ABC 4 (Theory Exercise)

ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
ABC-4 (Carboxylic acid & Carbonyl compounds)
(A) CARBOXYLIC ACID

 Compounds containing the carboxyl group (–COOH) are distinctly acidic and called carboxylic acid.
Compound Common name IUPAC name Occurrence
HCOOH Formic acid Methanoic acid Ants, bees & other stinging insects.
CH3COOH Acetic acid Ethanoic acid Grapes, Vinegar & pickle
Animal fats, vegetables fats

CH3–CH2–COOH Propionic acid Propanoic acid
(coconut oil.)
CH3–(CH2)2–COOH Butyric acid Butanoic acid Rancid butter
COOH
Oxalic acid Ethanedioic acid Kidney stone [Ca(C2O4)], Cabbage
COOH
COOH
CH2 Malonic acid Propanedioic acid Plants (Leaves of lucerne)
COOH
CH2–COOH
Succinic acid Butanedioic acid Amber, Lignite and many plants
CH2–COOH
COOH Cranberries, fruit juice, soft drink,

Benzoic acid Benzene carboxylic acid
plum
Preparation of carboxylic acid (3-Methods)

1 By Grignard reagents : O
O (i) CH3–CH2–MgCl    CH3–CH2–C–OH
1. CO2 , Et2O
2. H3O
R – MgX   
1. CO2 , Et2O
R–C–OH
Grignard reagent 2. H3O Carboxylic acid MgBr COOH
R  alkyl or aryl (ii)   
1. CO2 , Et2O
2. H3O
(i) Carbon dioxide is a carbonyl compound

and it is an electrophile.
(ii) X is (Cl, Br, I)
(iii) Alkyl magnesium halide [R–MgX] is
called
Grignard reagent.
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ABC1TO4 - 40
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4

2 By Oxidation of primary alcohol &
R–CH2–OH   R–COOH
(i) KMnO 4 , O H
aldehydes: 
(i) Primary alcohol and aldehydes are readily (i) KMnO , H 

R–CHO 4 R–COOH

oxidized to carboxylic acids with common

oxidizing agents such as potassium (i) CH3–CH–CH2–OH 
(i) K 2Cr2O7 , H CH3–CH–COOH
permanganate (KMnO4) in neutral, acidic or CH3 CH3
alkaline medium or potassium dichromate 
(ii) CH2–OH  
CrO3 , H COOH
(K2Cr2O7) and chromium trioxide (CrO3) in
acidic medium. O O
(ii) Number of carbon atom in carbon chain C–H C–OH
KMnO 4 , H
remains same during oxidation. (iii) 
3 By Hydrolysis of acid derivatives: O O

H2O / H+
A. Hydrolysis of ester: A.(i)CH3–C–OCH2CH3 CH3–C–OH +CH3–CH2–OH
O O O O
H2O / H+ 18 H2O / H+ 18
R–C–OR' R–C–OH + R'–OH (ii) C6H5–C–OC2H5 C6H5–C–OH + C2H5–OH
B. Hydrolysis of amides: O 
O
B.(i)  
H2O / H
O O C  C +
H2O / H + NH4
  + CH3 NH2 CH3 OH
C  C + NH4
R NH2 R OH O O
H2O / H +
Amides undergo hydrolysis when they are (ii) Ph–C–NHPh  Ph–C–OH + PhNH3

heated with aqueous acid.
O O
H2O/H
C. Hydrolysis of acid chloride: C.(i) CH3–C–Cl 
 CH3–C–OH+ HCl
O O O
O H2O/H
H2O / H
R–C–Cl 
 (ii)CH3– CH–C–Cl 
 CH3– CH–C–OH + HCl
 R–C–OH + HCl
CH3 CH3
Acid chloride reacts with water to form O O O
H2O/H
D. (i) CH3–C–O–C–CH3 
carboxylic acid.  2CH3–C–OH
O O O O
D. Hydrolysis of acid anhydride: H2O/H
(ii) Ph–C–O–C–CH3 
 Ph–C–OH +CH3–C–OH
O O O
H O / H
R–C–O–C–R  2R–C–OH
2
E.
O
H O/H
E. Hydrolysis of nitriles: (i) CH3–CH2–CH–CN 
2
 CH3–CH2–CH–C–OH
R–CH2–CN 
H2O / H

