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Critical Review on design of shaft with multiple discontinuities and combined

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1st International Conference on Contemporary Issues in Engineering & Technology
19th – 21st March, 2014

Critical Review on design of shaft with multiple discontinuities

and combined loadings
ICCIET – 2014

Dr. B. P. Patel1, Hiren. R. Prajapati2, Dutt. B. Thakar3

1 Associate Prof. Department of Mechanical Engineering, U. V. Patel College of Engineering,
Ganpat University, Ganpat Vidgyanagar - 384012, Mehasana, Gujarat, India.
(bpp01@ganpatuniversity.ac.in)
2 Assistant Prof. Department of Mechanical Engineering, U. V. Patel College of Engineering,
Ganpat University, Ganpat Vidgyanagar - 384012, Mehasana, Gujarat, India.
(hirs.mech1985@gmail.com)
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, M. Tech Pursuing, U. V. Patel College of Engineering,
Ganpat University, Ganpat Vidgyanagar - 384012, Mehasana, Gujarat, India.
(dutt4190@gmail.com)

Abstract – Shaft is a critical and standard component which is used normally in

all kind of industries for power/motion transmission. In real industrial field
different kind of shafts are used as per functional requirements i.e. stepless,
stepped, splined, keyed shaft with hole and grooves etc. The above stated are
discontinuities but essential for functional requirements. Different kind of loads
can be carried out by the shaft like axial, bending, and torsional or any
combination out of them. Design of shaft should be carried out with
consideration of fatigue and fracture for various combination of loading
conditions with multiple discontinuities present on the shaft. This paper focuses
on the detail review on design of shaft with different discontinuities and various
loading conditions. This study concludes that the design of shaft with multiple
discontinuity and combined loading conditions were not considered by other
researchers who had carried out their work in the same area. So this paper
provides new research domain to carry out further work on the design of shaft
and also present the research gap found during the study.

Keywords – Shaft, Discontinuity, Fatigue failure, Combined loading, Fracture.

1. INTRODUCTION
Shaft is the most vital component used in almost every mechanical system and machines. Out of
all power transmission components shaft is the main component which must be designed
carefully for efficient working of machine. The conventional design procedures employed for shaft
design has its own significance. The shaft is designed for various loading conditions for different
purpose of applications. The shaft has different types as per the application purpose. The
discontinuities present in shaft are prime cause for failure of shaft. Discontinuities results in
reduction in strength of shaft. Discontinuities are stress raisers which are responsible for the
cause of fracture. The shaft design for combined loading is most critical problem in practical
applications. In most of the practical applications shaft must be designed for combined loadings.
The whole load of machine is withstood by shaft. Design of shaft is quite important part in
mechanical design.
Transmission shafts, or just shafts, are used in virtually every piece of rotating machinery
to transmit rotary motion and torque from one location to another. Thus the machine designer is
often faced with the task of designing shafts [Norton, 1]. A shaft is a rotating member, usually of
circular cross section used to transmit power or motion. It provides the axis of rotation, or
oscillation, of elements such as gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and the like and
controls the geometry of their motion [Shigley, 2]. The loading on rotating transmission shafts is
principally one of two types: torsion due to transmitted torque or bending from transverse load at
gears, sheaves, and sprockets. These loads often occur in combination since, for example, the

