The Relationship Between Individual Personalities and Suicidal Tendencies

University of Perpetual Help System- DALTA
Brgy. Paciano Rizal, Calamba City, Laguna
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
CALAMBA CAMPUS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITIES AND
SUICIDAL TENDENCIES
GARCIA, AMIEL IVAN C.
AB PSYCHOLOGY
MR. ALVIN MIRANDA
COLLEGE INSTRUCTOR
MARCH 2019
The Contemporary World Page |1

(College of Arts, Sciences and Education)

I. INTRODUCTION
In numerous countries, suicide is the main cause of death among
teens. Suicide is a noteworthy general mental health problem representing
more than one million passing for every year making it the tenth driving
reason for death around the world. There known known factors of suicide
that incorporate age, sex, nearness of mental issue, and other socio-
demographic attributes, for example, religious groups and joblessness.
Suicide, or ending one’s own life, is a grievous occasion with forceful
passionate repercussions for its survivors and for groups of its casualties.
More than 44, 000 individuals in the U.S. murdered themselves in 2015,
agreeing to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, making it the
tenth driving reason for death overall. Although numerous suicide aversion
programs concentrate on helping teenagers, the most elevated number of
suicides in the U.S. in 2015 happened among individuals ages 45 to 54.
Men are particularly in danger, with a suicide rate of around four times
higher than that of women. There are likewise significant incongruities
among ethnic and racial gatherings, with American Indian and Alaskan
Natives being the most elevated hazard gatherings.
An expanding group of confirmation proposes a relationship between
certain identity variables and suicidality. Past research connected a wide
range of ideas of identity convoluting distinct decisions about the impact of
identity attributes to suicidal tendencies. The five-factor model of identity is a
standout amongst the most far reaching and best settled models to evaluate

identity. It intends to observationally depict identity along five noteworthy
measurements, to be specific neuroticism, extraversion, transparency,
appropriateness and scruples. These five identity measurements indicate
clear heritable qualities and have been appeared to be related with various
mental issue, for example, uneasiness, depressive, substance utilize and
identity issue.
In an orderly audit of the relationship between identity characteristics
and suicide chance, Brezo et al. (2006) observed neuroticism and
extraversion to be the most reliably repeated qualities to be related with
suicide-related practices. In particular, higher neuroticism was related with
self-destructive ideation, suicide endeavors and finished suicide while
extraversion was observed to be a flexibility factor for suicidality. In a clinical
specimen of discouraged grown-ups 50 years old or more seasoned, higher
scores of neuroticism and receptiveness were related with self-destructive
ideation. Comparative outcomes in another example of discouraged grown-
ups 50 years old or more seasoned were accounted for the relationship
between identity aspects (sub-sizes of the Huge Five measurements) and
suicide endeavors. High neuroticism and low extraversion together with low
pleasantness and low reliability were accounted for to be related with
expanded self-destructive ideation in an understudy test, though just
neuroticism was observed to be an indicator for suicide ideation in another
specimen of college understudies. Also, the impact of identity qualities on
suicidality was observed to be affected by sexual orientation. In an example
of youthful grown-ups, neuroticism was related with self-destructive ideation
in females, while uprightness was contrarily connected with self-destructive

ideation in guys. In one of only a handful couple of studies examining the
identity qualities and finished suicide, an identity style portrayed by a blend
of high neuroticism and low extraversion was found to build suicide chance
in a grown-up test in provincial China.
In any case, a restriction of these examinations, which conceivably
represents the shifting outcomes, is that they have been founded on various
clinical and non-agent subsamples. Past research on the relationship
between identity elements and suicidality has likewise been reprimanded for
an absence of controlling for conceivably critical covariates, for example, the
nearness of mental issue or certain socio-demographic qualities known to
have impact suicide chances. Albeit substantial scale inquires about
essentially utilized accumulated information to lead state-level investigations
of the relationships between identity measurements and suicide rates, such
examination outlines are unfit to change for individual mental comorbidity.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The research to find out the relationship between individual
personalities and suicidality where knowing what are the causes and effects
of these personalities is not the primary objective, but it also aims to know
how could a person could cope up and promote suicide prevention.
Specifically, the study seeks answers to the following questions:
1. How do these individual personalities lead to suicidality?
2. What does it feel when to experience/have these individual
personalities?

3. What kind of preparations does a person with a certain personality do
to cope up with a problem he or she is facing?
4. How does these defense mechanisms help prevent suicide?
5. Is there a significant relationship between the social behavior and
suicidality of a person?
OBJECTIVES
The goals of the research are:
1. Understand the social behavior and how it leads to suicidality of a
person.
2. Explain why a certain personality contributes to suicidality.
3. Identify the factors that contribute to a certain behavior and how a
person manages to cope up with it.
4. Describe the behavior of a person with suicidal tendencies.
5. Control/Regulate the occurrence of suicide.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The respondents were composed of the selected students of the
University of Perpetual Help System Dalta – Calamba Campus during the
academic year 2018-2019. The design used in the study was a descriptive
design and made use of a qualitative research. The correlational type of
relationship was also used in the study. The researcher concentrated and
limited the study on the coverage of the different social behaviors and

personalities and the suicidal tendencies of a person by giving them survey
questionnaires. The data and information gathered were to be tallied,
tabulated and presented. The research was dependent of the respondents’
honesty on answering the questionnaires prepared by the researcher.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study aims to point out different factors that affect individual
personalities of the students, parents, family members, teachers, school
administration, researcher, future researchers, human resource
management, lawmakers, guidance counselor and producers in the industry.
The findings of this study will redound to the benefit of the following,
Students. This may help the children to understand on how to cope
up with stress and the different factors that could contribute to their
personality and how could they motivate themselves despite these factors.
This will help them grow into a better person and develop and increase their
self-esteem so they would not engage into any suicide attempts.
Parents. They are the ones who will benefit the most because they
are the first persons who guide and nurture the child/children. Their
supervision and guidance are important to their child’s behavior and to
everything that surrounds and may influence them.

Family Members. This would help them to develop and build good
relationship with each other and to know their own differences, especially to
the person that has thoughts about suicide.
Teachers. This study may help the teachers to find new ways of
boosting the child’s confidence through varied activities and to let the
children see what’s suitable for them. Also, it could help them to give
knowledge about how to motivate the students and also, guide them in
developing their personalities.
School Administration. This study aims to inform them about the
students’ conditions prior to their behavioral status and may be able to
provide a healthy environment and develop different action programs for the
integrated development of their studies.
Researcher. This study would be an addition to the knowledge of the
researcher about the personality traits of students and its association to their
suicidal tendencies.
Future Researchers. This study will give additional information
and/or knowledge to other future researchers that are interested in the same
topic.
Producers. The result of this study may help the producers in the
industry, either movie, music, art or business, to regulate their works that are
appropriate to young audiences. It would also give them ideas on what kind
of project they should engage in to promote suicide prevention and motivate

and inspire their audience to engage in activities that would develop their
personalities and further, developing themselves to become a better person.
The Human Resource Management. The findings of the study
enable the management to understand the vulnerability of students to
different stressors and also serve as a basis in designing workable
intervention programs that would be helpful to the students in coping up and
relieving stress.
Lawmakers. The study would help the lawmakers to create laws and
policies that will protect children and their working parents, assist families
who need it and implement programs that aim to address issues in children’s
social-emotional development.
Guidance Counselor. The study would aid to gain some additional
information that will benefit them to do some programs that will help the
school to be more accurate in the needs of the students to learn things. Also,
it would give them on how to deal with students with suicidal tendencies and
how should they motivate them to live and pursue with their dreams and give
them a list of procedures on how a student should deal with factors that
could lead to suicidality.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Traits
Personality theorists have lengthy grappled with the relative roles of
nature and nurture in shaping personalities. A few theories, this sort of trait
concept and psychoanalytic idea, pressure the role of inherited organic

predispositions, whereas others, which include humanist and behavioral
theories, pressure the position and existence studies.
A capability to control one’s lifestyles is the essence of what it
approaches to be human. Because of this, Albert Bandura believes that one
of the most crucial expectancies someone develops issues self-efficacy.
Believing that one’s moves will produce favored consequences that impacts
the activities and environments we pick out.
Self-reinforcement refers to praising or profitable oneself for having
made a specific reaction together with finishing a school venture. For that
reason, conduct of self-reinforcement may be concept of as a part of
personality. In reality, self-reinforcement may be notion of as the social
studying theorist’s counterpart to the superego.
Conditions vary significantly of their impact. A few are powerful.
Others are trivial and feature little impact on behavior. The extra effective the
scenario, the simpler it is to see what is supposed via situational
determinants.
The behavioral view of personality may be illustrated with an early
principle proposed through John Dollard and Neal Miller. Of their view,
behavior or learned conduct patterns make up the structure of character. As
for the dynamics of character, conduct is ruled by means of four elements of
studying: force, cue, response, and reward. A force is any stimulus robust
enough to goad a person to movement together with starvation, ache, lust,
frustration, or fear. Cues are indicators from the environment. These
The Contemporary World P a g e | 10

indicators manual responses in order that they are maximum likely to result
in praise or superb reinforcement.
Behavioral character theories emphasize that personality is no more
or less than a set of particularly stable found out behavior patterns. Persona,
like different discovered conduct, is acquired via classical and operant
conditioning, observational getting to know, reinforcement, extinction,
generalization, and discrimination.
Roger’s theory emphasizes the self, a flexible and changing belief of
private identification. An awful lot behavior can be understood as a try to hold
consistency between one’s self-picture and one’s moves.
Self-principles offer some other manner of expertise persona.
Someone’s self-idea consists of all his ideas, perceptions, testimonies, and
feelings about who he is. It is the mental “photo” a person has of his very
own persona. Someone creatively build his self-concepts out of daily
experiences (Mitterer, 2014).
Every person has hundreds of attitudes. Maximum of the time, a
specific mindset is not inside one’s aware recognition. Moreover, an awful lot
of one’s conduct is not sensible or spontaneous. We act without questioning
– this is, without thinking our attitudes. For a mindset to influence conduct, it
should be activated – that is, brought from reminiscence into awareness.
A supply of identities is club in social categories or organizations
based on criteria inclusive of gender, nationality, race or ethnicity, sexual

preferences, or political affiliation. A definition of the self in terms of the
defining characteristics of a social institution is a social identity.
Closely related to the idea of intrinsic motivation is self-reinforcement.
As youngsters are socialized, they learn no longer only precise behaviors but
also performance requirements. Children analyze not best to write down
however to put in writing neatly. Those requirements end un a part of the
self, having learned them, the kid makes use of them to decide his or her
own behavior and thus, becomes capable of self-reinforcement (DeLamater
and Myers, 2012).
The self-reference effect illustrates a fundamental reality of life: an
experience of self is at the center of one’s world. Because we tend to see
ourselves on middle stage, we overestimate the extent to which other note
us. In addition, we overestimate how lots in their conduct is aimed toward us.
We regularly see ourselves as chargeable for activities wherein we played
most effective a small component. While judging a person else’s overall
performance or conduct, we often spontaneously compare it with our own.
Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura captured the strength of high-
quality thinking in his research and theorizing about self-efficacy or the
competence we sense on an undertaking. Believing in one’s own
competence and effectiveness pays dividends. Kids and adults with strong
feelings of self-efficacy are extra continual, less annoying and less
depressed. In addition, they stay healthier lives and are greater academically
a hit (Myers, 2008).

