OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM - DXAD 4

FKZRMJXÇÏM CHO@DJXRD_ JM - Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjm

M o`dvhfrm æ ue prmcfssfmkda _F_ZHED GMRGH - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm
quh dtud kd prhstdçïm jh shrvfçms jh (Cfgurd 4) - \rfkoåpfm jh ehstrdghe
- Omepmkhkths - Dbhrturds, tfpms jh chrrdehk-
rhpdrdçïm h edkuthkçïm jh cho`dju-
- Jh Gmrghs sfepahs h eþatf- tds h sud utfafzdçïm.
rds, kd omkchoçïm jh oÿpfds jh o`d-
pads
vhs edkudaehkth
edkudaehkth h he eäqufkd
eäqufkdss
- \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm
ompfdjmrds, hxhoutd eujdkçd jh sh-
- Zfpms jh o`dvhs
grhjms jh shgrhjms kd jhsemktdghe
- Oÿpfd jh o`dvhs pdrd Gmrgh
h emktdghe jh ofafkjrms, pdrd omk- sfepahs
choçïm jh o`dvhs pham shgrhjm, rhpm- - Oÿpfd jh o`dvhs pdrd Gmrghs
sfçï
sfçïm
m jh cho`
cho`dj
djur
urds
ds h ofaf
ofafkj
kjrm
rms,
s, eþatfpads pham sfsthed jh fe-
rhouphrdçïm
rhouphrdçïm jh ofafkjrms hkgrfpdjms prhssïm
h dbhrturds he ghrda. - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm
Hstd prhstdçïm jh shrvfçms jh - Dbhrturds, tfpms jh chrrdehk-
shrvfçms jh dpafod d tmjms ms tfpms jh tds h omem utfafzä-ads.
cho`djurds, shnd jm sfsthed Gmrgh,
mu Vdah, jh pfkms mu gufa`mtfkds, Zh-
trds, \dktmgräcfods mu euatfpmktm, om-
ehrofdfs, rhsfjhkofdfs h jh dutms.
Cfgurd 2 -
2 - Cho`djurd Vdah.

