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Carboxylic Acids
General formula = RCOOH (R=alkyl group) or C nH2nO2
O
Functional group = - C-OH (carboxyl group)
Two types of carboxylic acids
1. Aliphatic carboxylic acid
O
RCOOH (R may be H or any alkyl group)
RCOH
Naming
HCOOH Methanoic
acid (Formic acid)
CH3COOH Ethanoic acid
(Acetic acid)
CH3CH2COOH Propanoic
acid
CH3CH2CH2COOH Butanoic acid

2. Aromatic carboxylic acid

COOH

C6H5COOH Benzoic acid

C6H5COONa Sodium
benzoate (used as

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 preservative)
Dioicacid or Dicarboxylic
acid
COOH
CH2COOH
COOH Ethanedioic
acid C(OH)COOH

CH2COOH

Citric
acid (or) hydroxytrioic acid

H
COOH
C=C
trans-butenedioic acid
HOOC H
H H
C=C
cis-butenedioic acid
HOOC
COOH

Derivatives of
carboxylic acid

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 Ethanoic acid
Sodium ethanoate
CH3COOH
CH3COONa
CH3COCl
Ethanoyl chloride (Acid
chloride)
O
CH3-C
O
Acid anhydride
CH3C
O

CH3CONH2
ethanamide
CH3COOR
ester

CH3C=N ethane nitrile

Physical
properties of carboxylic
acid
1. They are
weak acids
and ionize
partially.

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 2. They are
polar
molecules
and have
high b.pt.
3. Small acids
form H-
bonds
with water
molecules.
Thus, they
are
soluble in
water.
Larger
acids are
insoluble
in water
due to the
stronger
intermolec
ular force
of
attraction
between
the
molecules.

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 O---H O

CH3- C H
O H---
O

H
Dimer can be formed in pure
liquid carboxylic acids.

O---H O

CH3- C C-CH3

O– H--O

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