Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7 , Issue 9, 2020

CLASSIFICATION OF GENDER BY VOICE RECOGNITION USING MACHINE LEARNING

ALGORITHMS
R. Shiva Shankar1, J. Raghaveni2, Pravallika Rudraraju3, Y.Vineela Sravya4
1-4 Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
1-2S.R.K.R. Engineering College, Bhimavaram, West Godavari, Andhrapradesh, India
3-4Vignan’s Institute of Engineering for Women, Kalujaggurajapeta, Visakhapatnam, Andhrapradesh, India

shiva.srkr@gmail.com

Received: 25.03.2020 Revised: 26.04.2020 Accepted: 27.05.2020

Abstract:
Now a day’s the person’s gender has become very important in the economic markets in the type of advertisements. The objective of this
project is to design a system that determines the speaker gender using the pitch of the speaker's voice. Identifying the gender from the
properties of voice data set i.e., pitch, median, frequency etc. can be possible by using machine learning. In this project, we are trying to
classify gender into male or female based on the dataset containing various attributes related to voice like pitch, frequency etc. Data pre-
processing steps should be performed to find the gender classification of voice data by using algorithms of machine learning. The
proposed system can be used to find the best algorithm among K-nearest neighbors (KNN), Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Decision
Tree, support vector machine and gradient boosting to detect the gender of the speaker with maximum possible efficiency and accuracy.

Keywords: Data pre-processing, gender classification, K-nearest neighbors (KNN), Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree,
support vector machine and gradient boosting.

© 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.222

INTRODUCTION the computers. The objective of these experiments is to provide

Gender classification is an important function which can increase
the efficiency of various applications like marketing, voice
identification and online advertisements involving voice. Recent
developments in human-computer interaction, recognition of
speech and biometric security systems leads to a rapid increase
in applications of gender recognition system. There are many
genders with different voices around us [1]. The voice of human
speech is a good communication tool which consists of various
unique features such as language, age, emotional state and
gender. A human voice contains sound waves that are
distinguished among all other humans in which different
frequency are carried by each sound wave. Identifying a gender
based on voice that deploys various applications like advertising,
marketing strategies, investigating in crime scenarios and to
enhance human computer interaction systems mainly to improve
level of user satisfaction which depends on gender voice by
customer services [2].
more accurate and efficient algorithms for the classification.
However, gender recognition by voice is still considered a
difficult and challenging task for an accurate prediction model
[4]. To identify a gender based on voice, a trained model was
required. The model was trained by using a dataset. Thousands
of male and female voices are taken as samples to build a dataset.
The voice dataset is transformed into various parameters like
pitch, frequency and mean etc. As machine learning gives more
efficient results for various classification problems in many
research areas.
Our main aim is to predict the gender with different algorithms
in machine learning using voice data set. The main objective is to
evaluate any algorithm is its performance by comparing the
accuracy of the different algorithms. The algorithm which has
best fit for voice dataset gives best accuracy is used for
classification.

Classification of Gender using pitch analysis mainly aims to LITERATURE SURVEY

predict the speaker’s gender by analyzing the voice
samplecontaining different parameters. The system mainly
works to analyze the pitch of the speech signals. There is a slight
variation between average pitch value of male and average pitch
value. Comparison of various pitch values of male and female
voice samples is present in analysis [3].Frequency is used to
differentiate the male and female human voices which are nearly
in the range of 8 kHz to 180HZ. Males speak with lower
frequencies when compared to females. The male voice
frequency is in the range 80Hz to 180Hz, with an average value.
For a Female voice frequency, it ranges from 165Hz to
255Hz.Therefore; we can train a model to classify the gender by
calculating the mean frequency of the speech samples. This can
be done using machine learning by training model with different
algorithms.
Machine learning is a technology which consist wide range of
applications used in different fields to predict values in finance,
banking and marketing etc by using algorithms and data to train
Mansour Alsulaiman, ZulfiqarAliIn et al., [5] proposed a gender
classification methodology that measures the speaker’s speech
signal intensity to make decision. Voice intensity is calculated
using Simpson’s rule to measure area under normalized curve.
An adaptively adjusted threshold has been used to make a
decision on type of gender. Gender type is classified based on
area of utterance, if it is above the threshold the gender type is
female otherwise male.
Igor bisio, Alessandro delfino, andandrea sciarrone et al., [6]
proposed a model to predict human emotional state from audio
signals which improves interaction between humans and
computers, which allows in improving human-computer
intelligent interaction. It has 2 subsystems, emotion recognition
and gender recognition. It uses various algorithms like Maximum
Likelihood Bayes classifier, SVM, Artificial Neural Network,
Hidden Markov model and k-Nearest Neighbours.
Mucahit Buyukyilmaz, Ali Osman Cibikdiken et al [7] proposed a
deep learning model known as Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) to