Self-management is one of the five social-emotional regions of getting
to know recognized by its means of the Collaboration of Academic, Social,
and Emotional Learning (CASEL). Self-management refers to the potential of
a person to adjust their own emotions and resulting behaviors in methods
that society considers suitable. This includes how the person copes with
unmet wants or desires, perseveres while faced with barriers, and set
dreams for himself or herself (Bandy and Moore, 2010).
Psychodynamic methods to personality are based at the concept that
personality is in the main subconscious and motivated via internal forces and
conflicts about which human beings have little attention. The maximum vital
pioneer of the psychodynamic technique was Sigmund Freud. A number of
Freud’s followers, consisting of Carl Jung, Karen Horney, and Alfred Adler,
subtle Freud’s theory and advanced their own psychodynamic methods
(Feldman, 2016).
Expressing feelings are found out no longer simplest in our frame
arousal but additionally in our expressive conduct. There is every other easy
method of interpreting feelings: we read their body language, concentrate to
the tones of their voice and look at their facial expressions. Worry can be a
toxic emotion. It could torment us, rob us of sleep and preoccupy our
wondering. Fear can scare us to loss of life and can also be contagious
(Joven, et al., 2014).
The research suggests the examined relationship among self-esteem,
personality traits and suicidal ideations amongst teens. Results show that
self-esteem changed into negatively correlated with suicidal ideation.

Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness had been
positively correlated with suicidal ideation while neuroticism was negatively
correlated with suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was higher among adult
males in comparison with girls. The existing research gives massive
association of self-esteem and character tendencies with reference to
suicidal ideations among young adults (Batool, et al., 2014).
With the feasible exception of Raymond Cattel, Aliport explored the
idea of trait more b=absolutely than any other character theorist. Aliport
proposed a biophysical conception of traits as neuropsychic systems. He
emphasized that trends are bona fide systems within someone that impacts
conduct; they are no longer really labels we use to describe or classify
behaviors.
Aliport described developments as a figuring out tendency or a
predisposition to respond to the world in sure ways. Traits are constant and
enduring; they account for consistency in human behavior. Aliport counseled
that traits can be taken into consideration the last truth of psychological
corporation. The trait, like character, is not in precept unobservable. In time,
trait theorists may be able to degree developments empirically (Engler B.,
2014).
Suicidality is particularly frequent in pain sufferers. Although the
pathphysiology of this link remains uncertain, it may be probably associated
with the partial congruence of physical and emotional pain systems. The
latter system’s role in suicide is likewise conspicuous for the duration of

setbacks and losses sustained in the context of social attachments (Borsook
et al., 2013).
Suicidal Ideation of the Respondents
Suicidal conduct refers ti a range of behaviors which might be
comparable inside the planned cause to kill oneself. Suicidal ideation, plan
and try to constitute three important suicidal behaviors. Suicidal ideation is
one of the most powerful predictors of suicide. Research have shown that
maximum suicides arise when humans reflect on consideration on it. Suicidal
behaviors are pathologically complex and a wide range of biological, mental,
social, cultural, and spiritual elements are worried in it (Ahmadi, et al., 2014).
The causes of suicidal behavior are not absolutely understood; but,
this behavior without a doubt results from the complex interaction of many
factors. Although many danger factors were recognized, they primarily do no
longer account for why humans try to quit their lives.
Character and person variations, cognitive elements, social
components, and terrible lifestyle activities are key contributors to suicidal
behavior. The
majority struggling with suicidal thoughts and behaviors do no longer receive
remedy. Some evidence shows that special types of cognitive and behavioral
treatment plans can reduce the hazard of suicide reattempt, but infrequently
any proof about factors that defend against suicide is to be had. The
development of innovative psychological and psychosocial remedies wishes
pressing interest (Nock, M. okay., PhD and O’Connor, R. C., PhD, 2014).

Environmental factors which includes early unfavorable reviews,
consisting of sexual and bodily abuse in the course of childhood, additionally
strongly affect the risk of SB. A number of them are vulnerable to produce
direct results, at the same time as others will be controlled via chance for
psychiatric problems, which will increase the chance for SB. Understanding
of the best genetic device that causes vulnerability to suicidal inclinations is
largely incomplete, and efforts to discover the best molecular mechanisms
which can be worried have been hampered by using the massive
heterogeneity that is located within groups of SB (Cohen, et al., 2016).
According to the fall 2007 American College Health Association-
National College Health Assessment, a national survey of approximately 20,
500 college students on 39 campuses, 43.2% of the students reported
“feeling so depressed it was difficult to function” at least once in the past 12
months. More than 3, 200 university students reported being diagnosed as
having depression, with 39.2% of those students diagnosed in the past 12
months, 24.2% currently in therapy for depression and 35.8% taking
antidepressant medication. Among the students surveyed, 10.3% admitted
seriously considering attempting suicide within the past 12 months and 1.9%
actually attempted suicide during that period. Although the above data may
seem surprising to some, it is not to most mental health clinicians and
administrators as U.S. colleges. According to the 2008 National Survey of
Counseling Center Directors, 95% of the respondents believed that there has
been a trend in recent years of an increase in the number of students with
serious psychological problems. In 2008, an estimated of 26% of counseling
center clients was taking psychiatric medication, up from 20% in 2003, 17%

in 2000 and 9% in 1994. Although the rate of suicide among college students
may have decreased in recent decade, suicide remains the third leading
cause of
Significant Relationship
This observe pursuits to reveal the examined consolation in
expressing emotions (positive vs. poor) and depressive signs as mediators
of the prospective relation between emotion reactivity and suicidal ideation.
Design emerging adults (N=143; 72% girl, 28% White) finished measures of
emotion reactivity, consolation expressing feelings, and suicidal ideation at
baseline and of depressive signs and symptoms and suicidal ideation 365
days later. Effects emotion reactivity expected suicidal ideation at comply
with-up via depressive signs and symptoms. Trouble expressing love –
however no longer happiness, disappointment and anger – partly mediated
the connection between emotion reactivity and suicidal ideation at follow up
earlier that but no longer for adjusting for baseline ideation. The relation
among high emotion reactivity and suicidal ideation may be explained by
sing pain inside the expression of positive emotions and by depressive
symptoms. Advertising of comfort in effective emotion expression may
additionally lessen vulnerability to suicidal ideation (Jacobson, et al., 2018).
This take a look at pursuits to reveal that to take a look at the
predictive role of fluctuations in day by day existence mood, social contexts,
and behavior on subsequent suicidal ideation; in an excessive-threat sample.
The pattern comprised 42 adults (s73.8% lady) hospitalized for a suicide
strive, immediately following health center discharge, they used Ecological

temporary assessment for seven consecutive days, providing repeated
measures of SI, environmental, contextual, and behavioral elements.
Controlling for prior suicidal ideation, some of contextual variables have been
associated with the next suicidal ideation. Being at domestic or at work were
both associated with an elevated chance of suicidal ideation, at the same
time as being within the domestic of near others, or in a festive or enjoyment
environment reduced suicidal ideation opportunity. Operating, passive
amusement and state of being inactive all increased the chance of suicidal
ideation. Being alone elevated suicidal ideation at the same time as being
with near others notably decreased this hazard. Ultimately, no universal
impact for worrying occasions turned into discovered but bad own family
occasions specifically have been related to elevated likelihood of suicidal
ideations (y = 0.448, t = 2.255, df = 29, p < 0.05). The findings provide
preliminary results regarding proximal environmental and behavioral factors
associated with the occurrence of suicidal ideation in an excessive-chance
sample (Courtet et al., 2017).
The study suggests that excessive neuroticism turned into related to
both contemporary ideation and records of suicide ideation and extraversion
turned into related to current ideation. Neuroticism was undoubtedly related
to thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, at the same
time as extraversion become negatively associated with these interpersonal
predictors of suicide. Agreeableness turned into negatively related to
thwarted belongingness but not perceived burdensomeness, indicating
differentiated patterns of relationships between this personality domain and
the two suicide constructs. Furthermore, these persona domain names

anticipated 23.82% of variance for thwarted belongingness and 15.07% of
the variance for perceived burdensomeness, above and past demographic
variables related to suicide ideation. This observe, which changed into
performed with a college sample, demonstrates the capacity advantage of
identifying predispositional risk elements for suicide ideation and
interpersonal predictors of suicide. This could have implications for the
improvement of upstream preventive measures in opposition to suicide
(DeShong, et al., 2015).
Anxiety is an unsightly emotional state; something that is commonly
functioning in a person could opt to keep away from. Moreover, anxiety is
almost usually intricate. It interferes with our ability to analyze new
responsibilities, take into account records perform sexually, and so on.
A remote character might be more vulnerable to damage, infection,
loss of shelter, and confined assets and might be less capable of mate and
lift offspring than individuals dwelling in groups or tribes. Therefore,
something that motivates people to keep away from behaviors that could
cause their exclusion from the institution would assist the species to live on.
Tension serves this reason, and evolutionary persona psychologists argue
that tension developed to meet the desires of the species (Burger, J.M.,
2013).
Attempted suicides effects are because of a complex interaction of
biological, genetic, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental
elements. Mental elements together with distressing lifestyles activities,
personality, impulsivity, and violence of a person determine his or her

