EXPR NO

DATE

PC ASSEMBLING
AIM :

a) Assembling a pc using given components and assure that the components are
functioning as a complete system.
b) Identify POST errors.
c) Install an OS.

INTRODUCTION

When we are going to assemble a pc.Purpose of the assembled pc is a

important factor.The selection of componet is very importet based on the use of PC.

 MOTHER BOARD :
The current market trend and availability in affect selection of
mother board,although the selection of mother boad must be based on the user’s requirent
and money value. The different kinds of ATX mother board available today. Assure that the
required interfacing connectors are available with the mother board(USB,PS/2,LAN
CARD(RJ 45),SERIAL PORT,PARALLEL PORT are available )
Available mother boads are :
a) INTEL
b) ASSUS

 PROCESSOR SELECTION :
Processor selection must be relatted with user requirment and moiney
value and match with the available mother boad.commonly used processors are:
a) AMD
b) INTEL

 MEMMORY :
Selection of RAM is mainly depends on user requirments and mother board
specification
For eg: Generally RAMS are DDR1,DDR 2 ,DDR 3.
Normally RAM comes 1Gb,2Gb etc….

 HARD DISK :
Hard disk selection maily based on storage space requirement for the user
and availability of money and interfacing provided on mother board and hard disk (SATA,
PATA, SCSCI) .Normaly hard disk are available in the space 80Gb,160Gb,360Gb,500Gb,1Tb
etc….

 CD/DVD DRIVE :
Selection of CD/DVD Drivers based on money and quality.CD/DVD
writers are also available in market.The main CD/DVD DRIVER manufactures are :
a) LG
b) SAMSUG
c) SONY

 ADD ON CARDS (SOUND/LAN/DISPLAY CARDS) :

Now a days these hard wares are comes with mother board(ON BOARD
LAN, VGA , SOUND).

 MONITOR :
The selection of monitor maily based on the resolution and money required
to purchase and this parameters must match with the user requirement.Now indays
LCD,LED monitors are available with different size and resolution are :
Resolutions : 1024x768,1152x864,800x600
Size : 15,17.5,20 inchs

 Mouse and keyboard

There are, broadly, two types of mouse: optical and mechanical.
Mechanical mice use a rubber coated ball bearing that contacts the mousepad or other
surface and actually rolls around. Optical mice use a bright light and a sensor to track the
movement of the mouse.
In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons
or keys. A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each
press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. There are actually three
different PC keyboards: the original PC keyboard, with 84 keys; the AT keyboard, also with
84 keys; and the enhanced keyboard, with 101 keys. General Mouse and Keyboard
Manufactures are :
a) microsoft
b) logitech
c) Hcl

 SMPS WITH CABINET

The SMPS must be with enought voltage rate(400v) and required
connectors,connector to mother board,connector to CD Drive,Hard Disk(SATA/IDE).

a) Assembling A Desktop PC
Building a computer can be a very rewarding
experience. Since you’re reading this, you’re probably
thinking about building your next computer instead of
buying one pre-built. This is a very viable option these
days and can bring many benefits; you can learn a lot
about computer hardware by building one, you get a
totally personalized computer, you can choose better
components and you may be able to save some money
and have fun.Additionally, if you are the sort of person
who wants to understand how things work, if you take broken stuff apart just to see how it all
fits together, if you have a drawer somewhere full of “parts” you think may come in handy
someday, then you just may be in the right place.

How to build your own PC (Personal Computer)

If you are thinking of building your own PC (Personal Computer), or need practical
information about PC hardware or software, you have come to the right place. With easy to
follow step by step guide combined with many images even a beginner can build, configure
and setup their own PC.
Build Easy PC gives you an opportunity to learn more about Personal
Computer hardware and software. We provide clear easy to follow step by step instructions
on how to build your own PC, according to your own specification. By building your own PC
you get exactly what you need and can save yourself allot of money compared to buying a
new manufactured PC.

