What were Bernhard Riemann's contributions to mathematics?

Bernhard Riemann is arguably the founder of modern mathematics. Here are some of his important works:

- Theorie der Abel'schen Functionen (1857). This paper is foundational to algebraic geometry. Here
Riemann introduces Riemann Surfaces and moduli spaces, it contains the Riemann-Hurwitz formula and
the Riemann-Roch theorem, among other things. This paper also has the birth pangs of modern topology.
According to Andre Weil, this is one of the greatest pieces of mathematics ever written. Theorie der
Abel'schen Functionen.

- Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse (1859). Foundational document for
Analytic Number theory. Contains analytic continuation and the Riemann Hypothesis. On the Number of
Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude

- Grundlagen für eine allgemeine Theorie der Functionen einer veränderlichen complexen
Grösse (1851). Complex Analysis begins here (in fact this paper contains the whole of a first course in
complex analysis that an undergrad encounters). Contains Riemann Mapping Theorem.

- Uber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen (1854). Foundational paper of modern
differential geometry (Riemannian Geometry). Introduces the concept of a manifold, curvature and
riemann metric. The mathematics behind the general theory of relativity more than fifty years before
Einstein's field equations Riemann curvature tensor.
Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen.

In a fairer world, this guy would be as celebrated as Newton or Einstein. Unfortunately, it is only in math
grad school that one first gets to see his contributions, which also makes it practically impossible to write
a popular science book on his work.

For starters, he formalized (gave a rigorous logical basis for) integration, which is why folks speak of the
"Riemann Integral." He used a relatively simple, highly geometric construction in order to do so (think
adding tons of little boxes under the curve). However, his construction turned out to be relatively limited,
which is why (if you pursue math beyond standard undergraduate multivariable calculus courses) we,
theoretically speaking, don't really use the Riemann integral too much nowadays.

That being said, the more-powerful, measure theoretic integral of Lebesgue would probably not be
possible without Riemann's contribution. So, hats off!