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 CLASSIFICATION OF GENDER BY VOICE RECOGNITION USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS

recognize voice of a gender. The model shows that acoustic
properties of voice and speech can be used to detect the gender.
An MLP deep learning algorithm has been used to obtain the
model for classification from dataset which have parameters of
voice samples and proposed the model that achieves 96.74%
accuracy.
Chiu Ying Hay, Ng Hian James Et Al [8] proposed a gender
classification system that can be used to identify the gender by
analyzing voice samples. It analyses using a pitch detection
algorithm. To process voice signal time-domain or frequency-
domain approaches are used. Gender of a voice sample can be
determined using a simple weight scoring algorithm.
Kavitha Yadav, Moreshmukhedkar et al [9] proposed a MFCC
Based Speaker Recognition using Mat lab. The proposed system
comprises of Speaker Identification and Speaker Verification.
Pitch Detection Algorithm (PDA) is a set of steps used to detect
pitch of speech signal. Feature Extraction and Feature matching
are two important modules in Gender Identification. For feature
extraction MFCC, PLP methods are used for Feature matching
Dynamic time warping is used.
Bhagya Laxmi Jena, Beda Prakash and Panigrahi et al [10] have
done their research in Gender classification by pitch analysis. It
mainly concentrates on speech signals pitch analysis. When
compared average pitch value of male and average pitch value of
female are different. Comparison of different pitch values of male
and female voice samples are included in analysis.
T. Jayasankar, K. Vinothkumar, Arputha Vijayaselvi et al [11]
proposed an automatic gender classification system to determine
the gender through speech signal. There are two levels to
generate gender recognition system namely front-end and back-
end. Set of vectors known as feature energy entropy (EE), zero
crossing rate (ZCR) and short time energy (STE) are represented
in front end. The back-end is a classifier.
Priyankamakwana et al [12] proposed that a human can easily
identify a gender male or female by voice but is very difficult for
a computer to identify the gender by voice. So, there should be
special learning or training like providing inputs, methodology
for a computer that task.
Jerzy SAS, Alexander et al [13] proposed a gender recognition
using ASR techniques and neural networks. It presents technique
to gender by using MFCC features. The speech signal is divided
into 20 Ms frames. Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients are
extracted for each frame and the created feature vector is fetched
into a neural network classifier, which classifies each frame as
male or female.
Soonil kwon, Guiyoung son, and Neungsoo et al [14] proposed
Recurrent Neural Networks technique to classify Gender based
on the Non-Lexical Cues of Emergency calls. There are many
researchers have been performed in the last two decades but still
need to improve. Recurrent neural networks and SVM are the
two machine learning methods used to classify the gender.
Hadi Hard, Limening Chen et al [15] have done a research on
gender identification based on speech signal. Different
parameters of voice samples are analyzed to predict gender of
speaker in gender classification by speech analysis. The fusion of
features and classifiers performs better than any individual
classifier.
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
System architecture describes the overall structure of the system
and the way in which the structure provides integrity. From
figure 1 initially the voice dataset is preprocessed using
techniques like normalization. Now the preprocessed data is
spitted into training and testing data in the ratio of 80% and 20%
respectively. The trained model is now tested by using the
testing dataset to calculate the evaluation metrics like accuracy,
precision, Recall, F1score, Cohen Kappa Score. Then Compare the
accuracies produced by the different trained models and best
accuracy produced model is chosen best for classification.