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transmitted torque may be associated with forces at teeth of gears or sprockets attached to the
shafts. The character of both torque and bending loads may either be steady (constant) or may
vary with time. Steady and time varying torque and bending loads can also occur in any
combination on the same shaft. If the shaft is stationary (non rotating) and the sheaves or gears
rotate with respect to it (on bearings), then it becomes statically loaded member as long as the
applied loads are steady with time [Norton, 1]. The axial load can also act on the shaft. This axial
load depends on the joining or coupling arrangement of the shaft, for example if the shaft is
coupled with worm or helical gear then the axial load will act due to axial force components. So, it
should also be considered if it is present in the arrangement. In most of the cases axial load is
less compare to bending so while designing it can be neglected but considering axial load will
lead to somewhat accurate design.
A rotating shaft subjected to a steady, transverse-bending load will experience a fully
reversed stress state. Any one stress element on the shaft surface goes from tension to
compression each cycle as the shaft turns. Thus, even for steady bending loads, a rotating shaft
must be designed against fatigue failure If either or both torque and transverse load vary with time,
the fatigue loading becomes more complex, but fatigue design principles remains the same
[Norton, 1]. The most general shaft loading case is that of a fluctuating torque and a fluctuating
moment in combination. Both torque and moment can be time varying and can have both mean
and alternating components. The combination of a bending moment and torque on a rotating shaft
creates multiaxial stresses. If the loadings are asynchronous, random, or misphased, then it will
be complex multiaxial stress case. But, even if the moment and torque are in phase (or 180ºout of
phase), it may still be a complex multiaxial stress case. The direction of the principle alternating
stress on a given shaft element decides whether it is a simple or complex multiaxial stress case. If
its direction is constant with time then it is a simple multiaxial stress case and if it varies with time,
then it is a complex multiaxial stress case. Most rotating shafts loaded in both bending and torsion
will be in the complex category [Norton, 1].
Both stresses and deflections are need to be considered in shaft design. Often, deflection
can be critical factor since excessive deflection will cause rapid wear of shaft bearings. Gears,
belts, or chains driven from the shaft can also suffer from misalignment introduced by shaft
deflections [Norton, 1]. It is not necessary to evaluate the stresses in a shaft at every point; a few
potentially critical locations will suffice. Critical locations will usually be on the outer surface, at
axial locations where the bending moment is large, where the torque is present, and where stress
concentrations exist. By direct comparison of various points along the shaft, a few critical
locations can be identified upon which to base the design. An assessment of typical stress
situations will help. Most shafts will transmit torque through a portion of the shaft. Typically the
torque comes into the shaft at one gear and leaves the shaft at another gear. The torque is often
relatively constant at steady state operation. The shear stress due to the torsion will be greatest
on outer surfaces. The bending moments on a shaft can be determined by shear and bending
moment diagrams. Since most shaft problems incorporate gears or pulleys that introduce forces
in two planes, the shear and bending moment diagrams will generally be needed in two planes.
Resultant moments are obtained by summing moments as vectors at points of interest along the
shaft. The phase angle of the moments is not important since the shaft rotates. A steady bending
moment will produce a completely reversed moment on a rotating shaft, as a specific stress
element will alternate from compression to tension in every revolution of the shaft. The normal
stress due to bending moments will be greatest on the outer surfaces. In situations where a
bearing is located at the end of the shaft, stresses near the bearing are often not critical since the
bending moment is small. Axial stresses on shafts due to the axial components transmitted
through helical gears or tapered roller bearings will almost always be negligibly small compared to
the bending moment stress. They are often also constant, so they contribute little to fatigue.
Consequently, it is usually acceptable to neglect the axial stresses induced by the gears and
bearings when bending is present in a shaft. If an axial load is applied to the shaft in some other
way, it is not safe to assume it is negligible without checking magnitudes [Shigley, 2]. The
dimensions of shafts designed for fatigue or static strength are selected relative to the working
stress of the shaft material, the torque, the bending loads to be sustained, and any stress
concentrations or other factors influencing fatigue strength. Shafts designed for rigidity have one
or more dimensions exceeding those determined by strength criteria in order to meet deflection
requirements on axial twist, lateral deflection, or some combination thereof. An increase in shaft
diameter may also be required to avoid unwanted critical speeds [Leowenthal, 4]. The design of
shaft on strength and rigidity basis is depends upon the purpose of application. In strength base
design the stresses main factor which decides that how much load a shaft can carry and in rigidity