CH3 CH3

O O
H2O/H
(ii) Ph–CH2–CN 
+
+  Ph–CH2–C–OH + NH4
R–CH2–C–OH + NH4
ABC1TO4 - 41
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
Chemical reactions of carboxylic acid [5-Reactions]

1 Hell-Volhard-Zelinski reaction Examples
(HVZ reaction): O O
(i) PBr3 ,Br2
(i) In this reaction a carboxylic acid is treated (i) CH3–CH2–C–OH 
 CH3–CH–C–OH
(ii) H2O
with PX3 and X2, then halogenation at the Br
O
-carbon occurs. O
(i) PBr3 ,Br2
(ii) CH2–C–OH   CH–C–OH
(ii) X is (Cl, Br). (ii) H O 2
Br
O O
(i) PX3  or red P, X2
R–CH2–C–OH   R–CH–C–OH
(ii) H2O
X
2 Preparation of acid derivatives: A.
A. Reaction with SOCl2 O O

SOCl
(i)CH3–CH2–C–OH 
2
 CH3–CH2–C–Cl + SO2 + HCl
O O 
SOCl
R–C–OH 
2
 R–C–Cl + SO2 + HCl O SOCl O
 (ii) 
2
 +SO2+ HCl
OH  Cl
B.
B. Reaction with NH3
O O O
O O + – 
–
(i)CH3–C–OH + NH3 CH3–C–ONH4  CH3–C–NH2
 +
R–C–OH + NH3 R–C–ONH4  
O (ii)
R–C–NH2 + H2O O O
– +
Carboxylic acid reacts with aqueous ammonia CH2–C–OH + NH3 CH2 C ONH4
to form ammonium salts and after heating O

produce an amide. 
 CH2 C NH2
C.
C. Reaction with RCOOH:
O O
O O O (i)CH3–C–OH + H–O–C–CH3
P2O5, 
2R–C–OH R C O C R + H2O
O O
PO ,
P2O5 is a dehydrating agent (removal of H2O). 
2 5
 CH3 C O C CH3+ H2O
O
CH2–COOH C
 CH2
(ii)   O + H2O
CH2–COOH CH2 C
O
ABC1TO4 - 42
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
D. Reaction with R–OH D.
O O
O H+
R'OH, H+ (i) CH3–CH–CH2–C–OH + C2H5OH
R–C–OH R C–OR' + H2O
CH3
Carboxylic acid reacts with excess alcohol in
O
the presence of an acid catalyst produce CH3–CH–CH2–C–OC2H5 + H2O
ester. This reaction is called fisher CH3
esterification reaction. O O
H+
(ii) Ph–C–OH + CH3OH Ph–C–OCH3 + H2O
3 Hunsdiecker reaction: O
 CH3–CH2–CH2–Br
(i) Ag2O
(i)CH3–CH2–CH2–C–OH 
(i) A carboxylic acid can be decarboxylated if (ii) Br2 ,  + CO2 + AgBr
a heavy metal salt of the carboxylic acid is O

 Ph–CH2–CH2–Br
(i) Ag2O
(ii) Ph–CH2–CH2–C–OH 
(ii) Br2 , 
heated with bromine. + CO2 + AgBr
(ii) The product is an alkyl halide with one less O

C–OH Br
carbon than the starting carboxylic acid. (i) Ag O
(iii) 
2
 + CO2 + AgBr
(ii) Br2 , 
(iii) The heavy metal can be silver ion or
mercuric ion.
(i) Ag O
R-COOH 
2
 R-Br+CO2+AgBr(Precipitate)
(ii) Br2 , 
4 Sodalime decarboxylation: O
NaOH  CaO
CH
(i) 3 –CH2 –C–OH   CH3 – CH3 + CO2

O
NaOH  CaO
R–C–OH   R–H + CO2 COOH
 NaOH  CaO
(ii)   + CO2

(i) Sodalime: NaOH + CaO
NaOH  CaO
(ii) Decarboxylation simply means removal of (iii) Ph – CH2 –COOH   Ph – CH3 + CO2