behavior and results in momentary choices to strive suicide. While a person
faces frustration, he or she develops anxiety, melancholy, hopelessness,
worthlessness, and suggests suicidal behavior. If he or she cannot cope with
these frustrations, in the long run, it could bring about a suicide attempt.
It has been more and more diagnosed in current years that those who
strive or devote suicide have a positive individual predisposition, a part of
that is given through personality developments, especially, impulsive-
competitive behaviors. Insufficient control of aggressive impulses might be
an extra indicator for impulsive suicide try. Previous research has suggested
a high correlation among suicide, impulsivity, and violence. In a series of
studies, men were located to be extra violent than ladies. Tension and
impulsivity were determined to strongly correlate with suicide risk. Anger and
resent temper are correlated with violence risk and trait anxiety is correlated
negatively with violent risk. In any other examine amongst suicide
attempters, few (12%) are psychotic, majority has been situationally
depressed, and impulsivity became the predominant subject matter (Kumar,
et al., 2013).
Anxiety is an unsightly emotional state; something that is commonly
functioning in a person could opt to keep away from. Moreover, anxiety is
almost usually intricate. It interferes with our ability to analyze new
responsibilities, take into account records perform sexually, and so on.
The overview on this have a look at will address pathological
narcissism and narcissistic personality ailment (NPD) – the clinical
presentation, the challenges in diagnosing NPD, and massive regions of co-

taking place psychopathology (i.e. affective ailment, substance usage, and
suicide). Foremost depressive ailment is the maximum, not the unusual
comorbid sickness, in sufferers with pathological narcissism or NPD. Need
for self-enhancement and persistent disillusionment with self makes those
individuals particularly vulnerable to substance use. Suicidal preoccupation
in these sufferers is characterized with the aid of the absence of despair,
lack of communication, self-esteem dysregulation, and life events that
decrease self-esteem. The diagnostic consciousness on patients’ external
characteristics and interpersonal conduct has a tendency to push aside the
importance in their inner distress and painful stories of self-esteem
fluctuations, self-grievance, and emotional dysregulation. A collaborative and
exploratory diagnostic technique to pathological narcissism and NPD is
outlined that ambiotions at enticing the sufferers and selling their curiosity,
narration, and self-mirrored image. Alliance building with a narcissistic
patient is a slow and slow process and errors are common. A valuable
mission is to balance these sufferers’ avoidance and sudden urges to reject
the therapist and drop out of treatment with the goal of encouraging and
permitting them to stand and mirror upon their reports and conduct.
Implications for remedy and viable regions or indicators of trade include:
interpersonal and vocational functioning; sense of employer and self-path;
emotion law and capability to apprehend, tolerate, and modulate emotions;
reflective capacity; and capability to mourn the lack of wished for or
unreachable inner self-states relationship; and outside beliefs (Ronningstam,
E., PhD, and Weinberg, I., PhD, 2013).

In suicide, Durkheim described two qualitatively distinct stories of
normative anomie, each with an awesome affective foundation; an
international, if now not ruthless, disdain for society’s normative order, and
an unintentional push aside for, or confusion approximately, norms or rules
of conducts. We generalize Durkheim’s class of the socio-affective
components of anomic suicide, and present two theoretical models of
normlessness-anomie and the emotions. These fashions posit that
intentional anomie involves the number one feelings: anger, disgust, and joy
or happiness; those emotions can combine to form the secondary feelings:
contempt, satisfaction, and derisiveness. Unintentional, passive anomie
instead involves the feelings wonder, worry, and sadness; these can
combine to form the secondary feelings: disappointment, shame, and alarm.
We additionally hypothesize that every sort of anomie has wonderful
potential behavioral effects: intentional anomie can bring out immorality,
shamelessness, acquisitiveness, and premeditated homicidality; unintended
anomie, in depression, confusion, uncertainty, unpremeditated homicidality,
and suicidality (TenHouten, W. D., 2016).
A clear relationship between psychological pain and suicidal thoughts
has been established through phenomenology and life history research.
Theoretical models of suicide suggest that appraisal of life events as
negative is a critical factor. More recently, other experts have pointed out
that individuals may develop suicidal thoughts or behavior when feeling
overwhelmed by the complexity of social and emotional events in their lives.
Thus, actual negative emotional events, judgement of these events, and the
ability to manage emotional consequences may each play a role in the

development of suicidal thinking. Specifically, coping with negative emotional
events may require accurate appraisal of the events and the ability to
manage the associated emotions (Beadie, et al., 2016).
Significant Difference
Theoretical and empirical literature shows that non-suicidal self-harm
(NSSH) may represent especially crucial danger component for suicide. The
present takes a look and examined the institutions of NSSI and installed
suicide threat factors to tried suicide in 4 samples: adolescent psychiatric
patients (n = 1, 364), adolescent high faculty students (n = 426), university
undergraduates (n = 1, 364), and a random digit dialing pattern of United
States adults (n = 438). All samples have been administered measures of
NSSI, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts; the first three samples were
also administered measures of depression, tension, impulsivity, and
borderline personality disorder (BPD). In all 4 samples, NSSI exhibited a
stronger relationship to tried suicide (median Phi = 0.36). Simplest suicide
ideation exhibited a stronger courting to tried suicide (median Phi = 0.47),
whereas institutions have been smaller for BPD (median rpb = 0.29),
melancholy (meadian rpb = 0.24), tension (median rpb = 0.16), and
impulsivity (median rpb = 0.11). Whilst those regarded suicide hazard
elements and NSSI were concurrently entered into logistic regression
analysis, nly NSSI and suicide ideation maintained substantial institutions
with attempted suicide. Consequences suggest that NSSI is a mainly critical
risk think for suicide. Findings are interpreted inside the context of Joiner’s
interpersonal-psychological concept of suicide; mainly, NSSI may be a

uniquely crucial risk component for suicide due to the fact that its presence is
associated with both expanded choice and capability for suicide (Glenn, et
al., 2013).
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERSONALITY
Individuals worldwide display characters that enables them to
describe their behavior, this behavior denotes a person’s personality.
Personality is defined by deferent psychologists. According to Maynard
(1976) Personality is defined as the sum total of individual traits in which a
person expresses him or herself differently, while Farrant (1964) defines
personality as the projection of us to others. He further says it’s not what we
ourselves are to be like, but as how others view us. Personality is simply the
relative stable organization of a person’s motivational disposition. Personality
development is affected by various dispositions.
Personality development has three factors, namely Heredity factor,
Environmental factor and Psychological factor. The first factor to be
discussed is heredity. According to Roberts (2010) heredity provides the
child with certain endowments; hereditary factors may be summed up as
constitutional, biological and physiological factors: The Constitutional of an
individual is an effective factor in determining the type of his/her Personality.
There can be 3 bodily types of personality which are; short and stout,
tall and thin, muscular and well proportioned. We are always impressed by
an individual who has a muscular and a well-proportioned body. Height,
Weight, physical defects, health and strength affect Personality.

Biological Factors consist of the nervous system, glands and blood
chemistry which determines our characteristics and habitual modes of
behavior. These factors form the biological basis of our personality. Adrenal
gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland and endocrine gland affect personality.
Personality defects lead to the development of inferiority complex and
the mental mechanism of compensation. This aspect also includes the
mental ability of the child. It is this ability which enables him/her to mold the
social environment according to his/her requirements.
Intelligence is another factor, which is mainly hereditary. According to
Mangal (2007) Persons who are very intelligent can make better adjustment
in home, school and society than those who are less intelligent. Sex
difference is a factor which plays a vital role in the development of
personality of individual. Boys are generally more assertive and vigorous.
They prefer adventures. Girls are quieter and more injured by personal,
emotional and social problems. Development of personality is also
influenced by the nature of nervous system.
Environmental factors play a vital role in the development of
personality. According to Louw (1997) it is emphasized that the personality of
the individual develops in a social environment. It is in the social
environment, that he/she comes to have moral ideas, social attitudes and
interests. This

enables him to develop a social self. The important aspects of the
environment are as follows: Physical Environment; includes the influence of
climatic conditions of a particular area or country on man and his living.
According to Mwamwenda (1996) with social environment the child
has his/her birth in the society. He/she learns and lives there. Hence, the
social environment has an important say in the personality development of
the child. Family environment plays a vital role in personality development.
Family is the cradle of all social virtues. The first environment the child
moves in is his home. Here the child comes in contact with his parents and
other family member his likes, dislikes, stereotypes about people,
expectancies of security and emotional responses all are shaped in early
childhood. The type of training and early childhood experiences received
from the family play an important role in the development of personality.
Cultural Environment is another factor, the cultural environment refers
to certain cultural traditions, ideals, and values which are accepted in a
particular society. All these factors leave a permanent impression on the
child’s personality.
School Environment; Schools play an important role in molding the
personality of the children because a significant part of a child’s life is spent
in school between the ages of 6 and 20 years. In the school, the teacher
substitutes the parents. The school poses new problems to be solved, new
taboos to be accepted into the superego and new models for imitation and
identification, all of which contribute their share in molding personality.

Language is another factor which influences personality development.
Human beings have a distinctive characteristic of communication through
language. Language is an important vehicle by which the society is
structured and culture of the race transmitted from generation to generation.
The child’s personality is shaped by the process of interaction through
language with other members of his environment.
Identification is an important mechanism by which we try to imitate the
physical, social and mental characteristics of our model. It is a very important
relationship with others. The Interpersonal Relations is where; among the
members of a society are important means which help in the development of
certain social personality characteristics like attraction towards others,
concept of friendship, love, sympathy, hostility and also isolation which is a
negative orientation.
According to Woolfolk (2010) Psychological Factors include our
motives, acquired interests, our attitudes, our will and character, our
intellectual capacities such as intelligence. The abilities to perceive, to
observe, to imagine, to think and to reason are examples of psychological
factors. These factors determine our reactions in various situations and
hence affect our personality growth and direction.
An individual with a considerable amount of will power will be able to
make decisions more quickly than others. Thus, we see that hereditary,
environmental and psychological factors contribute towards the development
of personality.