Voice dataset Data pre-processing

Training Testing Dataset

Dataset

ALGORITHMS
SVM
KNN
Decision Tree
Logistic Regression
Random Forest
Gradient Boosting

Trained
Model

Best Accuracy Compare Accuracy

results
Fig 1: System Architecture

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METHODOLOGIES
Data Set: The voice dataset contains different properties which
are used to classify the gender into male and female. Training
dataset consists of nearly 3000 voice samples with different
parameters and those are collected from kaggle.com. It has 21
Voice Data set Data Pre-processing
Data Pre-processing
Fig 2: System model of data pre-processing
Data Pre-processing: As shown in Fig 2, a data set was taken
and pre-processed using techniques like data cleaning, data
transformation and data reduction. The pre-processed data set
was sent into different machine learning algorithms which
results outputs (either male or female). We consider the best
accurate output as a final result. Data pre-processing is
performed before storing the data in the database. It is a process
in which missing values are filled and avoid noisy data
(irrelevant data). Also, we are required to do scaling on numeric
columns. To perform scaling Normalization is used on feature
columns.
Normalization: It is a process used to change values which are
in particular range of zero to one in dataset.
x= (xdata-ns.min (xdata))/ ((ns.max (xdata))
Whereas xdata=Feature columns in the dataset.
Fig 3: Histograms for various attributes
IMPLEMENTATION
Algorithms Used:
SVM:
In SVM the data points are split in the x-y axis. Then find the best
hyper plane which has maximum margin i.e. distance to the
closet data point in each group should be maximum. As shown in
the fig 4, the line splits into the data between two different
Journal of critical reviews
attributes. The attributes are sd, meanfreq, median, Q25, Q75,
IQR, skew, Kurt, sp.ent, sfm, mode, centroid, meanfun, minfun,
maxfun, meandom, maxdom, dfrange, modindx, label. The target
attribute is label which has male and female values.
Algorithms
SVM
KNN
Decision tree
Random forest
Logistic regression
Gradient Boosting
ns =Object for numpy
ns.min (xdata) =minimum value for particular row in dataset.
np.max (xdata) =maximum value for particular row in dataset
Model Testing: After pre-processing the dataset will split into
80% which is used for training and 20% is used for testing. The
trained model is now tested against the testing data set. Then
compare the results from different trained models and choose
the best model. The present work intends to find best solution to
predict the gender by using machine learning techniques.
Histogram: This project contains 21 attributes such as
meanfreq, sd, median, Q25, Q75, IQR, skew, Kurt, sp.ent, sfm,
mode, centroid, meanfun, minfun, maxfun, meandom, maxdom,
dfrange, modindx. Each attribute maintains a different
histogram. A Histogram consists of rectangles whose area is
proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is
equal to the class interval as represented in the figure 3.
groups of data. The attribute values are split in the xy plane by
taking IQR as x-axis and mean fun as y-axis then the trained svm
model finds the best hyper plane. Here the training dataset is
trained by using model, and then the trained model is evaluated
against the testing data to calculate the evaluation metrics.
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Fig 4: Diagram for SVM

Algorithm for SVM

Input: Voice Dataset in csv format.
Output: Trained Model with evaluation metrics like Accuracy, precision, F1 score, Recall, Kappa score.

Step1: In step1 packages are imported to perform Numerical calculations and visualization of graphs.
import numpy as ny
import pandas as ps
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn metrics import accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score, f1_score, cohen_kappa_score

Step 2: In step 2 pandas object pd is used to read the dataset into a variable named set. The function read_csv is used to read the dataset.
set = ps.read_csv("voicedataset.csv")

Step 3: In step 3 Categorical values are transformed to Numerical values in the label attribute through male and female which are taken
as ‘0’ and ‘1’ respectively.
Set. label = [1 if each == "female" else 0 for each in set. label]

Step 3.1: In step 3.1 divide the data into feature and target columns. y is the target column and xdata contains feature columns.
y =set.label.values
xdata = set.drop(["label"],axis=1)

Step 3.2: In step 3.2 perform Normalization to the Feature columns.

x = (xdata - ns.min(xdata)) / (ns.max(xdata)). values

Step 4: In step 4 Split the data into training data and testing data with testing data size is about 20% of the dataset. The function
train_test_split () divides the dataset into training data and testing data.
xtrain, xtest, ytrain, ytest = train_test_split (x,y,test_size=0.2,random_state = 30)

Step 5: Train the model

Step 5.1: Create an object for SVM.An object svm is created for support vector classifier (SVC).
svm = SVC (random state=42)

Step 5.2: Train the model with Train data.svm.fit () is used to train the model using training dataset.
svm.fit(xtrain, ytrain)

Step 6: Evaluate the performance of the Model. Calculate accuracy and other evaluation metrics.