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base design the angle of twist is main factor. The standard equations are used for designing shaft
for both approaches. The fundamental expressions of shaft design can be developed by
combining them with failure theories.
There are miscellaneous shaft components which creates discontinuities in shaft. Also,
sometimes geometrical considerations are prime cause of discontinuity in shaft. To align the shaft,
it must be coupled with the help of key, so keyway is needed in both shaft and hub to fit the shaft.
This is one kind of discontinuity which reduces the hardness of the shaft. There are several other
type of discontinuities in shaft. Keys, pins, setscrews, splines these are the major components
which also creates discontinuities in shaft. This discontinuities are sometime functional
requirements, for example the U-notch in shaft is provided to fit surclips which is one of the
functional requirement and can’t be avoided. Steps are also provided to couple the bearings and
pulleys on the shaft. In some cases to avoid abrupt change in cross-section the gradual reduction
in diameter is employed to keep the stress lines uniform and avoid higher stress concentration.
Discontinuities in any machine component are considered as the prime cause of failure. These
discontinuities are responsible for crack initiation, crack propagation and then fracture of the
machine part. So many literatures have concluded with the help of analytical solutions as well as
with the help of experimental results that the crack initiates from the discontinuity and sharp
edges where the stress concentration is high. The failure of the machine parts are also due to the
improper heat treatment, machining, misalignments and due to lack in manufacturing processes.
The failure initiates most of the time at the highly stressed regions. The chances of crack initiation
are very high at the discontinuous sections. These discontinuities reduce the total strength and
life of the shaft so it cannot sustain the loading for predetermined period and failure occurs. The
main cause of failure is the highly stressed part in any machine component. Stress concentration
plays vital role in failure of machine parts. This stress concentration must be reduced to prevent
early failures. Geometrical discontinuities are main cause of stress concentration. So, stress
concentration is prime mode of failure in any machine components especially shafts. For different
combination of loadings the stress gradient at discontinuities is unpredictable. So, shafts should
be design with considering these discontinuities. In next section the peer review regarding failure
analysis, shaft design and fatigue and fracture is discussed which gives the basic idea that upto
what extent the previous researchers have worked in this area.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
The literature survey is divided in three sections. In the first section study regarding failure
analysis of shaft is discussed. The second section contains study regarding shaft design and third
section is basically focuses on fatigue and fracture consideration.

2.1 Review on failure analysis

In recent years and also in past many researchers have conducted failure analysis of different
mechanical components to find the cause of failure. Various researchers have carried out failure
analysis of shaft. The loading on the shaft varies according to the application purpose and its
mounting conditions. Several techniques are used by researchers to perform failure analysis.
Chemical analysis [Parida et. al., 2003; Goksenli and Eryurek, 2009; Atxaga and Irisarri, 2010;
Dejan momcliovic et. al, 2011; Dragan Trifkovic et. al. 2011] is used to obtain the chemical
composition of the material. It confirms that weather the material has proper chemical composition
or not. Microstructure examination [Parida et. al., 2003; Rusiński, J. Czmochowski and P.
Moczko 2007; Sandip Bhattacharya et. al., 2008; A.Goksenli and I.B. Eryurek 2009; Dejan
momcliovic et. al, 2011; Dragan Trifkovic et. al. 2011; Gys van zyl and Abdul mohsin Al-sahil,
2013] is employed to obtain microstructures of the failed part. On the basis of this microstructure
the failure mechanism can be analyzed. Visual inspection [Parida et. al., 2003; Rusiński, J.
Czmochowski and P. Moczko 2007; Sandip Bhattacharya et. al., 2008; A.Goksenli and I.B.
Eryurek 2009; Atxaga and Irisarri, 2010; Dejan momcliovic et. al, 2011; Dragan Trifkovic et. al.
2011; Gys van zyl and Abdul mohsin Al-sahil, 2013] of the failed part is widely used technique.
Many equipments are available such as stereo binoculars [Sandip Bhattacharya et. al., 2008] for
visual inspection. Most of the times the first thing to do in failure analysis is to done the visual
inspection with naked eye. Now a day SEM (scanning electron microscope) [Parida et. al., 2003;
Rusiński, J. Czmochowski and P. Moczko, 2007; Cicero et. al., 2008; Sandip Bhattacharya et. al.,
2008; A.Goksenli, I.B. Eryurek 2009; G. Atxaga and A.M. Irisarri, 2010; Dragan Trifkovic et. al.