INTERNAL FACTORS
Personality can be explained as the set of individual differences that
can be identified among people by their interactions, emotions, cognition,
and behavior patterns. Weinberg & Gould (Weinberg & Gould, 2014) assert
that personality is “The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a
person unique”. What are the factors that influence personality? Is
personality genetically heritable or influenced by external factors? This essay
aims to explore the three factors that influence personality (sociological,
biological, and psychological) and will assess their relative contribution in
each.
Looking at genetic factors, in the studies of courtship patterns
amongst fruit flies (Sokolowski, 2001), and the grazing behavior repeated in
sheep (Launchbaugh, 1999), research has shown that genes control the
development of one's nervous system, which in turn controls the
development of one's behavior (Humanillnesses.com, 2015).
Daniel Freedman (1927-2008, a dog trainer and anthropology
professor) began his personality testing on different dog breeds. He wanted
to see if breeds have common personality characteristics, his findings
matched his hypothesis (Freedman, 1958). In 1985, Daniel and his wife,
Nina (a developmental psychologist) studied whether personality traits were
heritable among humans. They theorized that newborns were unaffected by
culture and any apparent personality showed would have been purely
genetic. They found that Asian newborns were easier to cry, and were more

docile than the western babies (Freedman, 1974). They concluded that
friendliness and docility are heritable.
David Keirsey (1921-2013, an American psychologist), identified
different behavioral patterns as basic temperaments. He viewed the patterns
in an individual as either forming an artisan, a guardian, a rationalist, or an
idealist. Using the Hippocrates description of the 4 fluids (Jankowski, 2009),
the phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic and choleric individuals, Keirsey
proposed there were those who were judging and sensing (phlegmatic),
perceiving and sensing (sanguine), feeling and intuitive (melancholic) and
those who are thinking and intuitive (choleric). In each group Keirsey had
extraverts and introverts that fit into those groups (Keirsey, 2015).
Robert Plomin (1948-current, a psychologist), a student of Arnold
Buss (1924-current, a psychologist), defines temperament as the basis for
the development of personality. Plomin found three essential features in
describing temperament: emotionality, activity and sociability (Buss, 1984).
Buss considered temperaments to be heritable. Temperament can be
described as an aspect of one’s personality that is genetically
predetermined.
It can be summarized as the biological dimension of one’s personality.
It allows two individuals to experience the ‘same’ event, differently (Buss,
2011).
Soklowski's mating patterns with fruit flies, Launchbaugh grazing
behavior in sheep tests, has provided evidence of genes controlling the
nervous system to influence temperament. Depending on genetics, inherited

nervous system and whether one is born docile or not, makes up personality.
As Buss and Plomin mention, it appears to be temperament that is the
foundation that personality is to be built upon. However, these are not the
only factors at play in what makes up personality.
When looking at what sociological factors, one may note that one’s
social culture (Buss, 2011) and perceived social rank (Zimbardo, 1999),
one’s
birth order (Adler, 1968), and role model (Bandura, 1977) all influence the
development of personality.
Aristotle (384-322 BC, a philosopher and scientist), observed that
human beings might differ on what is valued and enjoyed due to cultural
differences (Buss, 2011). Aristotle hypothesized four factors that contributed
to one’s social order in society (Miller, 2012); iconic: relates to having the
character of an icon, symbolic, someone who is representative of something,
pistic: refers to having a pure faith, someone who is genuine, noetic: relating
to the mind, someone who is reasonable, rational, and dianoetic: relating to
thought, someone who is intuitive.
In 1971, Philip Zimbardo (1933-current, an American psychologist and
professor) conducted an experiment to test the power of social roles in
shaping behavior. He divided students into two groups for a mock prison
test. The volunteer students were told to act the part of prisoners and prison
guards, they observed prisoners developing passive attitudes to the guards
who begun displaying authoritarian attitudes.

Zimbardo’s experiment has shown the weight that individuals put on
perceived social class affect behavior. A given or perceived social title is not
the only thing at play; one must also take into account the ethnic background
or religious influences, and even birth order that may have been an
influencing factor in that student to become a passive prisoner or
authoritative guard. This experiment was stopped after just beginning as
Zimbardo realized the emotional effect it had on his students (Zimbardo,
1999).
Alfred Adler (1870-1937, an Austrian doctor and psychotherapist)
founded the idea of individual personality. Through research amongst
families of twins and siblings and adopted children, he was able to propose
birth order as an important factor in determining personality (Adler, 1968). He
found that a correlation exists between age and certain traits. Adler also
tested his birth order effect on academic standing and substance use
(Littletree.com.au, 2015). According to Adler, infants are all born feeling
inferior, due to the helplessness that they feel. It is through the development
stages that one strives for superiority.
As for Adler and his theory of birth order making a difference in
personality development, such a view has been proven but there are other
factors at play such as that sibling’s genetic inheritance of their nervous
system, to the parenting technique that is applied to a firstborn. Evidence
from adoption studies shows genetic origins of pathological, psychological,
and physiological disorders (Haimowitz, 2005). Still more research is needed
if it can be concluded that birth order is a factor that determines personality.

Alongside the theorists who viewed traits being heritable and genes
affecting an individual’s personality, there was Burrhus Frederic Skinner
(1904-1990, an American psychologist, inventor and social philosopher) who
believed that behavior was influenced by external stimuli (Skinner, 2002). He
had a radical view and believed that “human free will is an illusion” and that
individuals are only responding to their environment. Skinner based his
theory of operant conditioning off the work of Edward Thorndike.
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949, a psychologist) had studied the 'law of
effect', which stated that any behavior that is followed by a pleasant
consequence is more likely to be repeated than if followed by an unpleasant
one (McLeod, 2007). Skinner concentrated on describing the observable
behavior that could be seen, which he tested in his experiments with pigeons
and rats. He determined that positive or negative reinforcement were the
factors affecting behavior shown.
These learning theories were contrasted by Albert Bandura (1925-
current, a Canadian psychologist), who suggests that humans learn
automatically through observation rather than personal experience; which he
calls social learning theory (Bandura, 1977). Bandura wrote that self-efficacy,
which is “the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses
of action required to manage prospective situations” (Bandura, 1997). His
experiments with studying aggression and non-aggression in children
involved studying a child's behavior after they had seen an adult model act
aggressively towards a doll (Boeree, 2006). Bandura's social learning theory

has shown that role models plays a big part in determining a positive or
negative influence on personality development and behavior.
Psychological factors affect an individual’s personality daily
interactions, and the approach that an individual takes to different situations.
It is among these psychodynamic processes that lead to the dynamism of
the human mind and its behavior, subconsciously referring to their
psychological factors such as a positive or negative mindset and approach to
different situations.
Gordon Allport (1897-1967, an American psychologist) would describe
personality as “The dynamic organization within the individual of those
psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics behavior and
thought" (Allport, 1937). Allport developed three levels of traits from 4000
words describing personality traits. The three include cardinal traits, central
traits and secondary traits.
Words such as ‘leadership’ to describe cardinal traits, ‘motivated’ to
describe central traits. Raymond Cattell (1905- 1998, an English professor)
went on to reduce Allport’s list to 1713 words. By applying factor analysis,
Cattell then further reduced this to 16 key personality traits. Which has now
come to be used as a personality assessment known as the Sixteen
Personality Factor Questionnaire- 16PF (Sincero 2012).
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939, an Austrian neurologist) had some
drastic ideas from his theory of developmental stages in infants involving a
sexual drive (Sigmund Freud, 2015), to believing that one’s dreams held

hidden meaning (Coon, 2008). Freud elaborated on the theory of the
unconscious as a disruptive state of the conscious mind (Fadul, 2015). He
also coined the term ‘free association’ and ‘transference’, which he would
use in psychoanalysis and during his hypnotherapy sessions with his
patients (Hergenhahn, 2008).
Carl Jung (1875-1961) is best known for his contributions to dream
analysis and symbolization (Jung, 1968). Being Freud’s student, he re-
emphasized the importance of sexual development but he also focused on
the collective unconscious. Jung theorized four functions of consciousness:
sensation, intuition, thinking, and feeling. In Jung’s book Psychological
Types, he quotes: “The four functions are somewhat like the four points of
the compass; they are just as arbitrary and just as indispensable.”(Jung,
1976).
He viewed the four functions in pairs as the two perceiving functions
were sensation and intuition, and then there was the judging functions that
were thinking and feeling. This judging or perceiving relate to his view of the
types of attitude an individual may have: being an extravert or an introvert.
Jung identified eight patterns for how one may carry out these mental
activities, by combining his opposite pairs of attitudes and functions (Engler,
2008). His eight types are commonly referred to as the function- attitudes or
the eight mental processes. These patterns are also seen in the 16 MBTI
types which was first set out by the Briggs family (Jung, 1971).
Isabel Myers Brigg (1897-1980, a psychological theorist) and her
mother Katharine Cook Briggs (1875-1968, an American psychologist) co-

created the psychometric questionnaire which was designed to measure
preferences in how an individual makes decisions and perceives their
situations (Myers & Myers, 2010). The modern Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
(MBTI) puts personalities into sixteen groups by analyzing the answers that
an individual give in regards to four basic questions: Introversion vs.
Extraversion: Outer directed or inner directed? Sensing vs. Intuition: Is
information processed literally or abstractly? Thinking vs. Feeling: Are
decisions made by thought or feelings? Judging vs. Perceiving: Is there a
preference for order or spontaneity? It was from the individual’s answers that
the test was able to reveal something about their personality; it would
classify them into a certain category.
Biological factors are a major contribution when the personality is still
beginning to develop, as a child grows up, they begin to develop more and
more of their character as the years pass (Roberts & Delvecchio, C2000). As
an individual grows older their environment becomes more influential on their
development of personality than biological factors. Parental upbringing and
the order they are born in, both influence the development of one’s
personality (Misseldine, 1963) and (Stein’s Impact of Parenting Styles on
Children, 2015). Environmental such as sociological factors matter more
than psychological factors. Zimbardo’s experiment shows that sociological
factors such as social titles and perceived ranking makes a difference to an
individual’s mindset and behavior. Psychological factors matter the most,
regardless of if an individual’s temperament is inherited, or if they put weight