OMKZHÞJM ODJHDJM_ OMEXK_ H

JM OXR_M OME JF_OM_ JH
Khsth oursm jh o`dvhfrm, ef- _HGRHJM_
kfstrdjm d jfstâkofd, hstdbhahohems (Cfgurd ?)
ue jhshkvmavfehktm grdjuda h ehtÿ- - Odjhdjm omeue
Cfgurd 4 -
4 - Cho`djurd Gmrgh.
jfom jds mphrdçøhs jm jfd-d-jfd jm - Omepmkhkths
prmcfssfmkda, dtrdvæs
dtrdvæs jh tdrhcds
tdrhcds bäsf- CHO@DJXRD_ JM - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jh
ods, hxhoutdjds pham kmssm hxoausfvm _F_ZHED
_F_ZHED VDAH trdvd sfepahs h jupad
eætmjm jh hksfkm  ‑\dssm d \dssm― , (Cfgurd 2) - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham sh-
quh phrefth dm daukm djqufrfr ds `d- - Omepmkhkths jd cho`djurd grhjm
bfafjdjhs hsphoåcfods h khohssärfds - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Xkfcfodçïm jm shgrhjm
dm jhshephk`m jd prmcfssïm. - Omepmkhkths jm ofafkjrm - Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds h suds
- \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm dpafodçøhs
Omk`hofehktms
Omk`hofehktms thokmaÿgfoms,
thokmaÿgfoms,
- Jhsemktdghe h emktdghe - Odjhdjms ome jfsoms jh sh-
hsshkofdfs sïm jdjms pdrdahadehkth
jh ofafkjrms grhjm, omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm
ìs tdrhcds prätfods, he afçøhs jfjdtf-
- Omkchoçïm jh oÿpfd jh o`dvh jh cukofmkdehktm
odehkth djhqudjds dm Hksfkm d Jfs-
ì eïm - _hgrhjm kueærfom
tâko
tâkofd
fd,, he afkgafkgud
udgh
ghee sfep
sfepah
ahs,
s, - Omkchoçïm jh oÿpfd jh o`dvh - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm
prmpfofdkjm dm daukm ue dprhkjfzdjm kd eäqufkd - Omem jhsombrfr m shgrhjm, h
shgurm h she edfmrhs prmbaheds, jh - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham sh- omem dbrfr odjhdjms ounm sh-
tmjms ms fthks d shgufr rhadofmkdjms. grhjm grhjm cmf phrjfjm.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 2 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 - Ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah omeue CHO@DJXRD \DRD
- Ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah þkfom ome EßSHF_ HE GHRDA
o`dvh jupad (Cfgurd 7)
- Omkchoçïm jd o`dvh - Zfpms jh shgrhjm jh>
- Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm d) \fkms, omktrd pfkms h emaf-
- Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds utfafzd- k`ds
jds h omem usä-ads. b) Gufa`mtfkd
- \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm
jms ehsems
Cfgurd ? -
?  - Odjhdjm omeue.
- Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham sh-
grhjm
CHO@DJXRD_
- Eujd
Eujdkçkçd
d jh shgr
shgrhj
hjms
ms jh
H_\HOFDF_ \DRD debms emjhams
\MRZD_ JH - Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds
chrrdehktds h omem
H_ZDBHAHOFEHKZM_ usä-ads.
OMEHROFDF_ H
FKJX_ZRFD_
(Cfgurd :)
Cfgurd 8 -
8 - Cho`djurd hahtrmedgkætfod.
- Zfpms
- Jhsorfçïm jms omepmkhkths h
prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jh> CHO@DJXRD_ ZHZRD_
- Cho`djurd ohktrda jh pmrtds (Cfgurd 3)
jh dçm9 - Zfpms jh cho`djurds
- Odjhdjms jh o`ïm9 - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm
- Zrdvds jh shgurdkçd - Zfpms jh ofafkjrms
- Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham sh- - Zæokfods jh jhsemktdghe h
grhjm emktdghe jh ofafkjrms thtrds
- Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm
- Dbhrtu
Dbhrturd,
rd, tæokfo
tæokfods
ds h chrrd
chrrd-- - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham sh-
ehktds pdrd ms jfvhrsms tfpms. grhjm
- Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjms
Cfgurd 7 -
7 - Cho`djurd pdrd eÿvhfs he ghrda.
- Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds
chrrdehktds usdjds
usdjds
h cmred jh usä-ads.
CHO@DJXRD_ OME
OFAFKJRM_ JH O@D
O@DSH_
SH_
