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CONTENTS
Introduction
A lymph node is an oval shape organ of the immune system ,distributed widely
Lymph nodes are acts as filters or trapes for foreign particles and are important in
They are packed tightly with white blood cells called lymphocytes and
macrophages.
b) Collect and return interstitial fluid ,including plasma protein to the blood and
c) To absorb lipids from the intestine and transport them to the blood.
PROTOCOL OF LYMPH NODE EXAMINATION:
CONSISTENCY-
• Soft-may be normal.
TENDERNESS-
FIXATION-
Nodes that are fixed to underlying structure are more likely to be carcinoma .
CLASSIFICATION:
LEVEL-1- Submandibular lymph node and submental lymph node.
It extends from base of skull to hyoid bone and from lateral margin of
Acute Infections:
Tender
Mobile
Enlarged
Chronic Infections:
Non-Tender
Mobile
Enlarged
Tuberculosis:
Matted
Non-Tender
Fixed
Enlarged
Lymphoma:
Rubbery
Enlarged
PROCEDURE OF LYMPH NODE EXAMINATION:
Inspection:
If the nodes are obviously enlarged described the location, the approximate
Look for any surface changes such as ulcerations or discharge from the site.
PALPATION:
Most of the lymph nodes are best palpated with the clinician standing behind
The fixity of the node to the underlying structure should also be assessed.
SUBMENTAL LYMPH NODES
The clinician can stand behind the seated patient to palpate the submental
nodes.
The patient is instructed to bend his/her neck .This helps in relaxing the
border of the mandible and the submental lymph node should be attempted.
Two chains of lymph nodes are present in either side of the sternocleoid
muscle.
The anterior cervical chain located anterior to the muscle and posterior
instructed to passively flex the neck towards the side that is being examined.
The clinician should his/her fingers laterally to draw outwards and trap them
The clinician should note tenderness , size, mobility, and attachment to the
surrounding tissue.
Palpate below the sterno-mastoid muscles and over the cervical fascia.
Palpated in the posterior triangle of the neck close to the anterior border of
patient to hyperextend the neck and turn the neck away from the side to be
examined.
Finger tips of the palpating hand are placed along the posterior border of the
muscles , while the thumb provides counter pressure from the anterior aspect
of the muscles.
SUPRACLAVICULAR LYMPH NODES
Supraclavicular nodes are examined just above the clavicle ,lateral to the
sternomastoid muscle .
a) Inflammatory-
malignant melanoma ).
c) Hematological-
d) Immunological-
• AIDS
• Serum sickness
• Drug reaction
• Rheumatoid artheritis.
REFERENCES:
- Sriram Bhat M
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com