CO2.
Electrolysis
5 Kolbe's electrolysis: (i) 2CH3–COOK + 2H2O 

Electrolysis CH3–CH3 + 2CO2 + H2 + 2KOH
2RCOOK + 2HOH 

R–R + 2CO2 + H2 + 2KOH
CH2–COOK CH2
Electrolysis
(ii) +2H2O 
 +2CO2+H2+ 2KOH
CH2–COOK CH2
If n is the number of carbon atoms in the salt
Electrolysis
of carboxylic acid, the alkane formed has 2(n– (iii) 2CH3–CH2–COOK + 2H2O 

1) carbon atoms. CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3 + 2CO2 + H2 + 2KOH
ABC1TO4 - 43
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
Lab test of carboxylic acid [3-Tests]

1 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) test :
All carboxylic acids & sulphonic acids give. (i) Ph–COOH + NaHCO3 PhCOONa + H2CO3
R–COOH + NaHCO3  R–COONa + H2CO3 H2O + CO2
(ii)CH3–SO3H + NaHCO3 CH3SO3Na + H2CO3

H2O + CO2
H2O + CO2
R–SO3H + NaHCO3  R–SO3Na + H2CO3
H2O + CO2
Exception :
Picric acid gives NaHCO3 test.
Note : Phenol does not give NaHCO3 test.
2 Litmus test: Acid converts blue litmus into red litmus.

H+
3 Esterification of acid: When carboxylic acid reacts RCOOH + R' OH RCOOR' + H2O
with alcohol then ester forms, which are sweet (fruity) (sweet smelling liquid)
smelling liquids.
ABC1TO4 - 44
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
(B) CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

Preparation of carbonyl compounds (4-Methods)
By reduction of acid halide
1. Reagents  CH3–CHO
2 H / Pd (BaSO )
4
Rosenmund catalyst : [H2/Pd (BaSO4, quinoline)]

General Reactions

2 H / Pd (BaSO )
4

 R–CHO
H2 / Pd (BaSO4 )
By oxidation of alcohol using PCC:

2. Reagents
CH3CH2OH 
PCC
CH3CHO
PCC* = (Pyridinium Chloro Chromate) in CH2Cl2
Ethanol Acetaldehyde
Nonaqueous solvent
.Cl–.CrO3 CH3–CH–CH3  CH3–C–CH3
PCC
+HCl+CrO3  
OH O
Propan-2-ol Propanone
General reactions
CH3
R–CH2–OH  RCHO
PCC
Aldehyde
CH3–C–CH3  No reaction
PCC
R–CH–R  R–C–R

PCC
OH
OH O 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
Ketone
R Note : 3º alcohols don't oxidize by most of the
oxidizing agents
R–C–R  No reaction
PCC
OH
By Stephen's reduction of cyanide : CH3–CN    CH3–CH=O + NH4Cl
(i) SnCl2 / HCl
3. (ii) H2O
Reagents : (i) SnCl2/dry HCl (ii) H2O Ethanenitrile Ethanal
General reactions
Ph–CN    Ph–CH=O + NH4Cl
(i) SnCl2 / HCl
R–CN 
(i) SnCl2 / dry HCl
(ii) H O
 R–CH = O + NH4Cl (ii) H2O
2
Benzene carbonitrile Benzaldehyde
4. Dry distillation of calcium salt of fatty acids : (c) By dry distillation of calcium acetate formate:
O
(a) By dry distillation of calcium formate :
H–C–O
O Ca    CH3–C–H
Dry distillation
CH3–C–O – CaCO3
H–C–O O
Ca 

Dry distillation
H–C–H O
H–C–O – CaCO3
O (d) By dry distillation of calcium acetate and
O
calcium formate :
(b) By dry distillation of calcium acetate : O O
O
CH3–C–O O–C–H Dry distillation
CH3–C–O Ca + Ca 