At the end of the guide you will have a fully functional PC that should hopefully meet your
individual needs. We also provide advice and instructions on installing a specific hardware,
this can be useful if you already have a PC and want to upgrade or add certain hardware.
The information is placed under appropriate category. The Hardware section provides
information about all the required PC hardware such as motherboard, CPU, memory etc. It
provides guidance to help you decide which hardware is suitable for your needs. Our
illustrated step by step guide shows you how to assemble a PC from scratch.
The software section shows you how to setup a new hard disk
using appropriate software, so it's ready for installing an operating system. Installation guide
for Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7 is provided so that your system is up and running
quickly and smoothly. If you encounter any problems the troubleshooting section should
take care of things. So what are you waiting for, start building a PC today.
If you have purchased all the necessary hardware your are
ready assemble your PC. Before unpacking your components from its original anti-static
bags you must put on your anti-static wrist strap, which will discharge your self. It is
important that you discharge yourself or there is a danger that you can damage your
components by anti-static shock by touching the components. If you don't have an anti-static
wrist strap you can discharge your self by touching the metal edges of your ATX case,
although this is not recommended. Be careful not to cut yourself as some ATX cases have
sharp edges. Have all the mounting screws that come with the motherboard and a philips
screw driver handy as you would need them during the later stages.
Now you can proceed to the first step:

Install Motherboard
The first thing you should do is unpack your ATX case. Take off the cover of your case so
that you can access the inside. Place the case on a desk so that you are looking down
towards the open case. Your case should come with motherboard mounting screws. If your
ATX back plate it not already fitted you can fit it by placing your plate near the ATX back
plate cut out and pushing the plate outwards, it should clip on.
Now place your motherboard on top of the mounting screw holes.
Make sure your ATX devices on the motherboard such as PS/2 and parallel port are facing
towards ATX back plate cut out. Gently push your motherboard towards the cut out, every
devices should fit easily into its corresponding cut out, as shown below.

The screw holes on your motherboard should align with the screw holes on your case. Place
your screws that came with the case into the appropriate holes and gently screw it on using a
screw driver.
The motherboard is now securely mounted to the case. You can now place the
ATX power connector to the motherboard. Your ATX case should come with a power
supply unit (PSU) and should already be mounted to the case. The ATX power connector is
shown on image below.
Place the ATX power connector on top of the
power socket on the motherboard. Push down the
power connector and it should clip onto the socket.
If you try to fit the power connector the wrong way
round, it won't fit, it will only fit one way. So, if the
power connector does not go in, it should go in the
other way round.

Install a Processor (CPU)

Locate the processor socket on your motherboard. I am installing an Intel PIII 866 processor
on a socket 370 as shown on the following image. The installation would be slightly
different if you have a different processor i.e. Slot1 PIII CPU, P4 Socket 478, Core 2 Duo
Socket 775, AMD Slot A / Socket A, Socket AM2
CPU etc.
Raise the brown lever on the socket and slowly put
the processor in place. You have to make sure the
pin 1 of your CPU goes into the pin 1 of your CPU
socket otherwise the CPU would not get into the
socket, so don't try to force it in. It will go in
gently if you fit it correctly. Now close the brown
lever which will securely hold the CPU in place.