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2011; Gys van zyl and Abdul mohsin Al-sahil, 2013] is mostly used to analyze microstructure at
higher magnification and it helps to study the microstructures of failed part. The above mention
techniques are experimental techniques and used by various researchers in failure analysis of
shaft. Experimental techniques as well as stress calculations (Parida et. al., 2003) are used to
carry out failure analysis of pulverizing mill shaft. Many other researchers has used mathematical
stress analysis [Parida et. al., 2003; Nanaware and Pable, 2003; Rusiński, Czmochowski and
Moczko, 2007] to find cause of fracture of shaft failures subjected to various applications. Stress
analysis can also be done by FEA (finite element analysis). It is the widely used computational
technique and gives accurate results compare to analytical calculation of stresses. Use of FEA
[Nanaware and Pable, 2003; Rusiński, Czmochowski and Moczko, 2007; Cicero et. al., 2008;
Chun Yuan Lin, 2008; Goksenli and Eryurek 2009; Dragan Trifkovic et. al. 2011; Gys van zyl and
Abdul mohsin Al-sahil, 2013] to obtain the stress values at critical locations in shaft. On the basis
of these results they found the reason for the failure. Rusiński, Czmochowski and Moczko (2007)
has carried out failure analysis of conveyor shaft and used analytical and FEA approach for stress
calculation [Nanaware and Pable, 2003; Goksenli and Eryurek 2009] and compared the stresses
at critical location. Fatigue is also one of the prime causes of failure. Many researchers have
conducted fatigue analysis as it is the most observed phenomenon in shaft failures. Fatigue
analysis by mathematical approach [Nanaware and Pable, 2003; Rusiński, Czmochowski and
Moczko, 2007; Chun Yuan Lin, 2008; Goksenli and Eryurek 2009] is used by several researches
in shaft failures. Cicero (2008) has used FITNET-FFS module of fatigue failure and calculated
fatigue life.
From above literatures of failure analysis it is observed that in most of the cases the shaft
failed at critical locations or discontinuities where stress level is high compared to other locations
due to stress concentration. The crack is initiated at keyway [Parida et. al., 2003; Goksenli and
Eryurek, 2009; Sandip Bhattacharya et. al., 2008; Atxaga and Irisarri, 2010], at spline tooth root
[Chun Yuan Lin, 2008] in spline shaft and at critical locations where there is abrupt change in
cross section [Nanaware and Pable, 2003; Rusiński, Czmochowski and Moczko 2007; Dejan
momcliovic et. al, 2011; Dragan Trifkovic et. al. 2011; Gys van zyl and Abdul mohsin Al-sahil,
2013]. In some cases metallurgical inclusions [Parida et. al., 2003, Dragan Trifkovic et. al. 2011]
and corrosion are also cause the shaft to failure. So, it can be stated that many factors are
responsible for shaft failures and discontinuity is one of them.
2.2 Review on design of shaft
Shaft design is the most important task in design of any mechanical system. Shaft is the most
critical part and it must be designed with high accuracy for good reliability of any machine. It is the
power transmitting element and carries the load of whole machine. It must be design to sustain
the stresses which are developed due to loads acting on it. There are many conventional methods
to design the shaft. Fatigue is very common phenomenon which is responsible for failure of shaft
during operation. There are many theories which are useful to design the shaft for fatigue. Almost
in every application discontinuities are functional requirements in shafts. These discontinuities
results in stress concentration and they are critical location where stress is higher compare to
other sections. They must be considered while designing the shaft. Various researchers have
worked on designing the shaft for different applications. Conventional methods as well as
computational methods are employed by many researchers which are discussed further.
Shafts are subjected to different loading conditions as per its application. Various types of
loading are considered while designing the shaft. Essential loading for shaft is torsional as it is
always present in any shaft. So it must be designed for shear stresses in any application. Gujar
and Bhaskar (2013) has designed the shaft of inertia dynamometer and is subjected to combined
bending and torsion [Deepan Marudachalam, Kanthavel and Krishnaraj, 2011; Adekunle,
Adejuyigbe and Arulogun, 2012; Padhal and Meshram, 2013; Kolgiri, Sudarshan and Motgi, 2013]
on the bases of force and torque calculations. In some cases all three loads axial, bending and
torsion [Kolgiri, Sudarshan and Motgi, 2013] are occurring at the same time which is somewhat
complex case. Stress calculation is the main part in shaft design. Deepan marudachalam and his
colleagues (2011) has optimize a shaft of spinning machine and calculated force and torque
values from drive system considerations and from this stresses are calculated. Validation of
analytical stress calculation is done by FEA analysis is and easy approach. Many researchers
have compared mathematical stress analysis with FEA in shaft design [Marudachalam, Kanthavel
and Krishnaraj, 2011; Adekunle, Adejuyigbe and Arulogun, 2012; Gujar and Bhaskar, 2013;
Padhal and Meshram, 2013]. Zheng songlin (2011) and his teammates have given a new concept