Ca 
 CH3–C–CH3
Dry distillation CH3–C–O O–C–H –CaCO3
CH3–C–O – CaCO3
O O O
O CH3–C–CH3 + H–C–H + CH3–C–H
O O O
ABC1TO4 - 45
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
Chemical reactions of carbonyl compounds (3-Reactions)

1. Cannizzaro reaction:
Simple Cannizzaro reaction
Aldehydes which do not have an
-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation
and reduction (disproportionation)
reaction on treatment with concentrated
alkali.
Crossed Cannizzaro reaction
On using two types of carbonyl
compounds not having -hydrogen atom,
acid salt will be corresponding to that
aldehyde or ketone which is less sterically less steric more steric
crowded and another will give alcohol. crowding crowding
2. Aldol condensation (or aldol reaction): H

H
Aldehydes and ketones with at least one H  
CH–C–H  CH3–C=CH–C–H
(i) dil.NaOH
CH3–C=O +
-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the H ( ii) 
presence of dilute alkali as catalyst. O O
, -unsaturated
carbonyl compound
H3C
H H3C
 
CH3–C=O + CH–C–CH3   CH –C=CH–C–CH
(i) dil.NaOH
H (ii) 
3 3
O O
, -unsaturated
carbonyl compound
 
Prediction of reactant
C=O + CH3–C–H 
(i) dil.NaOH
C=CH–C–H
(ii) 
O H O
O
H
3. Reaction with NH2OH CH3 
CH3 OH
OH C=O + NH2–OH  H
C=N
 C=N H – H2O
C= O + H2 N–OH 
– H2O
Aldehyde / Ketone Oxime
Aldehyde  Aldoxime
Ketone  Ketoxime
Test for carbonyl compounds

1. 2,4-DNP¼2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine+½Test : CH3
C=O + H2N–NH NO2
Carbonyl compouds (all aldehydes and ketones) H
give yellow–orange precipitate with 2,4-DNP. It is NO2
also knwon as Brady’s reagent. 2, 4-DNP
General Reactions
CH3
C=N–NH NO2
H
NO2
(yellow–orange precipitate of Hydrazone)
ABC1TO4 - 46
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
CH3
C=O + H2N–NH NO2 C=O + H2N–NH NO2
CH3
NO2 NO2
2, 4-DNP 2, 4-DNP
C=N – NH NO2 CH3

C=N–NH NO2
CH3
NO2 NO2
(yellow–orange precipitate of Hydrazone) (yellow–orange precipitate of Hydrazone)
Test for Aldehydes

1. Tollen’s reagent [AgNO3 + NH4OH or O
||
{Ag(NH3)2}+ OH] : AgNO3 NH4 OH 
CH3–CH=O   CH3– C – O + Ag 
Tollen’s Reagent gives silver mirror or Black
precipitate with aldehydes. silver mirror
O
General reactions ||
O AgNO3 NH4 OH 
|| PhCHO   Ph– C – O + Ag 
AgNO3 NH4 OH  silver mirror
R–CH=O   R – C – O + Ag 
silver mirror O
||
Note : HCOOH also gives this test. AgNO3 NH4 OH 
HCOOH   H – C – O + Ag 
silver mirror
2. Fehling or Benedict test (Cu2+ in basic
medium) % O
||
Aliphatic aldehyde gives red precipitate of Cu2O CH3 CH3– C – O
with Fehling/Benedict solution. Cu2+ reduced into
Cu1+and aldehyde oxidised into acid salt.
General reactions O
||
C2H5 C2H5 – C – O
* Aromatic aldehydes do not give this test.

* Schiff reagent is also use for lab test of aliphatic
aldehydes only.
Iodoform Test
Reagents : I2 + NaOH or NaOI (Where R = H,
alkyl, aryl group)
Acetaldehyde, all methyl ketones & ethyl alcohol
give Iodoform test.
General reactions
ABC1TO4 - 47
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

PART-A (Carboxylic acids)
1. MgBr 1. CO2,Et2O Product is –
2. H3O
COOH
(A) (B)
COOH
COOH
(C) COOH (D)
1. CO2, Et2O COOH