If you bought a retail boxed CPU it would include

a heatsink + fan. If you bought an OEM CPU
make sure you got a fan that is correct for the
speed of your CPU, otherwise your CPU will
overheat and behave abnormally or could be
damaged. Take off the plastic cover from the
bottom of the CPU fan that covers the heat transfer
pad. Now place the CPU fan on top the CPU and
push down the metal clips on the fan so that it clips onto the CPU socket.
CPU fan has a power connector which needs to be connected to CPU fan power socket on
your motherboard as shown on the image above.
Finally, you have to specify what frequency (speed) your CPU is running at. This can be
done using jumper settings, or on some modern motherboard it can be done in the BIOS, or
your motherboard may have automatic detection for your CPU frequency. Please refer to
your motherboard manual for more details. The motherboard I am using (Abit BX133) has a
dip-stick jumper setting and it can be setup in the BIOS. I have left the jumper setting to
default as I will use the BIOS to specify the CPU frequency. The CPU runs at the bus speed
of 133Mhz therefore I will use the settings 133 * 6.5(multiplier) under the BIOS, which will
the run the CPU at 866Mhz.
Install Memory – SDRAM
Installing memory is quite simple. Find the SDRAM banks
on your motherboard, they should look similar to the banks
below. Notice the memory banks has a white clip on each
side. Make sure you release the clips so it bends to each
side.
Hold each corner of the SDRAM placing it on top of the
bank 1. You will notice that the SDRAM has a cut at the
bottom side, it is there to prevent the memoy going in the
wrong way round. If you are holding the SDRAM the
incorrect way you will not be able insert it. Gently push down the SDRAM and it should clip
on to the memory bank. The two white clips will now become straight holding each corner
of the memory. If you have more that one SDRAM perform same steps as above but placing
the SDRAM in memory bank 2 and so on.

IDE or SATA Hard drive

Please choose the type of hard drive you will be using to build the system. If you have an
IDE hard drive (also known as ATA or PATA) then choose IDE. If you have SATA ( Serial
ATA) hard drive then choose SATA. If you don't know what type hard drive you have, then
look at the image below and choose the one that matches your hard drive.

 Install IDE Hard Drive

If you look at the rear side of an IDE hard drive it should look similar to the image
below.
The IDE/ATA connector is on the left hand side which consists of many pins. Next to the
IDE connector is the jumper setting for the drive. The jumper should be set to Master, which
is the default setting for a new HDD. Any other device sharing the same IDE cable should
be set to Slave. Different HDD has different jumper settings, please refer to your HDD
manual for more information. On the right hand side, next to the jumpers is the power
connector. Every device except FDD uses this type of power connector.
Figure 1 and 2 below shows what an ATA 66 and a power cable looks like. The ATA 66
cable which is also known as UDMA 66 cable is an advance IDE cable, which offers higher
performance and data integrity than the standard IDE cable. ATA 66 cable consists of 80
conductor cable where as the standard IDE cable consists of 40 conductor cable. I am using
an ATA 66 cable because the above HDD is an ATA 100 drive which requires an ATA 66
cable.

Figure 1 - ATA 66 Cable Figure 2 - Power cable Figure 3– IDE Hard disk

Place your hard drive into the HDD mounting slot of your case, make sure the IDE/ATA
connector is facing outwards. Screw the HDD to the case using screws provided with the
HDD or the ATX case.

Insert the ATA 66 cable into the ATA connector of the HDD. Make sure the pin 1 on the
cable is connected to pin 1 on the HDD connector. Pin 1 is the red or pink strip on the edge
of an ATA cable. Most new IDE/ATA cables are designed so that it will only go in one way
which will correspond to pin 1.

Push the power cable into the power connector as shown. The power cable is designed to go
in one way, so you shouldn't have any problems.
Connect the other end of the ATA 66 cable to the primary ATA socket of your motherboard
as shown. Make sure the pin 1 on the cable connects to the pin 1 on the ATA socket.
That's it you have successfully installed a HDD.

SATA Hard Disk Drive Installation

If you look at the rear side of a SATA hard drive it
should look similar to the image below.
The SATA cable connector is on the left hand side
which consists of few pins. Next to the SATA
connector on the right side is SATA power connector
which consist of many pins. You will notice that
SATA hard drives do not have any jumper settings for
slave or master as each drive will connect to a
dedicated SATA port on the motherboard.