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f=svm.predict(xtest)
accscore = accuracy_score(ytest, f)
recscore = recall_score(ytest, f)
f1score = f1_score (ytest, f)
kappascore=cohen_kappa_score(ytest,f)
prescore = precision_score(ytest, f)

In these packages are imported to perform numerical DECISION TREE:

calculations and an object panda is taken as Pd to read the
dataset. Here categorical values are transformed to numerical
values through male and female which are taken as 0 or 1
respectively. The data set is split into training and test datasets,
an object is created for SVM algorithm to generate a trained
model. This trained model evaluates various scores when
compared with target values of test data.
Classification and regression problems can be solved by Decision
tree. Decision tree uses ID3 algorithm technique that divides
attributes into 2 different groups. The attribute which has high
entropy is taken as root node i.e meanfun which is shown in the
figure 5. The trained model is evaluated against the testing data
to calculate the evaluation metrics. In fig 5 the trained model
generates the Decision tree for the voice data

Fig 5: Diagram for decision tree

Algorithm for Decision Tree

Input: Voice Dataset in csv Format.
Output: Trained Model with evaluation metrics like Accuracy, precision, F1 score, Recall, Kappa score.

Step1: In step1 packages are imported to perform Numerical calculations and visualization of graphs.
import numpy as ns
import pandas as ps
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score,f1_score, cohen_kappa_score

Step 2: In step 2 pandas object pd is used to read the dataset into a variable named data. The function read_csv is used to read the
dataset.
set = ps.read_csv("voicedataset.csv")

Step 3: In step 3 Categorical values are transformed to Numerical values in the label attribute through male and female which are taken
as ‘0’ and ‘1’ respectively.
set.label = [1 if each == "female" else 0 for each in set.label]

Step 3.1: In step 3.1 divide the data into feature and target columns.y is the target column and xdata contains feature columns.
y = set.label.values
xdata = set.drop(["label"],axis=1)

Step 3.2: In step 3.2 perform Normalization to the Feature columns.

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x = (xdata - ns.min(xdata)) / (ns.max(xdata)). Values

Step 4: In step 4 Split the data into training data and testing data with testing data size is about 20% of the dataset. The function
train_test_split () divides the dataset into training data and testing data.
xtrain, xtest, ytrain, ytest = train_test_split (x,y,test_size=0.2,random_state = 30)

Step5: Train the model

Step 5.1: Create an object for Decision Tree classifier.
dectree = DecisionTreeClassifier ()

Step 5.2: Train the model with Train data.dectree.fit () is used to train the model using training dataset.
dectree.fit(xtrain, ytrain)

Step 6: Evaluate the performance of the Model. Calculate accuracy and other evaluation metrics.
f=dec_tree.predict(xtest)
accscore = accuracy_score(ytest, f)
recscore = recall_score(ytest, f)
f1score = f1_score (ytest, f)
kappascore =cohen_kappa_score(ytest,f)
prescore = precision_score(ytest, f)

In these packages are imported to perform numerical
calculations and an object pandas is taken as pd to read the
dataset. Here categorical values are transformed to numerical
values through male and female which are taken as 0 or 1
respectively. The data set is split into training and test datasets,
an object is created for decision tree algorithm to generate a
trained model. This trained model evaluates various scores when
compared with target values of test data.
LOGISTIC REGRESSION:
It is a classification algorithm which is used to predict the
probability of a categorical dependent variable which contains 0
or 1. Here x-axis represents IQR and y-axis represents mean fun.
First the dataset is loaded into a variable then dataset will split.
The trained model is evaluated against the testing data to get
metrics.
Algorithm for Logistic Regression
Input: Voice Dataset in csv Format.
Output: Trained Model with evaluation metrics like Accuracy,
precision, F1 score, Recall, Kappa score.