2. A A is :
2. H3O
(A) (B) MgBr

MgBr
MgBr
(C) (D)
MgBr
K2Cr2O7/H+
3. Ph–CH2–OH Product is -
O
(A) Ph–CH2–COOH (B) Ph–CH–CH3 (C) Ph–COOH (D) Ph–CH2–O–C–CH3
COOH
CH2–OH
K2Cr2O7/H+
4. Find product is –
COOH
COOH
(A) COOH (B) (C) (D)
COOH
OH
+
5. CrO3/H Product is –
CH3
OH
COOH
COOH
(A) (B) (C) (D)
CH3 CH3 COOH COOH
ABC1TO4 - 48
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
O
+
H2O/H
6. C2H5–C–OCH3 Product is -
(A) CH3COOH, C2H5OH (B) CH3COOH, C2H5–COOH
(C) C2H5–COOH, CH3OH (D) CH3OH, C2H5–OH
O
H2O/H+
7. CH3–C–NH–Ph A+B

A and B are -
O O
(A) Ph–NH–C–H + CH3 –COOH (B) CH3–C–NH2 + Ph–OH
O O
+
(C) CH3–C–NH2 + Ph–COOH (D) CH3–C–OH + Ph–NH3
O O
H2O/H+
8. C2H5–C–O–C–Ph A+B
Ratio of A and B is –
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 1 (D) 2 : 3
9. CN H2O/H Product is –
COOH
(A) (B)
COOH
COOH
(C) COOH (D)
Red P Br2
10. CH3CH2CH2COOH   CH –CH –CH–COOH
3 2
Br
This reaction is called -
(A) cannizzaro reaction (B) Aldol reaction (C) HVZ reaction (D) Reimer Tiemann reaction
COOH SOCl2
11. Product is –

O
(A) (B) C
Cl
Cl
O
C
(C) (D) COOH
H
Cl
Cl
COOH 
12. + NH3 Product is-
O O
(A) (B)
C–O–NH2 C–NH2
COOH
NH2
(C) (D)
COOH
NH2
ABC1TO4 - 49
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
(i) Ag2O
13. Ph–CH–CH–COOH (ii) Br2, 
Product is-
CH3 CH3
Br
(A) Ph–CH–CH–CH2–Br (B) Ph–CCH–CH3 (C) Ph–CH–CH–Br (D) Ph–CH–CH2
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2–Br
COOH (i) Ag2O

14. Product is-
(ii) Br2, 
Br
Br
COOH Br
(A) (B) COOH (C) (D) C–Br
O
COOH NaOH + CaO

15.  Product is-
COOH
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16. CH3–CH–CH2–SO3H + NaHCO3 Product is -

CH3
(A) CH3–CH–SO3Na (B) CH3–CH–CH2–SO3Na + CO2

CH3 CH3
SO3Na
(C) CH3–CH–SO3Na (D) CH3–C–CH3

CH2–CH3 CH3
PART-B (Carbonyl compounds)

17. Product of given reaction is
CH3 –CH2–C–Cl  
H2 / Pd (BaSO4 )
O
(A) CH3–CH2 –CH2–OH (B) CH3 –C H2–C–H
O
(C) (D) None of these
18. Predict the reactant
Reactant   Ph–CH=O

H2 / Pd (BaSO4 )
(A) Ph–CH2OH (B) Ph–COCl (C) Ph–COOCH3 (D) Ph–COCH3
ABC1TO4 - 50
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
19. X  Y
H2
Pd(BaSO4 )
X is :
(A) (B) (C) (D)
CH3–CH–CH2–OH  X
PCC
20.
CH3
O
(A) CH3–CH–COOH (B) CH3–C (C) CH3–CH–CHO (D) CH3–C=O
CH3 CH2–CH3 CH3 CH3
21. Which of the following is product of given reaction
HO OH
PCC
(Pyridinium
Chlorochromate)
CH2OH
O O O O
(A) (B)
CHO COOH
O O
HO OH
(C) (D) None of these
COOH
22.
X is :
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
ABC1TO4 - 51
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
23. CH3–CN    X + NH4Cl

