.33
5
77 39000 125 -4 382459.35 165.035276 0.09
78 39500 126 -4 387362.67 167.1511129 0.07
5
79 40000 127 -4 392266 169.2669497 0.05
80 40500 128 -4 397169.32 171.3827866 0.19
5
81 41000 129 -4 402072.65 173.4986235 0.14
82 41500 129 -4 406975.97 175.6144604 0.28
5
83 42000 130 -4 411879.3 177.7302972 0.23
84 42500 130 -4 416782.62 179.8461341 0.31
5
85 43000 131 -4 421685.95 181.961971 0.16
86 43500 132 -4 426589.27 184.0778078 0.26
5
87 44000 133 -4 431492.6 186.1936447 0.22
88 44500 134 -4 436395.92 188.3094816 0.18
5
89 45000 134 -4 441299.25 190.4253185 0.16
Graph

200 Stress-strain Curve

180
160
140
120
Stress

100
80
60
40
20
0
-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130
Strain