Numerical Methods

It is a technique by which mathema cal problems are

formulated so that they can be solved with arithme c
opera ons.

Invariably involve large numbers of tedious arithme c

calcula ons.
They are capable of handling large systems of equa ons,
nonlineari es, and complicated geometries that are not
uncommon in engineering prac ce and that are o en impossible
to solve analy cally.

The intelligent use of computer programs is o en predicated on

knowledge of the basic theory underlying the methods.

Design your own programs to solve problems without having to

buy or commission expensive so ware.

Numerical methods are an efficient vehicle for learning to use

computers.

Numerical methods provide a vehicle for you to reinforce your

understanding of mathema cs.
 Formula on Solu on Interpreta on
In depth exposition of Easy to use computer Ease of calculation allows holistic
relationship of problems method thoughts and intuition to develop;
to fundamental laws system sensitivity and behavior can
be studied
Roots of Equa on
These problems are concerned with the
value of a variable or a parameter that
sa sfies a single nonlinear equa on.
Systems of Linear Algebraic
Equa ons
In contrast to sa sfying a single
equa on, a set of values is sought
that simultaneously sa sfies a set of
linear algebraic equa ons.
In par cular, they originate in the
mathema cal modeling of large
systems of interconnected elements
such as structures, electric circuits,
and fluid networks.
Op miza on Curve Fi ng
These problems involve determining a value Fit curves to data points.
or values of an independent variable that
correspond to a “best” or op mal value of a
func on.
Ordinary Differen al Equa ons
It is in terms of the rate of change of a
quan ty rather than the magnitude of
the quan ty itself.
Integra on Par al Differen al Equa ons
Physical interpreta on of numerical It is in terms of its rate of change
integra on is the determina on of the with respect to two or more
area under a curve. independent variables.
 dimensions,
such as time
and space, reflective of the external
the behavior or along which system’s influences
state of the the system’s properties or acting upon the
system behavior is composition system
being
determined
 Forcing Func on
Dependent Variable

Parameters
Independent Variable
It describes a natural process or It represents an
system in mathema cal terms. idealiza on and
simplifica on of reality.

Finally, it yields reproducible results

and, consequently, can be used for
predic ve purposes.
 where v(t) = the dependent
variable, t = the independent
variable, c and m = parameters, and
g = the forcing func on.

Euler's Method New value = old value + slope × step size

 Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering
Conserva on of Mass Conserva on of Momentum

Mechanical Engineering
Conserva on of Momentum

Electrical Engineering
Conserva on of Charge and
Energy
 ing
Engineer
M a t hem a c al
M
od
e l l ing
1. The volume flow rate through a pipe is given by Q = vA, where v is the average velocity and A is the cross-sec onal
area. Use volume-con nuity to solve for the required area in pipe 3.

Q1,in = Q2,out + v3,out A3

2. Below depicts the various ways in which an average man gains and loses water in one day. One liter is ingested as food,
and the body metabolically produces 0.3 L. In breathing air, the exchange is 0.05 L while inhaling, and 0.4 L while exhaling
over a one-day period. The body will also lose 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, and 0.35 L through sweat, urine, feces, and through the skin,
respec vely. In order to maintain steady-state condi on, how much water must be drunk per day?
ΣMin - ΣMout = 0
Food + Drink + Air In + Metabolism = Urine + Skin + Feces + Air Out + Sweat
Drink = Urine + Skin + Feces + Air Out + Sweat - Food - Air In - Metabolism
Drink =1.4 + 0.35 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.2 -1- 0.05 - 0.3 =1.2 L
3. Compute the velocity of a free-falling parachu st using Euler’s method for the case where m = 80 kg and c = 10
kg/s. Perform the calcula on from t = 0 to 20 s with a step size of 1 s. Use an ini al condi on that the parachu st
has an upward velocity of 20 m/s at t = 0. At t = 10 assume that the chute is instantaneously deployed so that the
drag coefficient jumps to 50 kg/s.

Before the chute opens (t < 10), Euler’s method can be implemented as

A er the chute opens (t = 10), the drag coefficient is changed and the implementa on becomes
 Chute closed Chute opened
t v dv/dt t v dv/dt
0 -20.0000 12.3000 10 52.5134 -23.0209
1 -7.7000 10.7625 11 29.4925 -8.6328
2 3.0625 9.4172 12 20.8597 -3.2373
3 12.4797 8.2400 13 17.6224 -1.2140
4 20.7197 7.2100 14 16.4084 -0.4552
5 27.9298 6.3088 15 15.9531 -0.1707
6 34.2385 5.5202 16 15.7824 -0.0640
7 39.7587 4.8302 17 15.7184 -0.0240
8 44.5889 4.2264 18 15.6944 -0.0090
9 48.8153 3.6981 19 15.6854 -0.0034
20 15.6820 -0.0013
Chapra, S. C., & Canale, R. P. (2010). Numerical Methods for Engineers (6th Edition ed.). New York City: McGrawHill.

Conservation of mass equation in chemical engineering - Bing images. (n.d.). Bing.

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Conservation of momentum equation - Bing images. (n.d.). Bing.
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Basic classes of mathematical models - Bing images. (n.d.). Bing.

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