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19th – 21st March, 2014

of lightweight design of automobile shaft based on low amplitude load strengthening. Adekunle
and his colleagues have developed new CAD software for shaft design for various loading
conditions and by considering different parameters. For combined loading failure theory must be
used to check whether the design is safe or not. Failure theories are based on material. Von
Mises theory [Adekunle, Adejuyigbe and Arulogun, 2012; Gujar and Bhaskar, 2013; Padhal and
Meshram, 2013] is mostly used for ductile materials. Maximum shear stress theory is also give
good results for ductile materials. For brittle materials Maximum normal stress theory [18] is
widely used. Different methods are available to calculate fatigue life of a shaft. Modified Goodman
method [Marudachalam, Kanthavel and Krishnaraj, 2011; Adekunle, Adejuyigbe and Arulogun,
2012; Gujar and Bhaskar, 2013] is accurate to calculate fatigue life of shaft. Other criteria’s such
as Soderberg, ASME elliptical, and Gerber are also useful for calculating fatigue life. Stress
concentration is always present where there is change in cross-section of shaft or in presence of
any discontinuity. Consideration of stress concentration factor is must in shaft design. Some
researchers have developed equations to calculate stress concentration factors for particular
geometrical discontinuity. The most useful work in stress concentration is carried out by Peterson
and Pilkey (1997) has given curves and equation based on photo-elastic tests for almost every
discontinuity in shaft. Pederson (2009) has provided the new equation for stress concentration
factor for keyway in torsional loading and extended the range of equation given by Peterson
(1997) Xiaobin (2013) has given the equations for profile type and sled runner type keyway in all
three axial, bending and torsion loadings by using curve fitting technique. Nao-aki noda et. al,
(1997) has given equations for stress concentration factors for shoulder fillets in round bars under
various loading conditions by using Neuber’s notch theory. Elastic stress concentration factors for
notches [Noda, Sera and Takase, 1995; Zappalorto, Lazzarin and Yates, 2008] are also
developed for flat and round bars and these equations are modified for torsion by Zappalorto,
Filippo Berto, Paolo Lazzarin. (2011) Stress concentration factors in collar and shouldered
shafts [Nigreli and Mariotti, 1995] for torsion loading are also developed.
2.3 Review on fatigue and fracture
Fatigue is the most observed phenomenon which leads to sudden failure of shaft. It is
unpredictable and in many cases shaft fail even below its yield strength due to repetitive loading.
Crack initiation takes place at the critical section in shaft and as the time goes crack propagation
takes place which finally leads to fracture the component. Many literatures have concluded that
fatigue is the main cause of crack initiation. Total fatigue life of shaft is found by crack initiation
and crack propagation. Different modes of fracture changes as per loading conditions. Cracking is
analyzed by three distinct modes of fracture. Stress intensity at crack tip is key feature to
understand the crack growth. Various methods are found by different researchers to understand
the crack behavior.
Mechanical and mathematical model [Wang Tzu Chiang] had been prepared for ductile
fracture and equation for initiation of crack growth and stable crack growth are given. Linear