\DKZMGRÄCFOD_
H EXAZF\MKZM
(Cfgurd 0)
- Zfpm jh shgrhjm
Cfgurd : -
:  - Cho`djurd Vdah pdrd pmrtds jh dçm. - Jhsemktdghe jm ofafkjrm
- Emktdghe jm ofafkjrm
CHO@DJXRD - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh, tfpms jh
HAHZRMEDGKÆZFOD, eäqufkds ompfdjmrds utfafzdjds
X_DJD HE \MRZHFRM_ - Omem eujdr h shgrhjm
HAHZRÚKFOM_ - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm
(Cfgurd 8) jds ompfdjmrds pdktmgräcfods
- Zfpms - Dbhrturd
- Omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm jh - Zæokfods h chrrdehktds hsph-
Cfgurd 3 -
3 - Cho`djurd thtrd.
cukofmkdehktm oåcfods
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 ? FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 O@DSH_ OMJFCFODJD_
O@DSH_
\DRD DXZMEßSHF_
(Cfgurd 4<)
- \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jm
sfsthed
- Hqufpdehktms pdrd omjfcfod-
çïm jh o`dvhs jh odrrms kdofm-
kdfs h fepmrtdjms Cfgurd 44 -
44 - Omcrh.
- Hqufpdehktms pdrd oamkdghe
Fkfofdems m oursm prmcfssfmkdaf-
prmcfssfmkdaf-
jh o`dvhs ome trdkspmkjhr 
Cfgurd 0 -
0 - Cho`djurd ome ofafkjrm euatfpmktm. zdkth jh o`dvhfrm, rhadofmkdkjm ds
- \rfkoåpfm
chrrdehktds jh usm ghrda h hsphoåcf-
- _hgrhjm ehoâkfom
ods, khohssärfds pdrd d emktdghe jd
CHO@DJXRD_ JH - _hgrhjm hahtrúkfom
mcfofkd, bhe omem m shu rhsphotfvm
- Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm ehoâ-
DXZMEßSHF_ usm kds tdrhcds odrdothråstfods jd prm-
kfom
(Cfgurds 6) cfssïm jh o`dvhfrm.
- Oÿpfds jh o`dvhs
- Odrdothråstfods jm shgrhjm jh
- Dbhrturd, pmssfbfafjdjhs
pmssfbfafjdjhs h chr-
gufa`mtfkd, sfepahs h jupam CHRRDEHKZD_ JH
rdehktds usdjds.
- Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjm X_M GHRDA
- Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm • O`dvh jh chkjd
chkjd
- Zfpms jh ofafkjrms jds edçd- • O`dvh \`faafps
\`faafps
khtds •O`dvh jh bmod
- Jhsemktdghe h emktdghe • O`dvh Daahk
Daahk
- Ofafkjrms jh fgkfçïm, omem rh- • Dafodth Xkfvhrsda
Xkfvhrsda
tfrdr, jhsemktdr h emktdr  •Dafodth jh bfom
- Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham sh- •Edrthams
grhjm •\ukçïm
- Dbhrturd pmr ehfm jh chrrd- •_dod-pfkm
ehktds quh dtude km fkthrfmr  •Drom jh shrrd
jd pmrtd jfrhtdehkth km ehod- •Zda`djhfrd h Bhjdeh
kfsem jds trdvds Cfgurd 4< -
4< - Dpdrha`m pdrd omjfcfodr. •Afeds
- Dbhrturd pmr chrrdehktds kmr- •Cmreïm
edfs jh ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah. OMCRH_ •Grmsd
(Cfgurd 44) •Curdjhfrd
- Ehodkfsem jh trdvdehktm •Brmods
- \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm •\fkçd
- Omknuktm jm shgrhjm, omepm- • _dod vmadkth
vmadkth
khkths h prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkd- •Hsehrfa
ehktm •\dquåehtrm
- Omem eujdr m shgrhjm jms •Emrsd
jfsoms •Bdkodjd
- Zfpms jh cho`djurds •Edo`ms h omssfkhths
- Omkchoçïm jh o`dvhs pdrd ds
cho`djurds. CHRRDEHKZD_
- Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm H_\HOÅCFOD_
- Dbhrturds, tæokfods
tæokfods jh dbhrtu-
dbhrtu- • _dod trdvd
rds h chrrdehktds utfafzdjds km • Chrrdehktd thtrd mu jfspmsf-
omknuktm jm shgrhjm h kds ch- tfvm Zhtrd
Cfgurd 6 -
6 - Cho`djurd jh dutmeÿvhfs. o`djurds. • Jfspmsftfvm Vdah
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 : FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 • Bhrçm pdrd ofafkjrm Vdah
• Chrrdehktds jh dbhrturd
• Ompfdjmrds
X_M JD_ CHRRDEHKZ
CHRRDEHKZD_
D_
O@DSH JH CHKJD _FE\AH_
O@DSH
H ORX^DJD (\@FAAF\_)
Chrrde
Chrrdehkt
hktd d edkud
edkudaa quh
quh sh
jhstfkd dm dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh pd-
rdcusms ome chkjd sfepahs mu oru-
zdjd (\`faafps).  (Cfgurd 42).
chkjd oruzdjd
chkjd sfepahs
Cfgurd 42 -
