2019 8th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS)

Residual MLP Network for Mental Fatigue

Classification in Mining Workers from Brain Data
1st Ana C. Q. Siravenha
Vale Institute of Technology
Belem, Para
carolinaquintao@gmail.com
2nd Mylena N. F. Reis 3rd Iraquitan Cordeiro
Federal University of Para Vale Institute of Technology
Belem, Para Belem, Para
fr.mylena@gmail.com iraquitanfilho@gmail.com

4rd Renan Arthur Tourinho 5th Bruno D. Gomes 6th Schubert R. Carvalho
Vale S/A Federal University of Para Vale Institute of Technology
Canaa dos Carajas, Para Belem, Para Belem, Para
renan.arthur.tourinho@hotmail.com brunodgomes@yahoo.com.br schubert.carvalho@itv.org

Abstract—At the mining industry, human safety and pro-
ductivity are both desirable in the logistics pipeline. Since the
operation of heavy machines requires continued vigilance and
mental activity, fatigue caused by long hours of work and
constant effort generally occurs in this environment. In general,
mental fatigue is related to a loss of efficiency, leading to a
decrease in productivity and inducing critical errors, which
can provoke equipment breakups or accidents with human
victims. At this high cognitive workload environment, there is
a need for the development of robust monitoring techniques
aiming to predict mental fatigue before workers’ movement
responses become slower, more variable, and more error-prone.
In this work, we introduce a residual multilayer perceptron
(MLP) network (ResMLPNet) and assess its performance in
the challenging problem of mental fatigue classification from
cognitive electrophysiology data, acquired during Virtual Reality
(VR) training sessions mimicking a real operation faced by
excavator workers at the mining industry. In a three-step training
strategy, the ResMLPNet achieved slightly better classification
accuracies compared to its plain MLP architecture.
Keywords-Residual multilayer perceptron network, classifica-
tion, mental fatigue, EEG time series
I. I NTRODUCTION
The operation of heavy machines in the mining industry
requires a balance between safety and productivity, which imply
continued vigilance that can lead to mental fatigue during the
long operation sessions. Mental fatigue is a natural result of
high metal workload demand or prolonged mental effort during
the execution of a laborious task. This process induces a decline
in cognitive performance, which is, among other factors, mostly
responsible for accidents [1]. This condition usually modifies
a mental behavior, which can be observed by changes in brain
rhythms associated with theta, alpha, and beta frequencies of the
electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillation. [2], [3]. Changes in
the activity of cortical regions, mostly the frontal and parietal
sites, also happen [4].
The analysis and classification of mental fatigue from the
EEG time series pose serious challenges. Some of the reasons
are the low signal-to-noise ratio, highly subject-specific data,
and the stochasticity associated with these signals. Another
critical challenge for EEG decoding is choosing the relevant
frequency band(s) that can improve the discrimination of
mental states. The power spectral density (PSD) is one of
the most used techniques to analyze mental states from EEG
data because it estimates how the total power is distributed
over frequencies [5], [6]. The PSD provides a way to analyze
changes in the magnitude of the signal through different
frequency components [5], [6]. Cajochen et al. [7] used the
PSD values of central EEG electrodes positioned at frontal
and parietal regions in theta and alpha bands to define a
set of biomarkers to describe mental workload from EEG
signals. They found that the PSD magnitudes were positively
associated with the increasing of mental workload. Chai et
al. [5] found that using only frontal lobe electrodes were
sufficient to discriminate alert states from fatigue states from
EEG signals.
The efforts to detect neural patterns that characterize the
process of cognitive decline are usually taken in controlled
experiments, in which are specified paradigms for inducing the
desired mental state in cognitive tasks that require wakefulness
with sustained attention [1], visual attention [8] and intense use
of work memory [9]. In this context, Min et al. [10] investigated
the brain regions directly active during the establishment of
fatigue in drivers in a simulated environment, in a period of
up to 2 hours. The first and last five minutes of the recordings
were used as the normal and fatigue mental states. By using
entropy-based measures of 30 channels, they present evidence
that with the monitoring of amplitude values from 13 of those
electrodes is sufficient to distinguish fatigued and non-fatigued
state.
The study of Eoh, Chung, and Kim [3] examine the EEG
changes in fatigued subjects while performing a simulated
driving task. They recorded data from 8 EEG channels
positioned at frontopolar, temporal, parietal, and occipital
regions during 50 min. The data were recorded after a night
of sleep deprivation. They reported that the beta and alpha
frequencies provided statistically significant evidence for mental
alertness monitoring.