elastic fracture mechanics [Endo and McEvily, 2011] and elastic plastic fracture mechanics are
two main branches to evaluate the crack behavior. Effect of various loading condition on crack
growth are measured by many researchers. Feritas et. al., (2011) has observed effect of steady
torsion on fatigue crack growth for multiaxial loading and mixed mode [Yi ming jen and Wie wie
wang, 2005; Celalattin and Toygar, 2006; Atzori et. al., 2006; Endo and McEvily, 2011; Firat, 2012;
Yong Li, Funtuzzi and Tornabene, 2013;] cracking. Notched fatigue behavior and load sequence
effects are measured by Fatemi and Gladskyi (2013) for axial and torsional loadings. Paris has
given the equation of crack growth and McEvily (2011) has extended his equation and given new
approach to measure crack growth for out-of phase combined [Yi ming jen and Wie wie wang,
2005] loading. Life prediction [Celalattin and Toygar, 2006; Atzori et. al., 2006; Zhao and Jiang,
2008; Fatemi and Gladskyi, 2013] for crack initiation and crack propagation is done by using
different methods such as stress-life [Celalattin and Toygar, 2006; Atzori et. al., 2006; Fatemi and
Gladskyi, 2013], strain-life [Yi ming jen and Wie wie wang, 2005; Fatemi and Gladskyi, 2013] and
critical plane approach [Zhao and Jiang, 2008; Fatemi and Gladskyi, 2013]. Critical plane
approach has been used to calculate the life as well as predict the crack growth and direction.
Varvani-Farhani (2000) has given a new critical energy parameter based on Mohr’s circle. Jahed
and Varvani (2006) has proposed a new energy based model for upper and lower limit of fatigue
life under different loading conditions and compared with strain-life model. Yi-ming (2005) has
compared seven different critical plane models to predict the crack initiation life and proposed
suitability of different models for different loading and material conditions. Many researchers have

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study about stress intensity factors and given equations for various modes of cracking. Yan-Shin
Shih and Jien-Jong Chen (2002) had carried out the study of stress intensity factors of an elliptical
cracked shaft for Mode-I [Carpinteri, Spagnoli and Vantadori; Atroshchenko, 2010] of cracking.
Ismail et. al., (2010) proposed stress intensity factors for combined loading and mixed mode
cracking [Shahani and Habibi, 2007] and given new expressions. Shin and Cai (2004) had
conducted experimental and FEA analysis on stress intensity factors for and elliptical crack in
circular shaft under tension and bending. Vazeri and Hashemi (2005) had studied the effect of
crack surface interaction on stress intensity factors in mode-III cracking.
By reviewing above literatures it can be stated that fatigue and fracture considerations are
taken in to account by some researchers only. Jing jian ping and Meng guang (2008) investigated
a gear shaft connected to an extruder subjected to combined loading with single fillet. Brodeasu
et. al., (2009) carried out fatigue studies upon horizontal turbine shaft with single discontinuity and
under combined loading of axial, torsion and fluctuating stresses. Zhanqi Zhang (2013) carried
out fracture analysis of wind turbine shaft subjected to transverse moment, axial force and torsion.
Theoretical fatigue analysis of pump rotor shaft was analyzed by Gambhire, Pawar and Naik
(2013) subjected to combined torsional and bending stresses.