on their perceived social class; one’s mindset pushes one in a certain
direction. From the MBTI the answers are subjective in that the individual's
view of themselves can change. An individual’s mindset will determine how
one will behave and what one’s temperament would be like as an adult.
Biological, sociological and psychological factors all influence the
development of personality, but each factor affects personality differently and
to different extents at different stages in life. To summarize, one is unable to
change one’s genetics that determines temperament, but one can change
one’s behavior and thus habits that grow from temperament (Robins et al,
2001). One can decide on what social norms one lives their life by and what
sort of mindset one chooses to have to determine one's personality.
FAMILY
According to Parcel (2012), family involvement in their children’s
development not only improves a child’s morale and attitude, but it also
promotes better behavior and social adjustment. It further says that family
involvement in the development helps children to grow up, to be productive,
responsible members of the society. This means that if we involve the
parents in developing their children, it is tantamount to saying that the school
is proactive in implementing changes of development among the students.
As parents’ involvement is increased, teachers and school administrators
also raise the chance to realize the quality reform in development.
According to Dearing, McCartney, Weiss, Kreider, & Simpkins (2004),
parental involvement typically involves parents’ behaviors in home and

school settings meant to support their children’s educational progress.
Measures of parent involvement commonly include the quality and frequency
of communication with teachers as well as participation in school functions
and activities.
Likewise, according to Parish & Dostal (2012), the environment of the
home in which a child is reared can advance or hinder wholesome
personality
adjustment. Family relationships also determine in large measure the young
person’s developing attitudes toward home and family life.
According to Mittal et al. (2006), discipline may achieve a behavioral
goal, its accomplishment may be nullified by the emotional and attitudinal
side effects it produces in a child. A positive correlation exists between
aggressive behavior in children and severity of discipline in the home. There
is little doubt that harsh, arbitrary and inconsistent discipline arouse
resentment, hostility, and anxiety in the child.
Involved parents can build interdependent relationships with multiple
stakeholders, and other family-focused agencies and systems that seek to
enhance the quality of life for families and children.
According to Bornstein (2002), in ways similar to the community, the
peer group becomes an agency of enculturation and learning. Even very
young children develop a sense of self from their perceptions of important
people in their surroundings, including relatives, teachers, and peers.
Socioeconomic status, ethnic identity, and parents’ occupations affect how

family view themselves and the process by which they socialize their
children. Later, as children leave the home setting, their self-perception and
socializing skills become influenced by how their peers view them.
According to Wright (2009), the moral development of children is very closely
interwoven with their intellectual, physical, social and emotional
development. These children can come to respect the things around them,
explore the connectedness of all creation and be guided in their sense of
right and wrong.
On the other hand, Berkman (2000) stated that social influence is the
effect that others have on an individual and group attitudes and behavior.
Likewise, according to Wright (2009), the spiritual development of
children is very closely interwoven with their intellectual, physical, social and
emotional development. Spiritual values are values shared with those
traditions, communities and individuals who have helped shape them into the
people they are.
According to Juliette Sivertsen (2015), parental involvement is often
see as a cornerstone in a child’s education. It can make a considerable
difference to your child’s school life, both in academic success and in
general enjoyment at school. Parents being involved shows the child that
their parents care about his or her education and schooling and of course, to
them.
On the other perspective of family, there are still children who are raised with
a broken family. Having only a single parent is something they

need to deal with every day and it will muddle their thoughts and
perspectives about the different things in the world.
The University of Incipient Hampshire Cooperative Extension
expounds that the effects of a broken family on a youth’s development
depends on numerous factors, including their age when their parents
disunited, and on his or her personality and family relationships. Although
infants and adolescents may experience a few negative developmental
effects, older children and teenagers have experience some quandaries in
their social, emotional, and educational functioning.
According to Lori Rappaport, after parental disseverment, children of
all ages may seem tearful or distressed, which is a state that can last for
several years after the parents of the child have disunited. Additionally, some
young adult may show very little emotional reaction to their parents’ disunion.
Rappaport explicates that this may not be developmentally propitious. Some
youth who show little emotional replication are authentically bottling up their
negative feelings.
According to 2012 U.S. Census Bureau Information, the number of
children increased in single-parent households continues to elevate. Children
with two parents in the home earning two incomes incline to have better
financial and scholastic advantages. The effects of a single-parent home on
child’s demeanor can be far-reaching and have impact on several areas of
life, including academic achievement and social behaviors.

According to MNT (2009), both mothers and fathers reported more
fret in their relationships with daughters than with sons. Daughters generally
have more proximate relationships with parents that involve more exposure
which may provide more opportunities for tensions in the parent-daughter
ties. Both adult sons and adult daughters showed more tension with their
mothers rather than with their fathers, concretely about personality
differences and unsolicited advices. “It may be that children feel their
mothers make more intrusive than fathers.”
Showed academic development is another mundane way that
disseverment affects youth. The emotional stress of a divorce alone can be
enough to stunt the child’s academic progress, but the lifestyle changes and
instability of a broken family can cause to a poor incalculative outcomes.
This poor academic progress can stem from a number of factors, including
instability in the home environment, inadequate financial resources and
inconsistent routines.
Having a broken family affects young adult social relationships for
several ways. First, some youth act out their distress about their broken
family by being violent and by engaging in bullying demeanor, both of which
can negatively affect peer relationships. Other young adult may experience
apprehensiveness, which can make it troublesome for them to seek positive
social interactions and engage in developmentally benign activities such as
teen sports. Teens from broken homes might develop a cynical posture
towards relationships and harbor feelings of mistrust, both toward their
parents and potential romantic partners. By its very nature, divorce, changes

not only the structure of the family but additionally, its dynamics Even if the
spouses have a peaceful divorce, simply engendering two new households
permanently alters family interactions and roles. Predicated on the new living
arrangements, their children may need to perform more chores and postulate
supplemental roles in the new household’s primary functioning. Moreover, in
some broken families, young adult may take on a parental-type role when
interacting with younger siblings because of their parents’ work schedules or
inability to be present in the way that the parents were before the separation
(Pickhardt, 2012).
Several years ago, many discussions of young adults and parental
disunion would likely have commenced with the postulation that living with
one parent was not as good as living with two, and, consequently, that
children whose parents disunited would be at a distinct disadvantage,
relative
to those whose parents remained espoused. While it is still the settlement of
most social scientists that adolescent adult from broken homes have more
difficulties that those from non-broken homes, the explication for this
difference is far more complicated than the conventional wisdom that “Two
parents are better than one” or that “All children need a mother and a father.”
Not matter how good or bad the union has been, the process is
virtually painful. Disseverment is also an involute experience because so
many things are transpiring at once. Disunion of the parents generally takes
a toll on the children as well as on the dissevering couple. The number of

children affected by the disseverment of the parents makes children
vulnerable to distress and other psychological disorders.
On the other hand, studies show that parental discord before and after a
disseverment influences children’s adjustment more powerfully than does the
genuine disunion itself.
There are different forms of social behavior in young adult or youth according
to Robin (2010). It is important to analyze and study the different forms of
social behavior to guide and help them manage interacting with other people.
The following are the different forms of social behavior:
Social Sympathy. It is a form of social behavior that care and concern for
someone, often someone close, accompanied by a wish to visually perceive
him or her better off or more blissful. Compared to pity, sympathy implicates
a greater sense of shared conformity attributes together with a more
profound personal engagement.
Cooperation. It is an act or instance of working or acting together for a
prevalent purpose or benefit, joint action. It is an interaction by joining in an
organization or a circumscribed area.
Rivalry. It is characterized by a desire to outdo others and is always
stimulated by another person. Rivalry is competing for the same thing
against another person.
Social approval. It is the positive evaluation of an individual or group in a
social context. The social reinforcement provided has consequential

implicative expression for social behavior, in that people will generally
consistently act in ways to win an approbation and avoid discrimination.
Negativism. It is a form of heightened resistive demeanor “replete with all of
the emotional concomitants of infantile self-assertion.”
Aggression. This is a prevalent behavior or reaction to frustration.
Aggression is overt, often adverse, social interaction with the intention of
inflicting damage or other unpleasantness upon another individual.
Quarrelling. It is occurring whenever one person invade another person or
his or her property. It takes many forms: the most conventional are violating
the other works of person, screaming, pushing, and attacks.
Teasing and Bullying. These two forms of behavior are cognate to
quarrelling. Teasing consists of mental attack on another in an endeavor to
“get his or her goal” and thus, arouse a rampant response on the component
of the individual’s attack. This may consist of calling each other’s nicknames
that arouse their anger or putting emphasis on their physical or mental
weakness. In bullying, the attacker endeavors to inflict physical pain on
others because of the delectation he or she derives from watching their
discomfort and their attempt to retaliate.
Ascendant Behavior. It refers to any kinds of deportment by which a person
attains or maintains mastery of a social situation or endeavors to do so, so
the
person is control of his own act or carry out his or her purpose. It is an
inclination to dominate others or being superior.

Selfishness. This is characterized by manifesting concern or care only for
oneself. Selfishness is a concerned primarily with one’s own fascinates,
benefits, welfare, etc., regardless of others.
Within a family, when disseverment strikes, it is genuinely a difficult
phase to pass through. Most people customarily worry about the phrenic
being of the parents. Despite of how painful the situation is for them, it is
genuinely the children who bear the burden of it and culminate it up with the
greatest portion of problems. The worst part is, these harms which befall on
these minors are not always too visible. A parental disseverment does not
only break families but it additionally inflicts certain effects on the
psychological and social aspects of a child’s life. An analysis discloses that
children who transpire to come from broken families are five times more
prone to invite phrenic difficulties than those who have parents cohering.
Moreover, it is best to have two parents than one if a child needs to evade
lapsing into behavioral disorders which may involve anti-social, and
aggressiveness or violent demeanors. In 2007, a research was carried out
where approximately 8, 050 children aged between 5 – 15 years were
examined and the results revealed that virtually, one in ten had disorders.
Back in 2008, the children were checked again. The newfound results were
more oppressive than ever. A child whose parents had disunited during this
period was about four and a half times more liable to come across the threat
of developing emotional and physical compulsion than a kid whose parents
are still together (Subhan, 2013).