Step1: In step1 packages are imported to perform Numerical calculations and visualization of graphs.
import numpy as ns
import pandas as ps
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score,f1_score, cohen_kappa_score

Step 2: In step 2 pandas object pd is used to read the dataset into a variable named data. The function read_csv is used to read the
dataset.
set = ps.read_csv("voicedataset.csv")

Step 3: In step 3 Categorical values are transformed to Numerical values in the label attribute through male and female which are taken
as ‘0’ and ‘1’ respectively.
set.label = [1 if each == "female" else 0 for each in set.label]

Step 3.1: In step 3.1 divide the data into feature and target columns, y is the target column and x data contain feature columns.
y = set.label.values
xdata = set.drop(["label"],axis=1)

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Step 3.2: In step 3.2 perform Normalization to the Feature columns.

x = (xdata- ns.min(xdata)) / (ns.max(xdata)). Values

Step 4: In step 4 Split the data into training data and testing data with testing data size is about 20% of the dataset. The function
train_test_split () divides the dataset into training data and testing data.
xtrain, xtest, ytrain, ytest = train_test_split (x,y,test_size=0.2,random_state = 30)

Step5: Train the model

Step 5.1: Create an object for Logistic Regression.
logreg = LogisticRegression()

Step 5.2: Train the model with Train data.logreg.fit () is used to train the model using training dataset.
logreg.fit(xtrain, ytrain)

Step 6: Evaluate the performance of the Model. Calculate accuracy and other evaluation metrics.
f=log_reg.predict(xtest)
accscore = accuracy_score(ytest, f)
recscore = recall_score(ytest, f)
f1score = f1_score (ytest, f)
kappascore =cohen_kappa_score(ytest,f)
precision = precision_score(ytest, f)

In these packages are imported to perform numerical RANDOM FOREST:

calculations and an object pandas is taken as pd to read the
dataset. Here categorical values are transformed to numerical
values through male and female which are taken as 0 or 1
respectively. The data set is split into training and test datasets,
an object is created for logistic regression algorithm to generate
a trained model. This trained model evaluates various scores
when compared with target values of test data.
It is an ensemble learning method used to achieve better
predictive performance value. From the samples of training data
the random selection will be made by using of classification or
regression trees. In figure 6 the predictions can be made with a
large number of individual decision trees.

Fig 6: Diagram for random forest

Algorithm for Random Forest

Input: Voice Data set in csv Format.
Output: Trained Model with evaluation metrics like Accuracy, precision, F1 score, Recall, Kappa score.

Step1: In step1 packages are imported to perform Numerical calculations and visualization of graphs.

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import numpy as ns
import pandas as ps
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score, f1_score, cohen_kappa_score

Step 2: In step 2 pandas object pd is used to read the dataset into a variable named data. The function read_csv is used to read the
dataset.
set = ps.read_csv("voicedataset.csv")

Step 3: In step 3 Categorical values are transformed to Numerical values in the label attribute through male and female which are taken
as ‘0’ and ‘1’ respectively.
set.label = [1 if each == "female" else 0 for each in set.label]
Step 3.1: In step 3.1 divide the data into feature and target columns.y is the target column and xdata contains feature columns.
y = set.label.values
xdata = set.drop(["label"],axis=1)
Step 3.2: In step 3.2 perform Normalization to the Feature columns.
x = (xdata - ns.min(xdata)) / (ns.max(xdata)) values

Step 4: In step 4 Split the data into training data and testing data with testing data size is about 20% of the dataset. The function
train_test_split () divides the dataset into training data and testing data.
xtrain, xtest, ytrain, ytest = train_test_split (x,y,test_size=0.2,random_state = 30)

Step 5: Train the model

Step 5.1: Create an object for Random Forest classifier.
randforest = RandomForestClassifier (n_estimators=100, random_state=40)
Step 5.2: Train the model with Train data.randforest.fit () is used to train the model using training dataset.
randforest.fit(xtrain, ytrain)

Step 6: Evaluate the performance of the Model. Calculate accuracy and other evaluation metrics.
f=rand_forest.predict(xtest)
accscore = accuracy_score(ytest, f)
recscore = recall_score(ytest, f)
f1score = f1_score (ytest, f)
kappascore=cohen_kappa_score(ytest,f)
prescore = precision_score(ytest, f)

In these packages are imported to perform numerical K-NEAREST NEIGHBOUR:

calculations and an object pandas is taken as pd to read the
dataset. Here categorical values are transformed to numerical
values through male and female which are taken as 0 or 1
respectively. An object is created for random forest algorithm to
generate a trained model. This trained model evaluates various
scores when compared with target values of test data.
One of the supervised machine learning algorithms known as
KNN which is used to solve both classification and regression
problems. In this algorithm use data and classify new data based
on similarity measures. A classification can be made as majority
vote to its neighbours. Then the trained model is evaluated
against the testing data to calculate the evaluation metrics.
Accuracy might increase with increase in number of nearest
neighbours, the value of k.