42 - \drdcusms.
_ïm värfms ms tfpms jh o`dvhs
jh chkjd, km hktdktm, pdrd m o`dvhfrm,
bdstde ued phquhkd, ued eæjfd h
ued grdkjh.  (Cfgurd 4?) .
Cfgurd 4? -
4? - O`dvhs jh chkjd.
Kïm ush d o`dvh jh chkjd
omem tda`djhfrd h khe pdrd prmvmodr 
jhsodrgds haætrfods, pmfs fstm, odusd
hstrdgms he sud pmktd. D o`dvh \`fa-
afps mu jh chkjd oruzdjd edfs utfaf-
zdjd kd mcfofkd jm o`dvhfrm æ d eæjfd.
Shnd kd  cfgurd 4:, d edkhfrd omrrhtd
jh utfafzdr d o`dvh jh chkjd.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
fstm æ, pdrd quda ehjfjd jh odbhçd mu
pmrod had shrvh. Hxfsthe ì vhkjd jmfs
sfstheds jh ehjfjds he pmahgdjds h
omrrhtm
efaåehtrms. (Cfgurd 43).
 D pmktd jd o`dvh jh chkjd the m ehsem
tdedk`m jd chkjd jm pdrdcusm.
Cfgurd 43 -
43 - O`dvh jh bmod cfxd.
Oadrm jhvh cfodr quh pdrd d mcf-
fkomrrhtm
ofkd jh o`dvhfrm kïm `ä khohssfjdjh
jh grdkjhs vdrfdçøhs jh ehjfjds. Æ
sucfofhkth ue nmgm phquhkm (3 phçds)
jh ehjfjds eæjfds. M emjm omrrhtm
jh usdr d o`dvh cfxd æ emstrdjm kd  cf-
gurd 47.
 D pmktd jd o`dvh jh chkjd æ ehkmr jm
quh d chkjd jm pdrdcusm.
Cfgurd 4: -
4: - Omem usdr d o`dvh jh chkjd.
O@DSH JH BMOD
O@DSH
MX CFPD
_ïm chrrde
chrrdehkt
hktds
ds utfafz
utfafzdjd
djdss
pdrd dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh pmrods mu
odbhçds jh pdrdcusms jh chrcfa shxtd-
vdjm mu qudjrdjm.  (Cfgurd 48). Cfgurd 47 -
47 - Omem usdr d o`dvh jh bmod (cfxd).
O@DSH DAAHK
(@hxdgmkda)
Hstd chrrdehktd edkuda æ jhs-
tfkdjd dm dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh pdrd-
cusm
cusmss jh odbh
odbhçdçd ofaå
ofaåkj
kjrf
rfod
od ome
ome
shxtdvdjm fkthrkm.  (Cfgurd 40).
Cfgurd 48 -
48 - \mrod h pdrdcusm shxtdvdjms
_ïm cmredjds pmr juds bmods
kds hxtrhefjdjhs ome ehjfjds jfch-
rhkths. Hads trdzhe grdvdjds prÿxf-
eds d hssds bmods ds suds ehjfjds, Cfgurd 40 -
40 - O`dvh Daahk.
8 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 Kd mcfofkd jh o`dvhfrm trîs eh-
jfjds sïm khohssärfds. Kmredaehkth
hssds o`dvhs domepdk`de d eä-
qufkd ompfdjmrd jh o`dvhs, quh sh
utfafzde jhssds chrrdehktds, shrïm
khohssärfds, h sh jdrä, dpÿs d ome-
prd jd eäqufkd ompfdjmrd jh o`dvhs.
Shnd d dpafodçïm jhstd chrrdehktd kd
cfgurd 46.
Cfgurd 46 -
46 - Dpafodçïm jd o`dvh daahk.
DAFODZH_
Jmfs emjhams jh dafodths sïm
khohssärfms kd mcfofkd jm o`dvhfrm> m
dafodth jh bfom h m dafodth ukfvhrsda.
(Cfgurd 2<).
\drd m odsm jm o`dvhfrm pmjh-
ems jhstdodr m dafodth pdrd dkæfs jh
shgehktm, ounm cukofmkdehktm æ fk-
vhrsm dm jms dafodths omkvhkofmkdfs.
Hkqudktm kms dafodths omkvhkofmkdfs
dphrtdems ds `dsths pdrd ds pmktds
sh cho`drhe, km jh dkæfs jh shg-
ehktm dm dphrtdrems ds `dsths ds
pmktds sh dbrhe.
Hsth dafodth the pmuquåssfem
usm pdrd m o`dvhfrm, km hktdktm sh cmr  pukçøhs pdrd cdzhr d edrodçïm fkfofda
trdbda`dr ome ofafkjrms jh omktdtms jh
pdrtfjd jh dutms, daguks emjhams pms-
suhe hssh dkha haästfom, cdzhkjm-sh
khohssärfm m usm jhssh dafodth.  (Cf-
gurd 24).
Cfgurd 24 -
24 - Dafodth pdrd dkæfs jh shgehktm.
ouk`d jh edjhfrd mu ehtda. Tudkjm
utfafzdr m edrtham pdrd bdthr smbrh su-
phrcåofhs
phrcåofhs dodbdjd
dodbdjds,
s, omamquh
omamquh omem
prmthçïm ue phjdçm jh ehtda ahvh mu
edjhfrd. _heprh quh pmssåvha jhscfrd
ms gmaphs phgdkjm d cdoh jm edrtham.
Kd mcfofkd jh o`dvhfrm m edrtham æ
edfs usdjm pdrd bdthr chrrdehktds
omktukjhkths omem tda`djhfrds, pdrd
rhemçïm jh odbhçds jh rhbfths h he
jh ued curdçïm
\XKÇÏM
Æ ued
ued chrr
chrrde
dehk
hktd
td edku
edkuda
da
pmktfdgujd jhstfkdjd d edrodr phçds
mu hchtudr phquhkds odvfjdjhs pdrd
phreftfr d hxhouçïm jh curms. Kd mcf-
ofkd jh o`dvhfrm æ edfs usdjm pdrd
edrodçïm fkfofda jd curdçïm jms od-
kdfs jms ofafkjrms.  (Cfgurd 2?).