Figure 1 - SATA Hard

drive Place your hard drive into the HDD mounting slot of your case, make sure the SATA
connector is facing outwards. Screw the HDD to the case using screws provided with the
HDD or the ATX case.
Now have a look at the SATA data cable as show on the image
below. You need to connect one end of the SATA data cable to the SATA connector of the
hard drive. Look at the top of the cable to see which way it should go in. It would only fit one
way so you can not fit it the wrong way round. Gently push the cable into place.
The image below is a SATA power connector. This needs to be connected to the power
socket of the SATA hard drive. Gently push it into place. It will only fit one way so there is
no danger of fitting it wrong way round.

SATA Power cable SATA Cable

If you have an old ATX power supply you will not have a SATA power connector as they
only have 12V molex connector. In this case, if you do not want to replace your power
supply unit then you can get a 'Molex to SATA' power cable converter as shown on figure 4.
 Figure 4 - Molex to SATA Power cable converter

 Finally you need to fit the other end of the SATA data cable to a SATA socket / port on the
motherboard. Again it will only fit one way and gently fit into position. It does not matter
which socket you plug it into as it will work on any SATA socket. But it is better to plug it
into SATA socket 1 if you only have one hard drive. If you add another SATA device you
can connect it to SATA socket 2 and so on.

Figure 5 - SATA Socket (port) on motherboard

Install Floppy Disk Drive

The rear side of a floppy drive looks similar to the following image.

The black connector on the left hand side is the floppy disk connector. It is different from
the IDE connector and uses a different cable. The small white connector on the right hand
side is the power connector for the floppy drive. Figure 1 and 2 below shows what a floppy
drive cable and floppy drive power connector looks like.

Figure 1 - Floppy drive cable.

 Figure 2 - Floppy
drive power cable
 Place the floppy drive into the FDD mounting slot as shown. Screw the drive securely into
place.

Insert the floppy drive cable into the floppy drive connector. Make sure the pin 1 on the
cable connects to the pin 1 on the floppy drive connector. As you already know by now that
pin 1 is the red or pink strip on the edge of the floppy drive cable. Most floppy drive cables
are designed so that it will only go in on way, so you can not connect it incorrectly.

Push the floppy drive power cable to the power connector. This will only go in on way.

Finally connect the other end of the floppy drive cable to floppy drive connector on your
motherboard. Make sure pin 1 on the cable connects to pin 1 on the connector.
Install CD / DVD-ROM
If you look at the rear side of your CD / DVD-ROM it should look similar to image shown
on figure 1.
On the right hand side you have the power connector. Next to power connector you have the
IDE connector. On the left hand side near the IDE connector you have the jumper settings
for the DVD-ROM. The jumper is set to Master by default. I am connecting the DVD-ROM
on a separate IDE cable therefore I will leave the jumper setting to Master. However if you
are sharing an IDE cable with another device like HDD, then you would have to set jumper
to Slave, as your HDD would be set to Master. Next to the jumpers you have the CD Audio-
Out socket. One side of your audio cable connects to this socket and other side connects to
the sound card cd-in socket. This would allow you to listen to Audio CD's on your computer.

Figure 1
Figure 2

Mount your CD/DVD-ROM drive into its mounting slot. Use the supplied screws to screw
the drive into position.

Figure 3 Figure 4

Connect the IDE cable to the drives IDE connector. Make sure the pin 1 on the cable is
connected to pin 1 on the drives IDE connector. Pin 1 is the red or pink strip on the edge of
an IDE cable. Connect the other end of the IDE cable to the IDE socket on your motherboard
as shown in figure 4. Again, make sure you conncet the cable to pin 1. The IDE socket could
be your primary or secondary socket depending which socket you choose. If your HDD is on
the primary IDE socket and your secondary IDE socket is free, then it is better to use your
secondary IDE socket for the CD/DVD-ROM.

Finally connect the power cable to power connector and connect the audio cable to the CD
Audio-Out socket as shown on figure 3.
Install CD/DVD Writer
The rear end of your CD/DVD drive should look similar to the image below.

