NAME : MARSELINA

NIM : 2020.21.1627
CLASS : IB
LESSON : ENGLISH

-Lupus disease or lupus erythematosus-

is a chronic autoimmune disease that can cause
inflammation in several parts of the body,
including the skin, joints, kidneys, and brain.
Causes of Lupus
The cause of lupus is not certain. A combination
of genetic and environmental factors is often
associated with the development of lupus. Some
of the triggers for the appearance of lupus
symptoms are sun exposure, infectious diseases,
or certain drugs.
The risk of developing lupus also increases if a
person is female, aged 15–45 years, and has a
family member with lupus. Keep in mind, lupus is
not a contagious disease.
Lupus Symptoms
Lupus can cause inflammation in various organs
and parts of the body. This causes the symptoms
of lupus to vary widely and differ from one patient
to another. However, there are a number of
common things that can happen, namely:
• Joint pain and stiffness
• Rash on the skin, often on the cheeks and nose
• Unexplained fatigue
• The skin is more sensitive to sunlight
• Weight loss
• Fever for no apparent reason
• Pale paleness of the fingers or toes
• Sprue
Diagnosis of Lupus
Lupus is a difficult disease to diagnose. The
doctor will do a question and answer, physical
examination to see the signs and symptoms that
arise, and perform supporting examinations, to
diagnose this disease.
Some of the supporting tests that will be done to
confirm lupus are lab tests (blood tests, urine
tests, biopsy), and scans, such as X-rays. Blood
tests are also performed to confirm the presence
of ANA antibodies (antinuclear antibodies), which
increase in value in people with autoimmune
diseases.
Lupus Treatment
Lupus cannot be cured. The treatment is aimed at
relieving complaints, preventing the appearance
of symptoms, and inhibiting disease progression.
Treatment will be carried out in several ways,
including administering medication, adopting a
healthy lifestyle, and managing stress in a positive
way.
Lupus Prevention
Lupus cannot be prevented. However, there are
several things that can be done to reduce the risk
of developing lupus or prevent the recurrence of
complaints and symptoms, for example by
adopting a healthy lifestyle, avoiding lupus
triggers, and taking regular health controls to the
doctor.

-Jaundice-
is a condition of yellowing of the skin and the
whites of the eyes (sclera). Jaundice or jaundice
is not actually a disease, but a sign of a disease.
Causes of Jaundice
Jaundice is caused by a buildup of a substance
called bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is
formed from the destruction of red blood cells.
Everyone has normal bilirubin levels that vary
according to age. In addition, in certain cases,
jaundice can also be caused by abnormalities in
the bile or liver, such as a liver abscess and
infection or inflammation of the gallbladder.
In adults, normal bilirubin levels are below 1.2
mg / dL. Whereas in children (under 18 years of
age), normal bilirubin levels are below 1 mg / dL.
Especially in newborns, normal bilirubin levels
depend on the age of the newborn. Here's the full
explanation:
• Age less than 1 day: under 10 mg / dL
• 1 to 2 days of age: under 15 mg / dL
• 2 to 3 days of age: under 18 mg / dL
• Age more than 3 days: under 20 mg / dL
Babies with bilirubin levels above normal should
be treated immediately. Because if the bilirubin
level reaches 25 mg / dL, the yellow baby can be
at risk of brain damage, hearing loss, and cerebral
palsy.
Symptoms of Jaundice
People with jaundice, the skin, eyes, and lining of
the mouth or nose will appear yellowish. In
addition, people with jaundice will usually pass
colored stool like putty and urine that is colored
like tea. There are also various other symptoms
such as fever and muscle aches.
Jaundice Treatment
The doctor will check the level of bilirubin in the
patient's blood, then perform several additional
tests such as blood tests, urine tests, scans, and
liver biopsy to find out the cause of the jaundice.
Treatment of jaundice depends on the underlying
cause. Jaundice treatment is divided into three,
namely:
• Pre-hepatic medication, to prevent red blood
cells from being destroyed too much or too
quickly, so that the buildup of bilirubin can be
avoided.
• Intra-hepatic medication, to repair liver damage,
and prevent widespread damage to these organs.
• Post hepatic treatment, to remove blockages in
the bile duct and pancreas.
Jaundice can be prevented. Either by getting
vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, taking drugs
to prevent malaria, limiting alcohol consumption,
quitting smoking and so on. With proper
treatment, hepatitis B patients can live a normal
life.