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16 Chapter One Fundamentals of Computer Design

Microprocessor' 16-bit 32-bit 5-stage 2-way Out-of-order Out-of-order

address/bus, address.bus, pipeline, superscalar, 3-way superpipelined,
microcoded microcoded on-chip I & D 64-bit bus superscalar on-chip L2
caches, FPU cache
Product Intel 80286 Intel 80386 Intel 80486 Intel Pentium intel Pentium Pro Intel Pentium 4
Year t982 I 985 I 989 t993 t997 2001
Die size (mm2) 41 43 8l 90 308 2t7
Tran s is tors 134,000 275,000 1,200,000 3,100,000 5,500,000 42,000,000
Pins 68 t32 168 273 387 423
Latency (clocks) 6 5 5 5 r0 22
Bus width (bits) l6 32 32 64 64 64
Clock rate (MHz) t2.s t6 25 66 200 I 500
Bandwidth (MIPS) 2 6 25 132 600 4500
Latency (ns) 320 313 200 76 50 l5
Memory module DRAM Page mode Fast page Fast page Synchronous Double data
DRAM mode DRAM mode DRAM DRAM rate SDRAM
Module width (bits) t6 l6 JZ 64 64 64
Year l 980 I 983 I 986 1993 t997 2000
Mbits/DRAM chip 0.06 0.25 I l6 64 256
Die size (mm2) 35 45 70 130 170 204
Pins/DRAM chip t6 l6 l8 20 54 66
Bandwidth (MBit/sec) t3 40 160 267 640 I 600
Latency (ns) 225 170 125 75 62 52
Locrrl area network Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit l0 Gigabit
Ethernet Ethernet
IEEE standard 8p2.3 803.3u 802.3ab 802.3ac
Year 1978 I 995 1999 2003
B andwidth (N'lB i t/sec) t0 100 I 000 I 0000
Latency (prsec) 3000 s00 340 r90
Hard disk 3600 RPM 54OO RPM 72OO RPM r0,000 RPM 15,000 RPM
Pr6duct CDC Wren] Seagate Seagate Seagate Seagate
94145-36 sT4 1600 sTl5l50 sT39 I 02 s1373453
Yeau' I 983 1990 1994 I 998 2003
Capacity (GB) 0.03 1.4 4.3 9.1 13.4
Disk form factor 5.25 inch 5.25 inch 3.5 inch 3.5 inch 3.5 inch
Media diameter 5.25 inch 5.25 inch 3.5 inch 3.0 inch 2.5 inch
IrrIerl'rcc sr-4r2 SCSI SCSI SCSI SCSI
Bandwidth (MBit/sec) 0.6 4 9 24 86
Latency (ms) 48.3 17.1 12.7 8.8 5.1

Figure 1.9 Performance milestones over 20 to 25 years for microprocessors, memory, networks, and disks.The
microprocessor milestones are six generations of lA-32 processors, going from a 16-bit bus, microcoded 80286 to a
64-bit bus, superscalar, out-of-order execution, superpipelined Pentium 4, Memory module milestones go from 16-
bit-wide, plain DRAM to 64-bit-wide double data rate synchronous DRAM. Ethernet advanced from 10 Mb/sec to 10
Gb/sec. Disk milestones are based on rotation speed, improving from 3600 RPM to 15,000 RPM. Each case is best-
case bandwidth, and latency is the time for a simple operation assuming no contention. From Patterson [2004].

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