It contains all the usual connectors such an IDE connector, a power connector, audio
connector, and a place to set the jumpers. Set the jumpers so the drive is configured to run as
a Master device. It is best to connect your CD-RW on separate IDE cable. This would avoid
problems while you copy CD's on-the-fly. This means copying a source CD from a
CD/DVD-ROM drive to a blank destination CD in your CD-RW drive without the source
CD being copied to the hard disk first. Copying on-the-fly is less time consuming than
copying the source CD to the hard disk first. However if you decide to connect your CD-RW
drive and another device like a DVD-ROM on the same IDE cable, it would be fine
providing you make an image of your source CD on a HDD first before copying to your
blank CD. You may have problems such as "buffer under run" errors if you try to copy on-
the-fly.

Place your CD-RW drive into a mounting slot as shown. Position the drive correctly and
screw it onto the case.

Connect the IDE and the power cable to the drive. If you want to use the CD-RW drive for
playing Audio CD's then you also need to connect an audio cable to the Audio-out socket of
the drive. If you have a CD/DVD-ROM then the audio cable is usually connected that drive
instead of the CD-RW, but there is no reason why you can't have both.

Finally the other end of the IDE cable should be connected to an IDE socket of the
motherboard.
Install Graphics Card
Most modern graphics cards are AGP based and connects to the AGP bus of the
motherboard. An AGP bus (slot) looks like the following image. The brown slot is where
you connect your AGP graphics card.

Place your AGP card on top of the slot and gently push it down. The card should firmly sit
into position.

All you need to do now is to screw the metal plate on the front of the card to the ATX case.
Use the screws supplied with case and screw the card to the case.

Install Sound Card

Most modern sound cards are designed with the PCI interface and connects to the PCI slot of
your motherboard. A PCI slot looks like the slots on the following image.
Place your sound card on top of a chosen slot. Gently push down the card so it sits into
position. Once the card is seated correctly into position, screw the card on to the case.

Finally insert the audio cable into the CD-IN socket. The other end of the cable should be
connected to Audio-out socket on your CD/DVD-ROM drive.

Install Modem
Find a free PCI slot on your motherboard (assuming your modem is a PCI modem). Place
your modem card on top of the slot and gently push it down into position.

Once the card has seated correctly into position, screw the card to the case using the screws
supplied with the case.
Install TV Card
Installing a TV card is no more difficult than installing any other PCI cards. Locate an
unused PCI slot and place the card on top. Gently push card down into the slot.
When the card is correctly in position, screw the card securely on to the case.

Note that a TV card uses two IRQ (Interrupt Request) one for video and one for audio. It is
best to place your TV card into a slot which does not conflict with an IRQ of another device.
Although IRQ sharing is possible, some TV cards may behave abnormally if you are sharing
IRQ's.

Finalizing Stage
Now that you have installed all the necessary hardware there are still few more things you
need to do before switching on your PC for the first time. Your ATX case has a power
switch which turns the PC on, a reset switch for resetting the system, a power LED which
comes on when the PC is switched on and a hard drive LED which flashes when data is
being written or read from your hard drive. You also have an internal speaker.

Figure 1 - Power and Reset switch

The switches and LED's need to be connected to its corresponding connectors on the
motherboard. Please refer to your motherboard manual to locate where the connectors are.
Different motherboards place the connectors in different locations. The connectors for the
switches and LED's are normally grouped together. They should look similar to the image
below.