2643-6264/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 407

DOI 10.1109/BRACIS.2019.00078
 At this work, the goal is to classify mental processes related
to fatigue and non-fatigue states. To do so, we built a Virtual
Reality (VR) experiment protocol to register EEG data of
mining workers performing excavator operations during 60min.
The operation of heavy machines in the mining industry
requires considerable mental efforts due to the high load of
concentration for keeping production levels high and operating
in safety conditions.
The next sections describe the methodology used in this
paper to 1) implement a residual multilayer perceptron network
to classify mental fatigue states using a public dataset of Min et
al. [10]; 2) use pretrained models for transfer learning mental
fatigue states of our dataset. During the analysis, we assumed
that in our dataset the first and last five minutes encapsulate
mental fatigue states. This hypothesis was adopted to allow
comparisons with the work of Min et al. [10].
II. DATA ACQUISITION AND DATASETS
In this study, we used two datasets 1) a public dataset
(Dataset I), i.e., a two-class driver fatigue study which was
provided by the Center of Collaboration and Innovation, Jiangxi
University of Technology in China [10]; and, 2) a private dataset
(Dataset II), i.e., a two-class excavator fatigue study provided
by the mining company in Brazil. This dataset were collected
by the authors of the present study.
A. Driver Dataset
From herein the driver dataset will be referred as dataset
I. This data set consists of EEG data from twelve young,
healthy men subjects, whose ages ranged from 19–24 years,
who participated in a driving simulator experiment for up to
two hours. No drugs or stimulants such as alcohol or coffee,
were used during the data collection process, and there was no
sleep privation. The experiments were performed with a static
driving simulator in a controlled lab environment. The brain
data were collected at a 1000Hz sampling rate. The EEG
headset contained 30 electrodes and 2 reference electrodes.
The spatial organization of the electrodes followed the 10-20
system. For more details about Dataset I, see [10].
B. Excavator Dataset
From herein, the excavator dataset will be referred to as
dataset II. Figure 1 shows the VR environment, which consisted
of three projection screens and two joysticks for controlling
the excavator. Skills acquired throughout the sessions had
productive focus, i.e., actual productivity goals should be
considered. The EEG data were recorded with the BrainMaster
systems at a sampling rate of 300Hz from 19 active electrodes
according to the 10-20 system, and the reference was set at
the Pz electrode and re-referenced to the average of auricular
electrodes (A1 and A2). The EEG equipment operates with
Bluetooth, which allowed the subject to perform their tasks
without movement restrictions.
Dataset II consisted of EEG data collected from 24 healthy
male subjects with an average age of 36.7 ± 6.8 years old.
The excavator subjects were experienced operators performing
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controlled experimental sessions in a virtual reality excavator
simulator in a mining company.One session was recorded for
each subject during two weeks. A session comprised 15 min
adaptation operating the VR simulator, no EEG was recorded
during the adaptation phase. After this period, each subject
performed a 60 min operation simulating a standard mining
task. The experiment goal was to achieve a minimum of
9.000tons/hour in production of iron ore. It is important
to stress that the experiments were carried out during the work
shift of the operators in the course of the two weeks. Fatigue
mental states (class 2) consisted of the last 5 min EEG data
and non-fatigue mental state (class 1) consisted of the first 5
min EEG data.
Fig. 1. Snapshot of the experiment setup.
C. Data Pre-processing
Databases I and II were double filtered for anti-aliasing
purposes. First with a band-pass filter of 4 to 100Hz, and second
by a 60Hz notch filter. Dataset I was re-sampling from 1000HZ
to 300HZ to match the sampling rate of Dataset II. The
continuous filtered data were, then, divided into 1s segments
(trials). All these pre-processing steps were performed off-
line using the FieldTrip toolbox for EEG/MEG-analysis [11].
Dataset I yielded a total of 3600 samples (12 subjects ∗ 300
trials) for non-fatigue and the same amount for fatigue class,
totalizing 7200 samples. Dataset II added up to 7200 samples
for each mental state, totalizing 14400 samples.
III. F EATURE E NGINEERING
A. Spectral Analysis
The power spectral density (PSD) observes the variations in
the magnitude of the cortical response at specific frequencies.
PSD Φ(ω), given by the equation 1, is the squared magnitude
of the Fourier transform.
 2
 1 ∞  F (ω)F ∗ (ω)
 −iωn 
Φ(ω) =  √ f (n)e  = , (1)
 2π n=−∞  2π
where ω is the angular frequency, F (ω) is the discrete-time
Fourier transform of f (n), and F ∗ (ω) is its complex conjugate.
f (n) must be a finite power integrable function.
In an attempt to maintain a reasonable resolution of the
signal at the frequencies, the multitaper windowing method
calculates the Fourier coefficients [12]. It also circumvents the
effects of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which deals
with the troubled relationship of the resolution of the same
signal in time and frequency.
(a) Plain MLP
B. Feature vector
The feature vector combines the average PSD index in each
electrode of the theta, alpha,and beta waves.
 Formally, there
is the index vector Fpsd = Cα , Cβ , Cθ ∈ R3ζ , where ζ is
the number of analyzed electrodes. Cα ∈ Rζ , Cβ ∈ Rζ and (b) ResMLPNet
Cθ ∈ Rζ representing the PSD values in each electrode and
band.
This proposal aims to apply the knowledge acquired from
the benchmark database to a particular database, but that the
number of useful electrodes in both databases is different,
ζbenchmark = 30 and ζdatasetII = 19, and to make the data (c) ResMLPNet 1
comparable, the 11 missing electrodes in dataset II are removed
from the benchmark database. Hence, each trial is represented
by a vector such as Fpsd ∈ R57 :
 
