6.3 Polar Forms and Area 451 Table 6.2. Directory of Polar-Form Curves LIMAGONS =D aeos0 and r= Dbasing e990 peacnn ber rabousotet er repos te2 rabies bet snd oe op store for, ingle sandr farm cone nar oop ccanpioros acd sno re wtanine sonar fo 2 rotaton & sation 3 roti Rost CURVES: LeMIscarEs, Tovacobad and r= asnh@ Aa oml andi? re ctdicile = sn Occite Patents 2 mutate stm ar me pt ron om pt sand or tion fo pata : pet f : Pouca pare po usin20 four peas stad fore potas somal form Tove pata & rat86 Alternating Series; Absolute and Conditional Convergence 635 Summary of Convergence Tests ‘This concludes our basic study of convergence tests. There are no firm rules for deci how to (ost the convergence of a given series Ey, but wo can offer a few guidelines (Table 8.1), verges J] La converges if | Fi sum 8 = 95 convompes itp > Land diverges itp <1 Haroon series, at special case of he pss whee: aeges log serles, gu converges if > and diverges ify < | Divergence est Compa nyse nt is anything at, te Sees Unores Ti foes Sawn ABET ATT CTA, OTIS, Limit compari test, Check se wht Zak sarin appearance oa series Eb Hn by = Le WLS ie an postive, then Za ad Uy cr Roth converge oe ah vere atest 16 insoles £17 ore yt rato test. St fim Comerges if L< 1 veges iF > 1 inechsve 8 3 oot tt trie ttn im YE = bey bo at te Comerge i <1 dings iF > Isis inancasive = 1 Into test 16 iscnminuows, pose, a deresing mfg =f fal th ya and he ingroprinepst 2 ster ster bt comerg or bth deg. Cons sighs et whe fy 9 mega iol » oii, norm Frtion a ane wigs fin Direct onparaon tat 0-214 O ESSA IE 5 AEE Tetra comergnse Tk the ila alot em a esl 6 fr conus i aoe TIF Eig! converges then Eas converges. 2.1 Ejay voypes han the Sones isnot abslaelycunengent, bat may sil converge ced nH =O ad comer ne rt Ea ines Aerating series fst ‘The alleraing series E(—2Paq or E(—1¥ Fax with a > O converges IP) = ae fo (conditional convergence) ina =. Rearrangement of Terms in an Absolutely Convergent Series You may be surprised to learn that if the terms in a conditionally convergent series fare rearranged (dat is, the order of the summands is changed), the new series may not converge or it may converge 10 a dlilferent sum trom that of the original series!4174 Appendices APPENDIX D: SHORT TABLE OF INTEGRALS Elementary forms BASIC RULES nit 1. Constant u fodi= 0% 2 Power ute fora ml w'du = toads 3. Natural exponenia rule fei = e* 4. Logarithm ele fn jul du = in ~ ‘TRIGONOMETRIC RULES 5. f sinva = ~cosu 6 f eosue = sinu anu da = — Injen = tfc 8 f cosa = nisin 9. f sseudu =I poe + tana 10. fovea Infeseu + cot tf sda = tan 12, fesctud = —corn 13, J secutani du = sew 6. f excucotudi = ~esu EXPONENTIAL RULE 15, fora 5 aroaet HYPERBOLIC RULES 16. f coshu die = sinhte 17, f sini = cosbu 18 f shud = teosna 9, f coin de = nfsinhat 20, f sechudi = tan" Ginhador2ean“teh 24, feschu cu = Inftann INVERSE RULES a. fo eG a f 28, / Laann"'# if |B) <1 (ee itlf|>1 jie at is frala shows the aon of «enna, C, Whe sng a fegrl abe or ecto, th costar ‘sil ascaly net be shown, so its imponant iat you miperiber to inset the constant of iteration each ine you {ue a gel even win geting ro ale rss echanogyAppendices 1175 Linear and quadratic forms INTEGRALS INVOLVING au + 30 f (au + byt = EO G+ Da lau + by? bea eb ae f wlau + bydy = EERE _ pane fu » Gta Gt Ie faut oy? wlan by"? | au + by"! 2. f wau + bya = APO _ enh oy [torent = Care ae Whaat by | nb w not Starr | eet taw or whan + by! mb at feaneora [orca soae oe Gitntha tase | =u bye! ment? fy ast Gb Tre fat de aut oep 7 gia 1 3s. f st oH Fiala +o) ash a e 6. / wee EB DDO) Bay 4 by auth 308 @ [2s (au +b) — 3o(au +6)" a INTEGRALS INVOLVING 0? +a? . / du pte “ J du du du INTEGRALS INVOLVING u? ~a2, u? > a? du Juma 1 “ 45. oh or —*cotht / 2a Go liz a [ wt = Linu? | pa is won moter gr, tha not wil Te eos vl he Crm Unger ves ‘eran.1176 Appendices INTEGRALS INVOLVING a? = 10?,u? 0 10, mn. 112, 12. m4, us. 116. 17. 18. [een us, f evar a0, for eau = S m= ‘Trigonometric forms INTEGRALS INVOLVING cosa aw ar 12, fear 123, / tres a dy = SOM MN 124 fssands = Hoos (8 5) “$num (2-9) nas, fs cosan a 126, fu" cosau du 127, f costaudu = a i, usin2aw cos 2au a1 eer 129, f cost au du 130, f cost au ae ! ! toon I /1180 Appendices INTEGRALS INVOLVING sinau 131, f sina au = = sina weosau ssn fomara = san + (3,2) an ue tw 136 fitonae=- vosaw | cos' aw in! an d 139, f si ds qe Wa INTEGRALS INVOLVING sinau and cosau coole—bwy _ cote +80 2a —b) 2a +b) sin"! aw a urbe cost! aw 3, ce 144, 4s. f et Sina cos au 1 146, Iw «xm INTEGRALS INVOLYING tanau st nmr a or 180, fearon = 2% 4 Lin jcosaut tana 2 I. 7 a ee tant an 52. front usec? and = ae 152. fit ~~Appendices 1181 INTEGRALS INVOLVING cotau 153, f cota du = Zinpinaul cota 1s, fo at = 228 Ldn an ene? cot" aw as fos ce INTEGRALS INVOLYING secau 158 f scons = Linon an = Linh (+2) , : 160, [oa tapes una i autanan on — au) nat vot. f sce and er INTEGRALS INVOLVING se au cota 16s, f ex anda a ssc an cota 2a so" au cova a1 es awe 16, eset and son [ost ovrandn = 2 Inverse trigonometric forms INTEGRALS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS, a > 01182 ‘Appendices 173, 174, 178, 176, | J | ! mf J | / | Lay 2-4-5°5 Daer7* 0, ont Dy 178. 179. 180, 181. 182, Fin? +) Exponential and logarithmic forms INTEGRALS INVOLVING e"* 183, 184. 186. fen a < fe hea 7 f Mae sind eo + eo a3! [ie 188, wore oF stata ( (Fen). p> 0g 0 ca 191, rae v2. fe sinbudte = e**(a@cosbu +b sinbu) aeroAppendices 1183 et(asinbu = beosbuy _ eM [a2 —b*)sinb ~ 2ab cosbu) 195 [el sino = ore ero 9 J eta cosbu + bsinbu) _ ot [(a? — b*)cosbu + 2a sin bu] INTEGRALS INVOLVING In || 196, fini) du = winjel—u 197. f ote? de = wna? ~2u tn n+ 20 198, [cow oe av—» f daa fretnia a £ (owt— signa ave" (vane! 200, f win av = (Inn) =) 199,