Figure 2 - Switch and LED connectors

Every cable is normally labeled, they are normally named as follows, but could be slightly
different on your system.
Power switch Power / PWR-SW
Reset switch Reset
Power LED Power LED / PWR-LED
Hard drive LED HDD-LED / IDE LED
Speaker SPK / Speaker
The connectors on the motherboard are also labeled but may be too small to see. Instead
refer to your motherboard manual which would provide details on which pins you should
connect the cables to. The image below shows how the pins may be organised on your
motherboard.
Once you have connected all the cables to the correct
pins on the motherboard, you are ready to switch the PC
on. At this point you can close the cover of your ATX
case but don't screw it on just yet as you might have
possible problems that needs rectifying. Connect all the
cables to back of ATX case. These includes the main
power cable that connects to the power supply. PS/2
mouse and keyboard that connects to the PS/2 ports.
Monitor cable that connects to the graphics card port,
etc. Finally the moment has arrived. Switch on your
monitor first. Your ATX power supply might have a
main power switch at the back so make sure that is switched on. Now switch the PC on by
pressing the power switch on the front of the ATX case. If you have performed all the tasks
without any mistakes and providing that none of the main components are faulty, the PC
should boot. When the PC boots you should see the name of the BIOS manufacturer, such as
AWARD BIOS displayed on your monitor. Your CPU type, speed and the amount of
memory should be displayed as shown on image below.

If your motherboard has a plug and play BIOS and is set to automatic device detection by
default, then you would see your IDE devices being detected followed by a prompt
complaining about missing operating system. If your motherboard does not detect the
hardware, then you need to proceed to the BIOS setup screen by pressing DEL or F1 or F2
depending on your motherboard. Congratulations you have completed building your own PC.
You now need to proceed to the software section which explains how to setup the BIOS,
Hard disk and install an operating system.
If things did not go smoothly and your PC does not switch on then go to the troubleshooting
section for possible solutions.

b) Power-on self-test Error

Power-on s elf-test (POST) refers to routines run immediately after power is applied, by
nearly all electronic devices. Perhaps the most widely-known usage pertains to computing
devices (personal computers, PDAs, networking devices such as routers, switches, intrusion
detection systems and other monitoring devices). Other devices include kitchen appliances,
avionics, medical equipment, laboratory test equipment -- all embedded devices. The
routines are part of a device's pre-boot sequence. Once POST completes successfully,
bootstrapping code is invoked.

The first stage of a typical POST operation. (AMI Bios)

 The second stage of a POST. Sometimes, it is shown 'Boot
from CD'. (AMI Bios)
Routines included during POST include routines to set an initial value for internal and
output signals and to execute internal tests, as determined by the device maker. These initial
conditions are also referred to as the device's state. They may be stored in firmware or
included as hardware, either as part of the design itself, or they may be part of
semiconductor substrate either by virtue of being part of a device mask, or after being
burned into a device such as a programmable logic array (PLA).
Test results may be enunciated either on a panel that is part
of the device, or output via bus to an external device. They may also be stored internally, or
may exist only until the next power-down. In some cases, such as in aircraft and
automobiles, only the fact that a failure occurred may be displayed (either visibly or to an
on-board computer) but may also upload detail about the failure(s) when a diagnostic tool is
connected.
POST protects the bootstrapped code from being
interrupted by faulty hardware. Diagnostic information provided by a device, for example
when connected to an engine analyzer, depends on the proper function of the device's
internal components. In these cases, if the device is not capable of providing accurate
information, subsequent code (such as bootstrapping code) may not be permitted to run. This
is done to ensure that, if a device is not safe to run, it is not permitted to run.
General internal workings
On power up, the main duties of POST are handled by the
BIOS, which may hand some of these duties to other programs designed to initialize very
specific peripheral devices, notably for video and SCSI initialization. These other duty-specific
programs are generally known collectively as option ROMs or individually as the video BIOS,
SCSI BIOS, etc.
The principal duties of the main BIOS during POST are as follows:
 verify the integrity of the BIOS code itself
 find, size, and verify system main memory
 discover, initialize, and catalog all system buses and devices
 pass control to other specialized BIOSes (if and when required)
 provide a user interface for system's configuration
 identify, organize, and select which devices are available for booting
 construct whatever system environment that is required by the target OS
The BIOS will begin its POST duties when the CPU is reset. The first
memory location the CPU tries to execute is known as the reset vector. In the case of a hard
reboot, the northbridge will direct this code fetch (request) to the BIOS located on the system
flash memory. For a warm boot, the BIOS will be located in the proper place in RAM and the
northbridge will direct the reset vector call to the RAM. On computers or motherboards
created by ASUS, you will have to press the Tab key to show the POST screen.
During the POST flow of a contemporary BIOS, one of the first things a BIOS should do is
determine the reason it is executing. For a cold boot, for example, it may need to execute all
of its functionality. If, however, the system supports power savings or quick boot methods,
the BIOS may be able to circumvent the standard POST device discovery, and simply
program the devices from a preloaded system device table.
The POST flow for the PC has developed from a very simple, straightforward process to one
that is complex and convoluted. During POST, the BIOS must integrate a plethora of
competing, evolving, and even mutually exclusive standards and initiatives for the matrix of
hardware and OSes the PC is expected to support. However, the average user still knows the
POST and BIOS only through its simple visible memory tests and setup screen.