Fpsd = Cα , Cβ , Cθ (d) ResMLPNet 2

= [Cα1 , Cα2 , · · · , Cαζ , Cβ1 , Cβ2 , · · · , Cβζ , Cθ1 , Cθ2 , · · · , Cθζ ]

(2)
Considering that each 5 minutes signal is a 300-long amount
of 1-second trials, the dataset of Benchmark has, for each one
of its 12 subjects, 300 trials of normal signal and 300 trials
of the fatigued signal, leading to 3600 samples per class. The
dataset II has 24 subjects, each one with the same number of
trials and classes, then, each class has 7200 samples.
(e) Blocks of layers
C. Data normalization
Data normalization is a well known procedure to reduce Fig. 2. Four network architectures experimented in this work and the legend
of the blocks.
the data variability and improve the analysis understanding.
Considering each of 57 columns is a different signal measure,
the min-max normalization column-by-column and class by
improvements in classification accuracy results when compared
class seems applicable [13]. Taking ti,cls (i ∈ η) of each class
with their plain network versions [15]. Inspired by previous
separately, the normalized column is:
works [15], [14], we built a residual multilayer perceptron
network architecture - or ResMLPNet for short - with residuals
 ti,cls − minti,cls
ti,cls = (newmaxti,cls − newminti,cls ) at every two fully-connected layers. More formally, a residual
maxti,cls − minti,cls ResMLPNet block is defined as:
+newminti,cls ,
(3) xl+1 = xl + F(Wl , xl ), (4)
where minti,cls and maxti,cls are the minimum and maximum where xl is the input of the previous block, xl+1 is the output
values of column ti,cls , while the new values newminti,cls and of the current block, and F(Wl , xl ) is a residual subnetwork
newmaxti,cls are 0 and 1, respectively. that performs a linear mapping on xl . F is a residual function,
IV. R ESIDUAL MLP N ETWORK in our case a stack of 2 fully-connected layers. Equation 4 is
the shortcut connection performed by element-wise addition.
A. Residual Network
For simplicity biases terms were removed from Equation 4. In
Residual networks (ResNets) are block-based architectures order to perform a shortcut connection, the dimensions of x
used to training deep neural networks because their ability to and F must be the same. Due to linear mapping computations
ease vanishing gradient problems [14]. Another characteristic these dimensions normally differ. To match the dimensions, a
of ResNets is that they can send past information through linear projection Ws is performed on the linear mapping F:
deeper layers with the use of skipped connections or shortcuts.
In image classification tasks, skipped connections have shown xl+1 = xl + Ws F(Wl , xl ). (5)