3. CONCLUSION
A critical review is carried out on design of shaft, failure analysis, fatigue and fracture
consideration in shaft design. Many researchers have worked on shaft design subjected to
different loadings in various applications. The conventional and modern design procedures are
adopted by several researchers. Some of them have also given new concepts in this area.
But, the work regarding combined loading is less observed. Also, when shaft is subjected to
combined loading of axial, bending and torsion with multiple discontinuities present in single shaft
than it becomes the complex case to study. The study regarding combined loading and multiple
discontinuities in single shaft is still an open area for researchers. By using conventional
techniques as well as new developed techniques the new insights can be found out in this area.
Also, fatigue and fracture considerations can also be combined and applied on the same case. So,
for new researchers this paper is helpful and gives new domain to carry out research in design of
shaft for combined loading with multiple discontinuities in machine design.
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International journal of fracture Vol-129, pp.239-264.

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 1st International Conference on Contemporary Issues in Engineering & Technology
19th – 21st March, 2014

[34] Elena Astrochenko (2010) “Stress Intensity Factors for Elliptical and Semi-Elliptical cracks
subjected to an arbitrary mode-I loading.” Thesis presented to the University of Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada.
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Vol-72, pp.617-629.
[36] Wang Tzu Chiang “Mechanical model and mathematical analysis for ductile fracture”,
Institute of Mechanics, China.
[37] Celalettin Karaagac, M. Evren Toygar (2006) “Fracture and fatigue analysis of an agitator
shaft with a circumferential notch” ,Engineering fracture mechanics, Vol-73, pp.2034-2052.
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effects under axial and torsional loadings”, International journal of fatigue, Vol-55, pp.43-53.
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combined loading” Engineering fracture mechanics, Vol-78, pp.1529-1541.
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Turbine main Shaft”, Engineering failure analysis. Manuscript accepted.
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severely notched carbon steel” International Journal of Fatigue, Vol-28, pp.485–493.
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notched shaft”, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Vol-54, pp.16–27.
[44] Yong Li, Nicholas Fantuzzi, Francesco Tornabene (2013) “On mixed mode crack initiation
and direction in shafts: Strain energy density factor and maximum tangential stress
criteria”, Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Manuscript accepted.
[45] Tianwen Zhao, Yanyao Jiang (2008) “Fatigue of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy”, International
Journal of Fatigue, Vol-30, pp.834–849.
[46] Yi-Ming Jen, Wei-Wei Wang (2005) “Crack initiation life prediction for solid cylinders with
transverse circular holes under in-phase and out-of-phase multiaxial loading”, International
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[47] J. Toribio, J.C.Matos, B.González, J.Escuadra (2013) “Numerical modelling of cracking
path in round bars subjected to cyclic tension and bending”, International Journal of
Fatigue. Manuscript accepted.
[48] H. Jahed, A. Varvani-Farahani (2006) “Upper and lower fatigue life limits model using
energy-based fatigue properties”, International Journal of Fatigue, Vol-28, pp.467–473.
[49] Ilare BORDEAŞU, Mircea Octavian POPOVICIU, Dragoş Marian NOVAC (2009) “Fatigue
studies upon horizontal hydraulic turbines shafts and estimation of crack initiation”
Machine Design The journal of the faculty of technical science, Vol-1, pp.183-186
[50] Jing JianPing, Meng Guang (2005) “Investigation on the failure of the gear shaft
connected to extruder” Engineering failure analysis, Vol-15.
[51] Pankaj Gambhire, Pradeep Pawar, S. B. Naik (2013) “Theoretical Fatigue analysis of
Lubricating Oil pump rotor shaft” International Journal of Engineering and Innovative
Technology, Vol-2; Issue-10; pp.201-205.

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