Fundamental structure
In the case of the IBM PC compatible machines, the main BIOS is divided into two basic
sections. The POST section, or POST code, is responsible for the tasks mentioned above,
and the environment POST constructs for the OS is known as the runtime code, the runtime
BIOS, or the runtime footprint. Primarily these two divisions can be distinguished in that
POST code should be flushed from memory before control is passed to the target OS while
the runtime code remains resident in memory. This division may be a misleading
oversimplification, however, as many Runtime functions are executed while the system is
POSTing.

Error reporting

BIOS POST card for ISA

bus BIOS POST
card for PCI bus.
Professional
BIOS POST card for PCI bus.
The original IBM BIOS
reported errors detected
during POST by outputting a number to a fixed I/O port
address, 80. Using a logic analyzer or a dedicated POST card, an interface card that shows port
80 output on a small display, a technician could determine the origin of the problem. (Note
that once an operating system is running on the computer, the code displayed by such a
board is often meaningless, since some OSes, e.g. Linux, use port 80 for I/O timing
operations.) In later years, BIOS vendors used a sequence of beeps from the motherboard-
attached loudspeaker to signal error codes. Some vendors have developed proprietary
variants or enhancements, such as MSI's D-Bracket. POST beep codes vary from manufacturer
to manufacturer.

Original IBM POST beep codes

 1 short beep - Normal POST - system is OK
 2 short beeps - POST error - error code shown on screen
 No beep - Power supply, system board problem, disconnected CPU, or disconnected
speaker,
 Continuous beep - Power supply, system board, or keyboard problem
 Repeating short beeps - Power supply or system board problem or keyboard
 1 long, 1 short beep - System board problem
 1 long, 2 short beeps - Display adapter problem (MDA, CGA)
 1 long, 3 short beeps - Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)
 3 long beeps - 3270 keyboard card
POST AMI BIOS beep codes
 1 - Memory refresh timer error
 2 - Parity error in base memory (first 64 KiB block)
 3 - Base memory read/write test error
 4 - Mother board timer not operational (check all PSU to MB connectors seated)
 5 - Processor failure
 6 - 8042 Gate A20 test error (cannot switch to protected mode)
 7 - General exception error (processor exception interrupt error)
 8 - Display memory error (system video adapter)
 9 - AMI BIOS ROM checksum error
 10 - CMOS shutdown register read/write error
 11 - Cache memory test failed
 12 - Mother board does not detect a RAM module (continuous beeping)

POST beep codes on CompTIA A+ Hardware Core exam

These POST beep codes are covered specifically on the CompTIAA+ Core Hardware Exam:

Beeps
Steady, short beeps
Long continuous beep tone
Steady, long beeps
No beep
No beep
One long, two short beeps
Meaning
Power supply may be bad
Memory failure
Power supply bad
Power supply bad, system not plugged in, or power not
turned on
If everything seems to be functioning correctly there may
be a problem with the 'beeper' itself. The system will
normally beep one short beep.
Video card failure