409
Because cleaner paths generally improve classification accuracy, The experiments were tested in a system with Windows
differently from [15], [14], the linear mapping is performed 10 Pro, Intel Core i7-7820HK CPU 2.90Gh, 32 GB RAM,
on the residual function instead of xl . In this work, Ws is a and GeForce GTX 1070 graphic card, and the codes were
pooling layer. implemented in Python using the Pytorch platform.
B. Network Architectures A. Dataset I Classification
Figure 2 shows the four architecture models used in this
work. For comparison reasons, Figure 2(a) depicts the plain
network architecture of the ResMLPNet, i.e., without skipped
connections. The term "plain" used to describe the network
without residual layers follows the nomenclature employed by
He et al. [15]. Figures 2(b) and 2(c) shows two ResMLPNet
versions of the plain network. The first with skipped connec-
tions at every 2 fully-connected layers and the second with
skipped connections at every 4 fully-connected, respectively.
In the first and second ResMLPNets, the addition is performed
before the activation function ReLU. The third architecture
shown in figure 2(d) is similar to the network in Figures 2(b),
but the difference is that additions are performed before the
ReLU activation. The network output is a softmax function.
C. Training Protocol
All the three steps described below were followed when Fig. 3. Accuracy and loss of Training in the first stage
training all proposed models.
a) First step: In this phase, dataset I were used as a The training of the models using data from Min et al. [10]
benchmark to classify the two mental states. 80% of the dataset and the process described in the first step took, on average, three
was used for training and the remaining 20% was used for minutes to achieve accuracies close to 100%. The ResMLPNet
validation. The initial learning rate was set to 1 × 10−2 , and took 84 epochs to converge, while its ‘2’, 182. The Figure 3
was reduced by a factor of 10 when the validation loss has presents the four models performances, where the main axis
stopped decreasing by at least 1 × 10−4 for two consecutive in blue pictures the accuracy, while the secondary axis shows
epochs. If the validation loss does not improve after 50 epochs the model loss in red. Solid lines represent values of training
the training process stopped. and the dashed ones, the validation assessments.
b) Second step: According to the experiment design, the
dataset II supposedly comprises the two mental states. To test B. Dataset II Classification
this hypothesis 80% of dataset II was used to adjust the learned
weights from the models of the previous phase. The training
proceeded without regularization and using the same initial
learning rate without decay.
c) Third step: The last phase takes the overtrained model
and regularizes its weights to better generalize the datasets.
At this stage, the reduce-on-plateau strategy is employed, as
well as the validation step and the early stopping. The training
lasts at most 300 epochs or when the validation loss stopped
decreasing. 80% of dataset II was used to train the networks,
10% of dataset II was used for validation, and the remaining
10% of the samples was used as a test set.
V. E XPERIMENTS
In this paper, we investigate the potential of identifying two
kinds of mental states which can be related to the occurrence of
mental fatigue. To do so, we used a three-step learning strategy, Fig. 4. Accuracy and loss of Training in the second stage
being the first one supported by the so called dataset I which
comprising data labeled as mentally normal and fatigued. The The second stage aims to train the model until it overfits,
second and third learning steps used the dataset II, which was starting from the model trained in the first step. It used 80%
divided into three parts, train, validation, and test. The metrics of the training data from dataset II, with any mechanisms of
of overall accuracy, recall, and precision were used to evaluate regularization enabled. It took approximately 5 minutes to train
the results. the model until 300 epochs, as pictured in Figure 4. The plain

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 TABLE I
ACCURACIES OF TRAIN AND VALIDATION OF DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURES

Train Validation Test

Architecture
Accuracy (%) Loss Accuracy (%) Loss Accuracy (%)
ResMLPNet 86.58 0.4452 80.53 0.5059 80.69
Plain MLP 82.47 0.4845 80.62 0.5056 80.42
ResMLPNet 1 85.41 0.4582 79.03 0.5223 77.78
ResMLPNet 2 86.43 0.4470 80.63 0.5063 77.43

MLP took just a few epochs to reach a plateau around which correctly and incorrectly classified. The last row in the table
it ranged until the last epoch. The other models presented a represents the true positive ratio and the false negative rate,
smoother curve with progressive accuracies rates, achieving also known as recall measures.
accuracies close to 95%. The accuracy of the plain MLP was
VI. D ISCUSSIONS
of 88.6%.
TABLE II TABLE IV
C ONFUSION MATRIX OF THE R ES MLPN ET TEST C ONFUSION MATRIX OF THE R ES MLPN ET 1

Normal Fatigue Precision Normal Fatigue Precision

727 779
587 140 592 187
Normal 80.7% Normal 76%
40.8% 9.7% 41.1% 13%
19.3% 24%
713 661
138 575 133 528
Fatigue 80.6% Fatigue 79.9%
9.6% 39.9% 9.2% 36.7%
19.4% 20.1%
725 715 1440 725 715 1440
Recall 81% 80.4% 80.7% Recall 81.7% 73.8% 77.8%
19% 19.6% 19.3% 18.3% 26.2% 22.2%

TABLE III TABLE V

C ONFUSION MATRIX OF THE PLAIN MLP TEST C ONFUSION MATRIX OF THE R ES MLPN ET 2

Normal Fatigue Precision Normal Fatigue Precision

725 814
584 141 607 207
Normal 80.6% Normal 74.6%
40.6% 9.8% 42.2% 14.4%
19.4% 25.4%
715 626
141 574 118 508
Fatigue 80.3% Fatigue 81.2%
9.8% 39.9% 8.2% 35.3%
19.7% 18.8%
725 715 1440 725 715 1440
Recall 80.6% 80.3% 80.4% Recall 83.7% 71% 77.4%
19.4% 19.7% 19.6% 16.3% 29% 22.6%