According to Wallerstein et al. (2006), young adult or broken family
are more liable to suffer from mild depression compared to young adult of a
complete family. These findings could be attributed to the children holding
themselves accountable for the disunion of their parents. Children of broken
family are at a greater risk to exhibit delinquent and anti-social behavior.
Parental disseverment withal seems to impact how children of broken family
engage in relationships as adults. Children, mainly females, make several
unsuitable relationship decisions. Females are thought to be worse off in the
long run compared to males when it comes to their relationship decisions.
Early research on the effect of parental disseverment on children has largely
been predicated on clinical samples, and sometimes, such research has
insufficiency in a controlled group. The findings from such research lack
external validity and are inadequate, thus, it is hard to generalize.
Nonetheless, two early longitudinal studies predicated on unrepresentative
samples offered consequential insights on potential selection issues by
discovering that many children of broken family had already been having
various emotional disturbances, adjustment problems, and substance abuse
problems prior to the disruption of their parents’ espousements.
In the United States, researchers calculated that 40% - 50% of all first
espousements, and 60% of second marriage, will culminate in disseverment.
There are some prominent factors that put people at higher risk for disunion:
espousing at a very young age; less education and income; living together
before marriage; a premarital pregnancy; no religious affiliation; emanating
from a divorced family and; feelings of insecurity. The most usual reasons
people give for their disunion are lack of commitment, an inordinate amount

of arguing, infidelity, espousing too early, unauthentic prospects, lack of
fairness in the relationship, lack of preparation for marriage, and abuse. This
parental conflicts can affect their children.
According to Furstenberg (2008), children from broken families have
lower inculcation, economic well-being, and psychological well-being and
that controlling for pre-disruption factors – including child characteristics,
family background, quality of parents’ marital cognations, and parent-child
cognations substantially reduces the sodality between divorce and
subsequent child well-being. Comportment of social groups that sanction as
person to participate effectively in a group or society. Broken home or broken
family impacts on adolescent social development is: parental divorce itself
lead to distrust of the facility and position. A child felt humbled and scared to
emerge and hang out with friends. Children’s difficulty to adjust to the
environment, the difficulties that come naturally from the child himself or
herself. Impact on young women who do not have a father deported with
extreme one way to a man, they authentically pulled out the possibility that
passive and inferior are both too active, aggressive and flirtatious
(Sumampouw, 2012).
Nicholson and Matthew (2005) executed a study about family
structure and its impact on child’s behavioral characteristics. The
denomination of the study was randomized controlled tribulation of
behavioral family intervention for the treatment of child’s behavioral problems
in broken families. The study revealed that the family structure is the most
consequential predictors of child’s demeanor characteristics. Children from

broken home often results in feeling of solicitousness and loss of control
which may manifest into behavioral problems and adjustment problems.
Broken families do experience greater conflict than other families resulting
into behavioral problems and lower self-esteem among their children.
Lidhoo (2007) conducted a study to ascertain the relationship
between broken family environment and socio-psychological development of
secondary school children. He conducted his study on 300 adolescent
students and the data information were accumulated from them by utilizing
questionnaire and interview techniques. The study was cross-sectional in
nature. The major findings of the study were that home environment plays a
consequential role in socio-psychological development of adolescent
students. Love and care of parents as well as their relationship with children
act as the driving force for positive socio-psychological development among
them. Adolescent students of broken families struggle with various problems
of adjustment within and outside the home environment.
Issues confronting Filipino families have been multiplying over the
years. Some of the conflicts have something to do with the differences in
disciplinary methods between parents, grandparents, the question of potency
in the family, school problems of children, delinquent deportment and drug
addiction. Unfortunately, hard research has not been done yet in this area in
the Philippines. Owing to the sensitive and delicate nature of the subject
matter, adequate time and earnest effort are indispensable on the
component of researchers for them to obtain answers that genuinely reflect

what children themselves think and feel about their parent’s problems.
During adolescent
adult, peers become increasingly important because they incline to spend
more time with their peers than with any other group. Parental influence will
be lessening during the incrementing influence of peer groups and cliques.
Peer can encourage behaviors, although they can additionally inspirit
misconduct or inappropriate demeanors. Peer influence should not be
underestimated. Compare with the influence of peers, the influence of
parents is more prevalent. The quality of parent-child relationship is most
positive when parents show competence, non-oppressive level parental
control felicitous support and direction.
Catherine Ponce, a professional psychometrician, indicated that
emanating from a broken family is a sad authenticity. It can greatly affect the
lives of each member of the family but is not the be-all and culminate-all of it.
It does not describe an individual nor determine the course of his or her life.
Having an atmosphere of open communication can avert a family from being
broken. It sanctions family members to air out thoughts and conceptions,
discuss their differences and weaknesses as well as their love and
reverence for one another. It avails resolve conflicts and issues. She
verbalized that communication comes in different forms and ways; it is a
matter of practice and posture. However, according to Rev. Fr. Pluth S.
Rodriguez, a priest from

Hinundayan, Southern Leyter, one of the problems that the church is
encountering nowadays is the growing number of broken families. If there
are
broken families, there are broken relationships that are deeply rooted in
broken vows. It is a result of immature decision in entering the espousement
state and irresponsible and selfish action of the couple to part ways with or
without undergoing a certain process. He denotes that the children will be
the sacrificial lambs in broken families, the condition will psychologically
affect them as they grow up and get over to have their own families. He
advised the children from broken families with the following: accept the
situation; learn lessons from the experience; be optimistic; be vigorous;
move on from the past; consign your family into the hands and mercy of
God; continue to love both your mother and father; instill your mind the
teachings og God; cherish and nurture your own family; and recollect that
God will instaurate and rejuvenate everything.
According to Real Manansala (2015), a crisis or continuing stress can
interrupt the transition to the next phase of life, or you may get over but
without the compulsory skills to prosper. Your experiences through the family
life cycle will affect who you are and what you will become. If we optate to
have a prosperous family life cycle, the best way and the best thing that we
can do is to build a substructure that will last.
Recent studies generally postulated that young adult’s difficulties with
disunion, while ordinary, were short-lived. However, recent authors have

asserted that a major cost to youth comes along after when they endeavor to
compose stable espousements themselves. There is extensive and heated
debate over just how much damage, just how many children are damaged to
what extent, what factors mediate the damage, and so on. Young adult of
disunited parents is reported to have a higher chance of behavioral problems
than those of non-disunited parents. Studies have additionally reported the
former to be more liable to suffer abuse than children in complete families,
and to have a greater chance of living in poverty. The vigor of family
relationship categorically the child proximity to their parents as role models
(Aran, 2010).
Most of the youth reported well to have a very good relationship with
other family members. The parents figured as the family member that the
children were intimate to parents. Parents were also close-mentioned as the
persons they wanted to be intimate to. There are some causes that
transmuted during the disseverment of the respondents’ families and some
of them don’t prosperously handle the difficulties brought by the
disseverment, but most of them insist that it pushed them to enhance their
capability and motivate them to study and have a higher grade (Dela Cruz, et
al., 2011).
Nowadays, young people are more independent and are sanctioned
greater freedom. The incremented mobility of adolescent people for creation
and leisure purposes has made it hard for parents to monitor them. Juvenile
delinquency can be expounded by the failure of social control which is one of
the responsibilities of the family. Open and honest communication between

parents and children should always be provoked. Family members must
have reinforced communication, relationship, decision-making and problem
solving skills of family members should be developed. Outings or get-
together with the family should be done regularly. Economic activities that
contribute to family welfare should be ascertained. Spirituality of family
members should be nurtured (Mabasa, 2012).
The national hero of the Philippines Dr. Jose Rizal once said that “Our
children are our future.” Adolescents have the capacity to contribute to the
country’s development. Parents should work hard and guide to develop their
child and empower them to make the right choices and responsible
decisions.
MUSIC
According to a study done by Steven Stack and and Jim Gundlach
they believe there is a positive correlation between country music and
suicide rates. In their report “The effects of country music on suicide”, which
later won them The Ig Nobel award for medicine, they had positively linked
the two things. They did the study based on 49 metropolitan areas and found
that the towns that played a higher than average amount of country music
actually had higher rates of suicide. But my question still remains, why?
Some of the songs even consist of lyrics like “God is great, beer is good.”
Most of the songs relate to trucks, the outdoors, some beer, God himself,
and a great person by your side.
Researchers from the Universities of Manchester and Liverpool conducted a
review of 12 English-language papers published in the British Journal of

Clinical Psychology and found that groups belonging to alternative
subcultures are at far greater risk of hurting themselves.
"The belief that alternative subcultures may be at an increased risk of
self-harm and suicide is considered by some to be a myth," said Peter
Taylor, a clinical psychologist from The University of Manchester. "But the
literature we reviewed does suggest that these individuals are indeed in
greater danger. However, this research requires interpretation within the
wider context of public concern around alternative subcultures and their
impact on the mental health of young people."
He added: "We're not saying that doctors should be worrying about
everyone wearing a METALLICA t-shirt, but if there are also other signs
which point towards self-harm, then they definitely ask the question.
"Many people become affiliated with these groups because they feel
like they don't fit into society and so face a lot of vulnerabilities. But there
also might be victimization and stigma associated with belonging to these
subcultures."
The studies that explored the association between music preferences
and self-harm or suicide focused on the heavy metal genre, which in some
studies also included other genres under this term; alternative, punk and
classic rock and rock, metal and punk. Comparison analyses and factor
analysis highlighted similarities between the grouped genres. Five studies
investigated the links between a preference for heavy metal music and self-
harm and one focused on completed suicide. Findings indicated that there
were small positive associations between a preference for heavy metal

music and increased self-harm; namely suicidal ideation, past suicidal
ideation and suicide risk, including attempted suicide and suicidal ideation.
Furthermore, higher percentages of heavy metal fans (31-74%) reported
suicidal thoughts in comparison to non-fans (14%-35%).
The findings across several studies that participants who identified
with alternative subcultures (through self-identification or music preference)
also had experiences of adversity, including bullying or victimization, difficult
family relationships and prior emotional and/or behavior difficulties, provides
some support for the suggestion that they are a group that may have pre-
existing vulnerabilities to self-harm. However, despite this potential link,
several studies found that the relationship between alternative affiliation and
self-harm continued to exist after these confounding variables were
controlled for. These results appear to work against the hypothesis that the
association between alternative subculture affiliation and self-harm results
solely from a shared vulnerability. That said, one study found that after
controlling for correlates or predictors of self-harm, the association of
alternative music preference and self-harm became insignificant and other
studies found a reduced effect size following adjustment for confounders.
These studies indicate that pre-existing experiences of adversity (e.g.
bullying, depression) do contribute to self-harm, as found in the general
research.
"There is not enough evidence to tell us why it is that people
belonging to these subcultures are at greater risk," said Mairead Hughes
from The University of Liverpool.