(i) SnCl2 / HCl
(ii) H2O
Identify ‘X’ :
(A) CH3–CH=O (B) CH3–CH2–CH=O (C) CH3CH2OH (D) CH3CH(OH)CH3
O
C–H
24. R 
 (i) SnCl2 / HCl
(ii) H2O
Identify ‘R’ :
CN CH2–OH NH2 CH3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
O
Ph–C–O
Ca   Product
Dry distillation
25.
Ph–C–O
O
O O O OH
(A) Ph–C–H (B) Ph–C–Ph (C) Ph–C–C–Ph (D) Ph–C–C–Ph
O O H
O
Ph–C–O
Ca   Product
Dry distillation
26.
H–C–O
O
O O
(A) Ph–C–H (B) Ph–C–Ph (C) H–C–H (D) Ph–C–C–H
O O O

27. Ca-Salt of Carboxylic acid 
X and Y
(A) (H–COO)2Ca + (CH3–COO)2 Ca (B) (HCOO)2Ca + (CH3–CH2–COO)2Ca
(C) (CH3COO)2Ca + (CH3CH2–COO)2Ca (D) None of these
28. Benzaldehyde, when heated with conc. KOH solution, gives
(A) C6H5CH2OH only
(B) C6H5COOH only
(C) C6H5COOK only
(D) a mixture of C6H5COOK and C6H5CH2OH
29. The Cannizzaro’s reaction is not given by :
(A) C6H5CHO (B) HCHO (C) CH3CHO (D) (CH3)3C–CHO
(CH3)3CCHO + HCHO   A + B

NaOH
30. In the reaction,
heat
the products (A) and (B) are respectively :
(A) (CH3)3CCH2OH and HCOO– Na+. (B) (CH3)3CCOONa and CH3OH.
(C) (CH3)3CCH2OH and CH3OH. (D) (CH3)3COONa and HCOO– Na+.
ABC1TO4 - 52
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4

31. ( X)  
 
SnCl2
HCl
 C6H5COO  C6H5CH2 – OH
HO
(A) (B) (C) (D) C6H5–CN
32. Which of the products is formed when acetone is reacted with dil. NaOH solution after heating?
O CH3 O
||
(A) CH3–C–CH=C–CH3 (B) CH3 – C – CH – CH – CH3
| |
CH3 OH
O OH OH
| |
(C) CH3–C–CH2–C=CH2 (D) CH3 – C — C – CH3
| |
CH3 CH3 CH3
33. Product is :
(A) (B) (C) (D)
34. Reactant   CH3–CH=CH–C–H

(i) dil.NaOH
(ii) 
O
Reactant is :
O O O O
(A) CH3–CH3 (B) H–C–C–H (C) CH3–C–CH3 (D) CH3–C–H

35.
(A) H–CN (B) CH3–CN (C) CH3–CH2–CN (D) CH3–COCl
36. The structure of the compound when acetaldehyde reacts with NH2–OH is
(A) CH3CH=NCONHNH2 (B) CH3CH=NNHCONH2
(C) CH3CH=NOH (D) CH3CH=NNH2

CH3 OH
37. (X) + (Y)  H
C=N
– H2O
idenitfy (X) and (Y)

CH3 CH3
(A) X  C=O ; y = NH2CONHNH2 (B) X  C=O ; y = NH2–NH2
H H
CH CH
(C) X  3 C=O ; y = NH2–OH (D) X  3 C=O ; y = NH2–NH–Ph
H H
ABC1TO4 - 53
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
38. BaSO4
H2
Identify (X) and (Y).
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
39. Benzaldehyde and acetone can be distinguished by

(A) Mulliken Baker test (B) Fehling solution
(C) Iodoform test (D) Ninhydrin test
40. Acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde can be distinguished by

(A) Tollen's test (B) Fehling solution
(C) FeCl3 test (D) NaHCO3 test
41. Propanal and propanone can not be distinguished by

(A) Iodoform test (B) Fehling solution
(C) Tollen's test (D) 2,4- DNP test
42. Which of the following compound will not react with I2 /OH–.
(A) (B) (C) (D) CH3 – CHO
43. 2-Pentanone can be distinguished from 3- Pentanone by which reagent ?

