Numerical Methods

F I N D I N G R O OT S O F E Q UAT I O N
C l o s e M e t h o d
 Lecture
CONTENT

1. Roots of Equation
2. Bisection Method
3. False Position Method

4. Examples
 PART 01
How to find roots
of equations?

Conventionally, we can find the roots of equation either by sketching the graph and the trial and error method.
Analytically, we can determine the roots by using the quadratic formula of a polynomial function or relying on
your calculator.
 Roots of Equation

The Scope of the Topic

The techniques that we will cover here is only on the
determination of the value of a single real root on the
basis of the foreknowledge of its approximate location.

After discussing each of the technique, we will validate

it by graphing the function to determine whether the
root that we want to determine fall into that interval.

Computation of errors are developed to help us

determine how much computational effort is required
to estimate the root to a prespecified level of precision.
 Roots of Equation

In getting the root of

equation in a closed
method....

We should set the lower

interval f(xl) and the upper
interval f(xu). Generally, if f(xl)
and f(xu) have opposite signs,
there are an odd number of
roots in the interval. If f(xl)
and f(xu) have the same sign,
there are either no roots or
an even number of roots
between the values.
Try to graph or sketch these:
What lower interval or upper interval can you suggest to the
following functions to get a real root?
1) f(x) = sin(10x) + cos(3x)
2) f(x) = e(5x - 3) + 2
3) f(x) = ln(2x-6) + 3
4) f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 3
 PART 02
Bisection Method
 Close Method

In general, if f(x) is real and continuous in the interval from xl to xu and f(xl) and (xu) have opposite signs,
that is, f(xl)*f(xu) < 0 then there is at least one real root between xl and xu

Bisection Method

1) Choose the lower xl
and the upper xu for the
root such that the
function changes sign
over the interval. This
can be checked by
ensuring that f(xu)*f(xl) <
0.
2) An estimate of the root
xr is determined by xr = (xl
+xu)/2
3) Make the following evaluations to determine in
which subinterval the root lies:
a) if f(xu)*f(xl) < 0 , the root lies in the lower
subinterval. Therefore set xu = xl and return to step 2.
b) if f(xu)*f(xl) > 0 , the root lies in the upper
subinterval. Therefore, set xl = xr and return to step 2.
c) if f(xu)*f(xl) = 0 , the root equals xr, terminate the
computation.
 Bisection Method

As an illustration...it is more like an incremental search approach

 Bisection Method

Another way to Illustrate

Bisection Method

where xrnew is the root for the present iteration and

xrold is the root of the previous iteration. The absolute
value is used because we are usually concerned with
magnitude of Ɛa rather than with its sign. When Ɛa
becomes less than a pre-specified stopping criterion Ɛs ,
the computation is terminated.

01
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Example
Try to graph the free-falling body equation :

Using the following parameters:

m = 68.1 kg ; velocity (v) = 40 m/s; t =10 s;
acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2
The desired parameter is drag coefficient c

From the graph, what will be your xl and xu ?

It seems that it changes sign between 12 and

16. This can be your xl and xu respectively.

The initial estimate of the root xr lies at the

midpoint of the interval.
Example
Try to graph the free-falling body equation :

From the graph, what will be your xl and xu ?

It seems that it changes sign between 12 and

16. This can be your xl and xu respectively.
What if you do not know the true value to get
the true percent error?
Use the approximate error fromula discussed in the previous slide. The lesser it gets, the more precise your
value to the real root.
PART 03
False Position
Method
False-position Method Your title

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False-position Method
Example

Repeat the problem using the false-position method. Use 12 as xl and 16

as xu and determine if it has less iteration than the bisection method. In
other words, how fast does it converges to the true value?
 PART 04
More Problems
Exercises
Exercises
References
Chapra, S. C., & Canale, R. P. (2010). Numerical methods for engineers (6th ed.).
Organizational structure

Thank you for listening!!!