"Young people who have faced more adversity may be more likely to
become part of a subculture, but this does not seem to fully explain the
increased risk," Hughes said. "Stress associated with being different and
belonging to a minority group may also explain some of the risk."
According to Baker and Bor (2012) who found out that Pop music
correlated higher with extraversion than Heavy Metal did. Extraversion has
been further associated with women, but not in men, preference for Jazz and
Classical music (Hall, 2012), though Cattel and Saunders’ research indicated
that extraversion was associated with music containing strong rhythms, fast
tempo, discordant harmonies, and joyful yet agitated moods such as raps,
hip-hop, dance, punk, and pop.
In addition, a concept supported by Rosenbaum and Prinsky (2013)
who found that when two psychiatric facilities were contacted about a
hypothetical youth with no emotional or behavioral problem but a preference
for a Heavy Metal music, Punk fashion and a room that was messy and
adorned with awful looking posters, 83% recommended in patient admission.
However, this study was conducted in the United States of America which
has a user pays approach to health care, so it is unknown if psychiatric
facilities in other countries would have the same reaction.
However, Laukka (2011) finds out that music is a recurrent origin of
positive emotions and listeners tend to listen to a scope of music that relates
to their emotional functions.
Moreover, Wells (2012) also found that both males and females use
music to change their state of mind, and established to be particularly true

when feeling depressed, as it was concluded that individuals used music at
this time to uplift their moods, Music has been found to helped individuals
calm down or relax.
As a result, Berlyne proposed that an inverted U-shaped curve which
is also called the Wundt curve reflects a general relationship between
structural complexity in art aesthetic appreciation. According to this
relationship, increasing complexity is parallel to positively with liking, arousal
and pleasure up to an optimal point, after which a further increase in difficulty
reverses the effect. The theory is first demonstrated for music by Heyduk
and was eventually appropriated for rankings of subjective complexity in
popular music. However, what constitutes the optimal level of complexity
depends on musical context personality, genre and listening preferences. It
is like that culture also reigns effective responses to complication in music,
since the music of different cultures can vary in levels and expressions of
complexity.
Though music has been coupled with well-being since ancient times,
there is very little research on music and psychological well-being (Laukka,
2012). This is odd since many young people in modern society consider their
music to be essential to their well-being, and there is growing concern about
their music listening habits and the effect it might have on their psychological
well-being.
According to Sacks (2010), belief that music induces the person’s
deepest feelings and affects his state of mind, is supported biologically by
studies that found when instrumental music is reported as giving people

chills, it is in fact the ventral tegmentum and nucleolusaccumbens providing
a pleasurable reward via the dopamine channels. It may be possible to
conclude therefore that, on a purely biological level, our music preference
affects our psychological well-being.
As claimed by Chamorro and Furnham (2007), the relationship
between the function of music to people seems difficult to be understood,
although some links may also be anticipated. For instance, neuroticism, a
trait which refers to an individual’s chance to experience negative influence
and regulate emotions, it may be related with emotional uses of music, and
this has been the center of attention of much cognitive research in recent
years. Specifically, neuroticism may be anticipated to be more sensitive to
the arousal effects of music and use music for emotional regulation
purposes. However, conscientiousness, a trait that is not consistently related
to creativity and psychoticism, may be inversely connected with the level of
likelihood to use music for psychological regulation. Conscientious persons,
to some extent, opposed the way of being artistic, intuitive, and imaginative
people, it may therefore be more likely to experience music in a rational way.
It is supported by Dr. Joselyn Eusebio (2013), a Filipino
developmental behavioral pediatrician who said that music therapy is a
technique of complementary medicine that can enhance the holistic
development of a child and help relieve the fears and anxieties of both the
patient and the caregiver. Not all kinds of music are recommended, however,
Dr. Euesebio said that slow and classical music would be more effective
than, say, rock songs. Her research suggested that musical therapists use

slow, non-lyrical music with about 60 to 80 beats per minute, having a
maximum volume of 60 decibels.
As stated by Rentfrow & McDonald (2010), personality studies have
conjectured that the reason for a large variation in the frequency of musically
evoked chills is due to personality differences among participants. This is
because personality can be seen as predictor as well as a moderator
situational effects. Personality is known to play a large role in musical
preferences and experiences. Personality traits can also predict which
people are more liked to experience, and prefer a wide variety of musical
genres, music listening habits, and uses of music.
According to the study of Chamorro and Furnham in personality and
music (2007), their study explores the relationship between established
individual differences and different uses of music – as assessed through a
purpose-designed self-report inventory. The relationship between uses of
music and other personality traits seems less clear, although some links may
also be expected. For instance, neuroticism or emotional stability, a trait
which refers to an individual’s tendency to experience negative affectivity
and regulate emotions, may be associated with emotional uses of music, and
this has been the focus of much cognitive research in recent years.
Specifically, neurotic individuals may be expected to be more sensitive to the
emotional effects of music and use music for emotional regulation purposes.
Conversely, conscientiousness, a trait that is negatively related to creativity
and psychoticism, may be inversely correlated with the level of likelihood to
use music for emotional regulation. Conscientious individuals, to some

extent the opposite of artistic, intuitive and imaginative people, may therefore
be more likely to experience music in rational ways.
Cattell was the first to suggest a relationship between music and
personality. He believed music can satisfy deep and unconscious needs and
therefore, studied music preferences in order to gain a deeper understanding
of personality. Together, Cattell and Saunders created the institute for
Personality and Ability Testing (IPAT), a music preference test consisting of
120 excerpts of classical and jazz music. They found 11 stable music-
preference factors, each which reflected an unconscious aspect of
personality. These factors were then used to compare normal and abnormal
personality types in hopes of constructing a supplemental personality
inventory for psychiatric diagnoses.
Cattell aimed to create such an inventory in order to provide an
alternative method for assessing personality which was different from his
objective 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and from projective personality
tests, such as the Rorschach or the Thematic Apperception Test. Because
Cattell’s focus was on constructing a personality instrument, the musical
significance of each factor and its relationship to personality is not well-
defined. Furthermore, this study examined preference for excerpts from only
two music genres, classical and jazz, omitting the personality and chills
together, who found that the Openness to Experience factor (from the NEO-
PI) was correlated with chills and excitement in response to art (Costa &
McCrae, 2012). Because of its high correlation across different cultures, it is

suggested that aesthetic chills are valid markers of the personality trait to
Openness to Experience.
More recently, Silvia and Nusbaum (2010) investigated which
personality traits influence the occurrence of chills across different aesthetic
mediums. In this study, participants were asked to note which forms of art
they encountered most frequently (music, motion picture media, visual art,
reading, and dance were found to contain the highest frequencies).
Participants were then asked to rate their experience of some more unusual
aesthetic states including: chills, feeling absorbed and detached, and feeling
touched. Interestingly, a chill was the first and strongest factor in the
aesthetic experiences, and personality was able to strongly predict the
experience of chills. Openness to Experience was shown to have the largest
effect on frequency of chills, which is consistent with the previous work of
McCrae (2007).
Another study conducted by researchers at Heriot-Watt University
looked at more than 36, 000 participants from all over the world. Participants
were asked to rate more than 104 different musical styles in addition to
offering information about aspects of their personality. The following are just
some of the personality traits linked to certain musical styles. The results
showed that North et al. (2012) conducted a study to establish whether
music could be used to manipulate one’s mood. Participants listened to
music that was deemed positive and uplifting as well as music considered
‘annoying’ to determine if the music affected their emotional state. It was
found that the positive and uplifting music produced a positive and uplifting

emotional state, whereas annoying music produced an agitated and annoyed
emotional state within the participants.
Interestingly, Wheeler (2013) found that the mood after listening to
music was influenced by the mood before listening to the music. Thus, if the
music heard is not a music preference, the individual felt worse that
beforehand. Conversely, if a person feeling badly listens to music they like,
that person will feel better.
The value one places on the music in everyday life will depend on the
uses they make of it and the degree of engagement with it, which is
dependent on the context in which the music is heard. North et al. (2012)
conducted a study on music, refining investigation to the following areas:
individuals who listen to music; with what they listen to; their emotional
responses to this music; when they listen to music; where music is listened
to and why they listen to music.
In this study, they found that British individuals of various ethnicities
and ages most frequently listen to music while on their own and that Pop
music was the most common genre listened to. The degree the participant
liked the music was dependent on whom they were with, where they were,
and whether they had chosen to hear the music. This study also found that
music was commonly experienced during an activity rather than an individual
deliberately listening to music. However, when one deliberately chose to
listen to music, different genres of music were chosen for a variety of
reasons (North et al., 2012). Although this study touched on music genres, it
failed to ascertain each individual’s actual preferred genre.