(A) 2, 4- Dinitrophenyl hydrazine (B) Tollen's reagent
(C) I2 and dilute NaOH (D) Fehling solution
44. Tollen’s reagent (AgNO3 + NH4OH) can be used to distinguish between.
(A) and (B) and
(C) and (D) and
ABC1TO4 - 54
ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (A)
6. (C) 7. (D) 8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (C)
11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (C) 15. (B)
16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (B) 19. (C) 20. (C)
21. (A) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (A) 25. (B)
26. (A) 27. (A) 28. (D) 29. (C) 30. (A)
31. (D) 32. (A) 33. (B) 34. (D) 35. (B)
36. (C) 37. (C) 38. (A) 39. (C) 40. (B)
41. (D) 42. (C) 43. (C) 44. (C)
ABC1TO4 - 55

ABC 4 (Theory Exercise)

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ABC 4 (Theory Exercise)

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ABC-1, 2, 3 & 4

ABC-4 (Carboxylic acid & Carbonyl compounds)

(A) CARBOXYLIC ACID

Compound Common name IUPAC name Occurrence

CH3COOH Acetic acid Ethanoic acid Grapes, Vinegar & pickle

Animal fats, vegetables fats

CH3–(CH2)2–COOH Butyric acid Butanoic acid Rancid butter

COOH Cranberries, fruit juice, soft drink,

Preparation of carboxylic acid (3-Methods)

(i) Carbon dioxide is a carbonyl compound

(i) Primary alcohol and aldehydes are readily (i) KMnO , H 

3 By Hydrolysis of acid derivatives: O O

Chemical reactions of carboxylic acid [5-Reactions]

A. Reaction with SOCl2 O O

to form ammonium salts and after heating O

a heavy metal salt of the carboxylic acid is O

(ii) The product is an alkyl halide with one less O

1) carbon atoms. CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3 + 2CO2 + H2 + 2KOH

Lab test of carboxylic acid [3-Tests]

R–COOH + NaHCO3  R–COONa + H2CO3 H2O + CO2

(ii)CH3–SO3H + NaHCO3 CH3SO3Na + H2CO3

Picric acid gives NaHCO3 test.

Note : Phenol does not give NaHCO3 test.

2 Litmus test: Acid converts blue litmus into red litmus.

(B) CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

Rosenmund catalyst : [H2/Pd (BaSO4, quinoline)]

By oxidation of alcohol using PCC:

R–CH–R  R–C–R

Chemical reactions of carbonyl compounds (3-Reactions)

2. Aldol condensation (or aldol reaction): H

Test for carbonyl compounds

C=N – NH NO2 CH3

Test for Aldehydes

* Aromatic aldehydes do not give this test.

ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

(C) COOH (D)

1. CO2, Et2O COOH

(A) (B) MgBr

(A) (B) (C) (D)

CH3 CH3 COOH COOH

(C) COOH (D)

COOH (i) Ag2O

COOH NaOH + CaO

(A) (B) (C) (D)

16. CH3–CH–CH2–SO3H + NaHCO3 Product is -

(A) CH3–CH–SO3Na (B) CH3–CH–CH2–SO3Na + CO2

(C) CH3–CH–SO3Na (D) CH3–C–CH3

PART-B (Carbonyl compounds)

(C) (D) None of these

18. Predict the reactant

Reactant   Ph–CH=O

(A) Ph–CH2OH (B) Ph–COCl (C) Ph–COOCH3 (D) Ph–COCH3

23. CH3–CN    X + NH4Cl

(CH3)3CCHO + HCHO   A + B

(A) (B) (C) (D) C6H5–CN

(A) (B) (C) (D)

34. Reactant   CH3–CH=CH–C–H

(A) H–CN (B) CH3–CN (C) CH3–CH2–CN (D) CH3–COCl

idenitfy (X) and (Y)

39. Benzaldehyde and acetone can be distinguished by

40. Acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde can be distinguished by

41. Propanal and propanone can not be distinguished by

(A) (B) (C) (D) CH3 – CHO

43. 2-Pentanone can be distinguished from 3- Pentanone by which reagent ?