Algorithm for KNN

Input: Voice Dataset in csv Format.
Output: Trained Model with evaluation metrics like Accuracy, precision, F1 score, Recall, Kappa score.

Step1: In step1 packages are imported to perform Numerical calculations and visualization of graphs.

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import numpy as ns
import pandas as ps
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score,f1_score, cohen_kappa_score

Step 2: In step 2 pandas object pd is used to read the dataset into a variable named data. The function read_csv is used to read the
dataset
set = ps.read_csv("voicedataset.csv")

Step 3: In step 3 Categorical values are transformed to Numerical values in the label attribute through male and female which are taken
as ‘0’ and ‘1’ respectively.
set.label = [1 if each == "female" else 0 for each in set.label]
Step 3.1: In step 3.1 divide the data into feature and target columns, y is the target column and x data contain feature columns.
y = set.label.values
xdata = set.drop(["label"],axis=1)

Step 3.2: In step 3.2 perform Normalization to the Feature columns.

x = (xdata - ns.min(xdata)) / (ns.max(xdata)). values

Step 4: The function train_test_split () divides the dataset into training data and testing data.

xtrain, xtest, ytrain, ytest = train_test_split (x,y,test_size=0.2,random_state = 30)

Step5: Train the model

Step 5.1: Create an object for KNN.
knn = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3)

Step 5.2: Train the model with Train data.knn.fit () is used to train the model using training dataset.
knn.fit (xtrain, ytrain)

Step 6: Evaluate the performance of the Model. Calculate accuracy and other evaluation metrics.
f=knn.predict(xtest)
accscore = accuracy_score(ytest, f)
recscore = recall_score(ytest, f)
f1score = f1_score (ytest, f)
kappascore=cohen_kappa_score(ytest,f)
prescore = precision_score(ytest, f)

In these packages are imported to perform numerical

calculations and an object pandas is taken as pd to read the
dataset. Here categorical values are transformed to numerical
values through male and female which are taken as 0 or 1
respectively. The data set is split into training and test datasets,
an object is created for KNN algorithm to generate a trained
model. This trained model evaluates various scores when
compared with target values of test data.
GRADIENT BOOSTING:
It is a type of ensemble learning. In boosting the models are built
in series. It takes many weak learners and transforms them into
strong learners. Gradient boosting takes decision tree as weak
learner Now it finds the errors at the leaf nodes and constructs a
second tree by taking error values as new observation values and
this process continues for a specified number of times is shown
in figure 7. Then the trained model is evaluated against the
testing data to calculate the evaluation metrics.

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Fig 7: Diagram for gradient boosting

Algorithm for Boosting:

Input: Voice Dataset in csv Format.
Output: Trained Model with evaluation metrics like Accuracy, precision, F1 score, Recall, Kappa score.

Step1:
In step1 packages are imported to perform Numerical calculations and visualization of graphs.
import numpy as ns
import pandas as ps
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score,f1_score, cohen_kappa_score

Step 2: In step 2 pandas object pd is used to read the dataset into a variable named data. The function read_csv is used to read the
dataset.
set = ps.read_csv("voicedataset.csv")

Step 3: In step 3 Categorical values are transformed to Numerical values in the label attribute through male and female which are taken
as ‘0’ and ‘1’ respectively.
set.label = [1 if each == "female" else 0 for each in set.label]
Step 3.1: In step 3.1 divide the data into feature and target columns, y is the target column and x data contain feature columns.
y = set.label.values
xdata = set.drop(["label"],axis=1)

Step 3.2: In step 3.2 perform Normalization to the Feature columns.

x = (xdata -ns.min(xdata)) / (ns.max(xdata)). values

Step 4: In step 4 Split the data into training data and testing data with testing data size is about 20% of the dataset. The function
train_test_split () divides the dataset into training data and testing data.
xtrain, xtest, ytrain, ytest = train_test_split (x,y,test_size=0.2,random_state = 30)

Step5: Train the model

Step 5.1: Create an object for Gradient Boost Classifier.
gbc = GradientBoostingClassifier(n_estimators=100, learning_rate=1.0, max_depth=1)
Step 5.2: Train the model with Train data.gbc.fit() is used to train the model using training dataset.
gbc.fit(xtrain, ytrain)