The present study is built on Rentfrow and Gosling’s (2013)
groundbreaking work and extends it in several ways. First, Rentfrow and
Gosling used a sample of undergraduate college students. It is unclear to
what extent their findings can be generalized to younger adolescents.
Theoretically, adolescence can be considered a particularly relevant period
for the study of music preferences. As already indicated, adolescence is the
period when the amount of time devoted to listening to music is at its peak.
Furthermore, one might expect more change in music preferences during
adolescence than, for example, in older adults due to the changes in
relationships with peers, who have been shown to be very influential in
shaping adolescents’ music preferences. Lastly, adolescence is generally
viewed as a formative phase for the development of music preferences, and
it has been argued that music preferences crystallize during adolescence.
Therefore, it would be very important to examine (changes in) music
preferences and their personality correlates during this critical period.
Second, as in most studies on music preferences, Rentfrom and
Gosling (2003) used an American sample. It is unclear to what extent the
structure of music preferences identified in their research, as well as their
pattern of associations between personality and music preferences,
generalizes to other cultures or countries. Recently, inconsistent findings
have been reported for Spanish and English samples regarding the
association between Sensation seeking and Openness to Experience on one
hand and music preferences on the other hand, suggesting that findings from
this type of research cannot automatically be generalized across people from
different regions. The present study tested the generalized ability of Rentfrow

and Gosling’s findings to a sample of adolescents growing up in the
Netherlands.
Third, as argued by Rentfrow and Gosling, a theory on music
preference should inform the listeners on how music preferences develop
and what factor influence their development. It should also give insight into
the trajectory of music preferences and provide answers to questions such
as how, when and why music preferences change. To date, however, most
of what is known about the changes in music preferences comes from
comparisons between individuals of different ages. Age-group differences
cannot automatically be interpreted because there are intra-individual effects
such that as people grow older, they increasingly prefer a certain type of
music. To enable such interpretations, longitudinal studies about changes in
music preferences are needed. Although Rentfrow and Gosling did compute
the test-retest reliabilities for their factors on the basis of two measurements
with a 3-week interval, their data did not provide information on the stability
and trajectory of music preferences over much longer periods of time. Their
data also did not reveal to what extent personality characteristics predict
over-time changes in music preferences. Such information would provide a
more specific account of the role of personality characteristics regarding the
development of music preferences. Therefore, in the present study, music
preference data were collected at four annual measurements.
III. METHODOLOGY

This chapter aims to discuss the research design and methodology of
the study. It shows the procedural operations of this study which includes the
design, locality, respondent, data, questionnaire, and statistical data.
Research Design
Quantitative research is a formal, objective systematic process in which
numerical data are used to obtain information about the topic. This research
method is used to describe variables; to examine relationships among
variables; to determine the cause and effect interactions between variables,
specifically the attitude and how they did simultaneous attending the class and
training.
Descriptive research method includes statistical treatments or
techniques concerned with summarizing and describing numerical data. This
method can be tabular or graphical or computational. These types of statistical
measures are used to present and analyze information in a convenient, textual,
usable and understanding form.
Respondents of the Study
The targeted study population has a total of one hundred (100) students
of University of Perpetual Help System Dalta – Calamba Campus A.Y. 2019 –
2020 but the study will only involve thirty (30) students, of any course, that is
selected through random sampling.
Research Instrument

This study shall make use of survey questionnaire as the main
instrument of the study. A 10-item test wherein the questions are chosen from a
set of 40 questions which measures the suicidal tendency of an individual by
Dr. D.J. Bhatt and Dr. R.G. Meghnathi will be used to test one’s individual
tendency if it is either high, moderate, or low using the given scale:
Scale Description
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Neutral
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
Statistical Treatment of the Data
The following statistical treatment of data were utilized to analyze the
gathered information from the respondents:
 Frequency and Percentage Distribution. This will be used to show the
number of students who share a common personality.

 Percentage. This will be used to show the respondents answers to a
particular item in the checklist. This will also be used to present the personality
trait and suicidal tendency of the respondents.
 Pearson, r. This shall be used to test the relationship between the
personality trait and suicidal tendency of the respondents.
REFERENCES
Ahmed, N. I., (2013). “Association of Aggression and Non-Suicidal Self Injury:
A School-Based Sample of Adolescents”
Auerbach, R.P., et al, (2017). “Impulsivity and Suicidality in Adolescent
Inpatients”
Beadle, J., et al, (2016). “Suicidal Thoughts and Emotion Competence”
Cohen, D., et al, (2016). “Genetic Association Studies of Suicidal Behavior: A
Review of the Past 10 Years, Progress, Limitations, and Future
Directions”

DeLamater, J.D. and Myers, D.J., “Social Psychology, 7th Edition”, Cengage
Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 151 Lorong Chuan, Singapore, 2012
Feldman, R.S., “Understanding Psychology”, Mc Graw Hill Education,
2015, p. 439
Jacobson, C., et al, (2018). “Emotion Reactivity, Comfort Expressing
Emotions, and Future Suicidal Ideation in Emerging Adults”, Journal of
Clinical Psychology
Joven, J. S. PhD, RPm, et al, “General Psychology”, Books Atbp. Publishing
Corp., 707 tiaga corner Kasipagan Streets Barangka Drive,
Mandaluyong City, 2014, p. 170
Kumar, P.N.S., et al, (2013). “An Exploratory Analysis of Personality Factors
Contributed to Suicide Attempts”, v. 35(4)
Nock, M.K., PhD and O’Connor, R.C., PhD, (2014). “The Psychology of
Suicidal Behavior Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 73-85
TenHouten, W.D., (2016). “Normlessness, Anomies, and the Emotions”
http://www.Performwell.org/index.php/findsurveyassessments/outcomes/emotional
wellbeing/self-management

http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=7&sid=fe6eb2f6-3a60
4a82-88dd9c4cb6f661%40sessionmgr4010&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZW
hvc3QtbGIQ%3d%3d#AN=97606185&db=aph
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140197111000261
http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=16&sid=fe6eb2f6-3a60-
4a82-88dd-9c4c0cb6f661%40sessionmgr4010&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZW
hvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=90271963&db=aph
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585995
https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/10/19/the-link-between-country-music-
and-suicide/
http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/young-heavy-metal-fans-are-at-increased-
risk-of-suicide-self-harm-study-finds/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367560
https://focus.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.167
http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/ps.2009.60.9.1257
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-27535-001

REQUEST LETTER TO GATHER DATA
Dear Respondents
Greetings!
The undersigned is a first year college student at University of Perpetual Help

System Dalta – Calamba Campus taking up Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and
presently conducting a research entitled “Relationship between Individual
Personalities and Suicidal Tendencies.”

In connection with this, may he ask your precious time to answer his survey
questionnaire that he needed for the said study. Rest assured the information
gathered will be kept confidential and will solely be used for the study only.
The following are objectives for conducting this research:
1. Understand the social behavior and how it leads to suicidality of a

person
2. Explain why a certain personality contributes to suicidality
3. Identify the factors that contribute to a certain behavior and how a
person manages to cope up with it.
4. Describe the behavior of a person with suicidal tendencies.
5. Control/regulate the occurrence of suicide.
Your kind consideration and cooperation will be highly appreciated.
Thank you very much!
The Researcher
Amiel Ivan C. Garcia
Noted by:
Mr. Alvin Miranda
College Instructor
Name (optional): ____________________________ Age: ____
Year and Course: ____________________________
Instructions: Please kindly answer the following questions. Put a check (✓)
inside the box that corresponds to your answer.

“Suicidal Tracking Scale”
Strongly Strongly
Statements Agree Neutral Disagree
Agree Disagree
1. I hate myself.
2. I think that the people
around me don’t love
me.
3. I feel constant
tiredness.
4. I cannot free myself
from undesirable
thoughts (e.g. creating
problems that don’t even
exist; overthinking)
5. I have doubt/s about
my existence.
6. I think that death is
better than an unhappy
life.
7. I am quiet around
strangers.
8. I have a lot of fears,
doubts and anxiety.
9. I find it difficult to
express myself clearly.
10. I tend to harm myself
when I did something
bad.



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University of Perpetual Help System- DALTA

Brgy. Paciano Rizal, Calamba City, Laguna

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITIES AND

GARCIA, AMIEL IVAN C.

MR. ALVIN MIRANDA

The Contemporary World Page |1

The Contemporary World Page |2

In numerous countries, suicide is the main cause of death among

teens. Suicide is a noteworthy general mental health problem representing

demographic attributes, for example, religious groups and joblessness.

Suicide, or ending one’s own life, is a grievous occasion with forceful

programs concentrate on helping teenagers, the most elevated number of

suicides in the U.S. in 2015 happened among individuals ages 45 to 54.

higher than that of women. There are likewise significant incongruities

Natives being the most elevated hazard gatherings.

An expanding group of confirmation proposes a relationship between

certain identity variables and suicidality. Past research connected a wide

range of ideas of identity convoluting distinct decisions about the impact of

identity attributes to suicidal tendencies. The five-factor model of identity is a

The Contemporary World Page |3

identity. It intends to observationally depict identity along five noteworthy

measurements, to be specific neuroticism, extraversion, transparency,

appropriateness and scruples. These five identity measurements indicate

mental issue, for example, uneasiness, depressive, substance utilize and

In an orderly audit of the relationship between identity characteristics

and suicide chance, Brezo et al. (2006) observed neuroticism and

extraversion to be the most reliably repeated qualities to be related with

suicide-related practices. In particular, higher neuroticism was related with

self-destructive ideation, suicide endeavors and finished suicide while

extraversion was observed to be a flexibility factor for suicidality. In a clinical

specimen of discouraged grown-ups 50 years old or more seasoned, higher

scores of neuroticism and receptiveness were related with self-destructive

ideation. Comparative outcomes in another example of discouraged grown-

between identity aspects (sub-sizes of the Huge Five measurements) and

pleasantness and low reliability were accounted for to be related with

expanded self-destructive ideation in an understudy test, though just

neuroticism was observed to be an indicator for suicide ideation in another

specimen of college understudies. Also, the impact of identity qualities on

suicidality was observed to be affected by sexual orientation. In an example

of youthful grown-ups, neuroticism was related with self-destructive ideation

in females, while uprightness was contrarily connected with self-destructive

The Contemporary World Page |4

ideation in guys. In one of only a handful couple of studies examining the

identity qualities and finished suicide, an identity style portrayed by a blend

in a grown-up test in provincial China.

In any case, a restriction of these examinations, which conceivably

clinical and non-agent subsamples. Past research on the relationship

an absence of controlling for conceivably critical covariates, for example, the

nearness of mental issue or certain socio-demographic qualities known to

have impact suicide chances. Albeit substantial scale inquires about

essentially utilized accumulated information to lead state-level investigations

of the relationships between identity measurements and suicide rates, such

examination outlines are unfit to change for individual mental comorbidity.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The research to find out the relationship between individual

how could a person could cope up and promote suicide prevention.

Specifically, the study seeks answers to the following questions:

1. How do these individual personalities lead to suicidality?

2. What does it feel when to experience/have these individual

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3. What kind of preparations does a person with a certain personality do

to cope up with a problem he or she is facing?