The last training step enabled back the method for over-
fitting prevention of the first stage. The Table I presents the
assessments of the four models in train Validation and test, in
which are highlighted the best performances at each phase.
The ResMLPNet have achieved the higher accuracies in
train and test, 86.58% and 80.69%, respectively. The 2 of
ResMLPNet have presented similar assessments of train and
validation, but its test’s accuracy may indicate the model
overfitting. The plain MLP performed concisely, including
giving the lower value of loss in validation dataset.
The Table II presents the test assessments of the best model,
pictured by the confusion matrix of this result. As usual, the
main diagonal presents the model’s correct assumptions, and
the off-diagonal cells correspond to incorrectly observations.
The test dataset comprises a total of 725 samples from class
normal and 715 samples from the class fatigue. The model
precision, given in the far right column, shows the percentages
of all the samples predicted to belong to each class that is
The indices and accuracies presented so far are the result
of an innumerable amount of tests. Several architectures
and configurations led to the models presented here. The
ResMLPNet and its two variants, and its plain version achieved
similar values of accuracy and loss during train, as well as
during the validation and test. The tests used the same initial
learning rate of 1e-3, the weight decay rate of 1e-1, and dropout
rate (when applicable) of 10%.
The primary source of confusion and misclassification
of the plain MLP model came from the data representing
the non-fatigued state (Table III). The misclassification of
177 over 725 samples represents 46 more samples than the
misclassification over the fatigued observations. In absolute
numbers, the misclassification by the ResMLPNet, in the same
order, occurred in 138 and 140 samples, i.e., 40 more examples
that were correctly assigned. The ResMLPNet 1 (Table IV)
misclassified 187 samples from the assumed fatigued data, but
the ResMLPNet 2 (Table V) achieved the worst performance

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in classifying these samples, 207 samples. However, this model
misclassified only 7.8% of the 725 samples of the first period.
The performance of classification of the dataset I overlapped
the results presented in [10], 98.3%, in all models implemented.
It can support the following results presented when classifying
the dataset II. The fact of the data of excavator operation has
been successfully differentiated the signals at different times
also indicates the reliability of the raised assumption.
The misclassification in dataset II may lie on the fact that
several factors are biasing this particular experiment. Unlike
from a simulating driving task, the actual simulated task is
directly related to professional questions, besides the personal
ones. The simulation environment is another way to evaluate the
employees in the mining company; thus there is a psychological
factor that doesn’t exist in another context. Besides, some of
the subjects, mainly the older ones, are reticent to the simulated
excavation. Some of them reported nausea or another physical
discomfort during the section.
Another noted aspect is the fact that the operators where
chose during their work shift. They work in turns of twelve
hours for three days before a rest period of other three days.
The workers were authorized to experiment according to
guidelines of company; hence the data collection occurs with
no standardization over the day in the shift they were. It is
possible to suppose that a person in its first day in a row deal
with the task differently than a person on their last day in a
shift. Also, it is essential to highlight that a person working
during the night, i.e., with his circadian cycle shifted, may
have its performance altered somehow. It is an excellent point
to be considered in future works. Analyze the dataset in terms
of work period (day and night) or in terms of day in the shift
work are available possibilities to understand the nature of this
new dataset.
VII. C ONCLUSION
Mental fatigue is related to a decrease in productivity in the
workplace and may induce critical errors. The present work
has introduced a residual multiple layer perceptron (MLP)
network (ResMLPNet) and a three-steps training methodology
to assess the mental fatigue pattern in a private dataset. The
monitored activity mimic a real operation of ore excavation in
a VR environment. The results have shown that ResMLPNet
is efficient for the classification of structured data. The plain
version is as accurate as of the residual one, although its
robustness must be better evaluated. The authors aims to expand
the present conclusions by the dataset enlargement, and also
including different perspectives to the mental fatigue assessment
in a real application.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by SENAI Innovation Institute
for Mineral Technologies and Vale Institute of Technology.
It was partially financed in part by the Coordination for the
Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) at pro-
cess 88887.141251/2017-00, and also by the National Council
for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) at calls
412
ChMCTI/CNPq/VALE-ITV (443304/2015-7), CNPq/ITV 2018
(402764/2018-8) and DT-2018 (315462/2018-3).
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