Step 6: Evaluate the performance of the Model. Calculate accuracy and other evaluation metrics.
f=gbc.predict(xtest)
accscore = accuracy_score (ytest, f)
recscore = recall_score (ytest, f)
f1score = f1_score (ytest, f)
kappascore =cohen_kappa_score(ytest,f)
prescor = precision score (ytest, f)

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In these packages are imported to perform numerical (P), false positive (Q), true negative (R) and false negative (S)
calculations and an object pandas is taken as pd to read the values.
dataset. Here categorical values are transformed to numerical Accuracy: It is the ratio of the number of correct predictions to
values through male and female which are taken as 0 or 1 the total number of input samples.
respectively. An object is created for boosting algorithm to Accuracy= (P + R)/ (P+R+S+Q)
generate a trained model. This trained model evaluates various Precision: It provides how relevant the positive detections are.
scores when compared with target values of test data. Precision=P/ (P+Q)
Recall: It is the number of correct results divided by the number
RESULTS& ANALYSIS of results that should have been returned.
The trained models are tested using testing data and gives Recall=P/ (P+S)
accuracy, precision. Kappa score, f1score, recall as output and the F1 score: It is a measure of test accuracy the f1 score is defined
best model is chosen from them based on accuracy. as the weighted harmonic mean of the test’s precision and recall.
F1 score=2 P / (2P+Q+S)
Confusion Matrix: It is a table with n rows and n columns Kappa score: It is a static used to measure inter-ratter
where n represents the no. of target classes. It is used to evaluate reliability.
the performance of a classification model by using True positive Kappa score= (Total Accuracy-Random
Accuracy)/ (1-Random Accuracy)

Fig. 8. Confusion matrix for KNN Fig. 9. Confusion matrix for Logistic regression

In the figure 8, true positive values are 331, false negative are 54, and false positives are 37 and true negative are 212 and in the figure 9,
true positive values are 341, false negative are 44, and false positives are 22 and true negative 227.

Fig. 10. Confusion matrix for SVM Fig .11. Confusion matrix for Decision tree

In the figure 10, true positive values are 335, false negative are 50, and false positives are 9 and true negative 240 and in the figure 11,
true positive values are 328, false negative are 57, and false positives are 14 and true negative 235.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF GENDER BY VOICE RECOGNITION USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS

Fig 12. Confusion matrix for Random forest Fig 13. Confusion matrix for Gradient Boosting

In the figure 12 true positive values are 332, false negative is 53, As show in Table.1, gradient boosting algorithm performs a
and false positives are 11 and true negative 238 and in the above better performance when compared to all other remaining
figure 13, true positive values are 334, false negative are 51, and algorithms. So, ensemble algorithms work better for
false positives are 16 and true negative 233. classification.

Table 1: Comparison of results of various algorithms

Algorithms Accuracy Precision Recall F1 score Kappa score

Random Forest 89% 81% 95% 88% 79%

Logistic Regression 89% 83% 91% 87% 78%

Decision Tree 82% 77% 79% 64% 78%

KNN 86% 79% 86% 83% 71%

SVM 88% 82% 87% 75% 85%

Boosting 90% 82% 95% 88% 79%

Fig 14: Representing Accuracy vs Algorithms

In figure 14, accuracies are compared of various algorithms using bar graphs. .

Comparison of different scores:

In figure 15, different scores like accuracy, precision, recall etc are compared using graph.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF GENDER BY VOICE RECOGNITION USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS
Fig 15: Graph to compare different scores
Scale: on x-axis 1cm=1 unit on y-axis 1cm=0.05unit
In figure 15, accuracy is plotted as red colour, precision is
plotted as green colour, recall is plotted as blue colour, F1 score
is plotted as yellow colour and Kappa is plotted as black colour.
By training and testing the six algorithms KNN, Random Forest,
Gradient Boosting, SVM, Decision Tree, and Logistic Regression
with voice dataset. Gradient Boosting performs better than the
other algorithms based on the evaluation metric accuracy. Hence
ensemble methods are best for classification problems.
CONCLUSION
Classifying gender using voice dataset will be on top of the list of
uses for machine learning algorithms. In this project we
proposed a model which classifies gender using voice dataset
accurately and efficiently. We have attempted to classify gender
using six trained models among them the gradient boosting
model performs better than the others. The Model which we
proposed has best accuracy and performance .Models with good
performance will help to use and develop voice-based gender
recognition systems more effectively in wide range of aspects.
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