IBM POST diagnostic code descriptions

 100 to 199 - System boards

 200 to 299 - Memory
 300 to 399 - Keyboard
 400 to 499 - Monochrome display
 500 to 599 - Color/graphics display
 600 to 699 - Floppy-disk drive or adapter
 700 to 799 - Math coprocessor
 900 to 999 - Parallel printer port
 1000 to 1099 - Alternate printer adapter
 1100 to 1299 - Asynchronous communication device, adapter, or port
 1300 to 1399 - Game port
 1400 to 1499 - Color/graphics printer
 1500 to 1599 - Synchronous communication device, adapter, or port
 1700 to 1799 - Hard drive and/or adapter
 1800 to 1899 - Expansion unit (XT)
 2000 to 2199 - Bisynchronous communication adapter
 2400 to 2599 - EGA system-board video (MCA)
 3000 to 3199 - LAN adapter
 4800 to 4999 - Internal modem
 7000 to 7099 - Phoenix BIOS chips
 7300 to 7399 - 3.5-inch disk drive
 8900 to 8999 - MIDI adapter
 11200 to 11299 - SCSI adapter
 21000 to 21099 - SCSI fixed disk and controller
 21500 to 21599 - SCSI CD-ROM system

c) Install Operating System

 Decide what you would like to do. Are you going to reinstall your operating system because
of problems, upgrading your current version, or are you installing an operating system on a
new computer? Make sure that you have the new operating system install program.
Windows and MAC require that you purchase a CD or DVD Rom(s). Ubuntu and other Linux
are free and can be installed from a flash drive too.
 Back up your data. If you are reinstalling your operating system, it is likely that you will need
to wipe the disk. Back up your data before doing so, as everything on the disk will be
destroyed. If you are simply upgrading, it is okay to skip this step, but it is advisable to save
at least the most important files on your computer.
 Completely wipe all information from the hard disc. This will insure that you do not carry
problems over into the new install. For instructions on how to do this watch the video at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfICZMMr0JM
 Boot up. Turn on your computer and quickly enter the boot menu. The owner's manual for
your computer or motherboard should have instructions on how to do this. It will show on
the screen for a breif moment too. Select the drive that contains the setup disk (and be sure
you have inserted it). Save the setting and exit.
 Start the installation. It may take the install program a few minutes to load, this is normal.
Once it has loaded, follow the onscreen instructions. If you are installing a new operating
system on a new computer or reinstalling due to a problem, wipe the disk. Be sure you have
saved everything that you would like to save before starting this process.
 Sit back and relax. The installer may ask you for some information while it's installing, but
for the most part, just waiting is okay. Near the end of the installation, the installer will ask
you for last-minute information, like your name, the name of the computer, sign in name,
password, time zone, etc. Do not be alarmed by this, none of this information can be used to
identify you, it's all for personal preference.
 Enter the product ID. If you are installing a consumer operating system like Windows, it will
probably require you to enter a product ID. Look at the back of the CD case for the product
ID. If you are installing Linux, this does not apply to you.
  Reboot. Once you reboot, the computer will finalize everything and log you in. At this point,
you may need to install drivers. Insert any disks that came with your computer or it's parts
that are NOT an operating system, and allow the drivers to be installed (if necessary).
 Allow updates. This is especially important in Windows. Allow the computer to seek updates
and install them. Look for a "top 10 things to do" list for that operating system.
 Install antivirus software. If you are using Windows without antivirus software while on the
web, you are extremely vulnerable to all kinds of malicious programs. Before you do
anything, even installing Firefox, install antivirus. If you don't have any, look for avast!
Antivirus, it's free.
 Use it! You're done, now what you do is totally up to you. Set a password, install programs,
customize, create user accounts, etc. If you have any files you backed up, you may restore
them now. Or, just enjoy the clean slate and redo everything, whatever you like.

RESULT :