 Dafodth Xkfvhrsda EDRZHAM

M edrtham æ ued chrrdehktd
edkuda jhstfkdjd d fkjuzfr jhthref-
kdjd
kdjd cmrçd
cmrçd jh fepdot
fepdotmm smbrh
smbrh edthrf
edthrfdfs
dfs,,
jhcmredkjm-ms mu jhsamodkjm-ms. M Cfgurd 2? -
2? - \ukçïm.
edrth
edrtham
am omepø
omepøh-sh-sh
h jh juds
juds pdrth
pdrths>
s> od-
_DOD-\FKM
bhçd h odbm.  (Cfgurd 22).
Chrrdehk
Chrrdehktdtd edkuda
edkuda chftd jh
dçm h, ome pmktd rhtd jhstfkdjd d
sdodr pfkms mu rhbfths. \drd m o`d-
vhfrm hstd chrrdehktd sh tmrkd þtfa kd
 Dafodth jh Bfom rhemçïm jm pfkm trdvd jm odk`ïm.  (Cf-
gurd 2:).
Cfgurd 2< -
2< - Dafodths.

Ms dafodths sïm utfafzdjms pdrd

jmbrdr mu omrtdr. Ndedfs jhvhe shrvfr 
jh edrtham h tdepmuom omem o`dvh
jh bmod cfxd pdrd dphrtdr mu smatdr pd-
rdcusms. Cfgurd 22 -
22 - Edrthams.
Hxfsthe värfms dafodths hsph-  D odbhçd æ jh dçm cmrndjm h
ofdfs odjd ue pdrd ued cukçïm hsph- thephrdjm h m odbm jh edjhfrd. D cf-
oåcfod. xdçïm jd odbhçd dm odbm æ chftd pmr  Cfgurd 2: -
2: - _dod-pfkm

OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 3 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM

 ZDA@DJHFRD Hxfsth
Hxfsthe
e shrrd
shrrdss ome
ome kþeh
kþehrm
rm jh thrkms, omem pmr hxhepam, dcfdçïm jh
Chrrdehktd edkuda utfafzdjd jhkths djhqudjds dm tfpm jh edthrfda. jhkths jh shrrds, shrrmths, hto.
km jhsbdsth h omrth jh edthrfdfs eh- \drd m o`dvhfrm, rhomehkjd-sh shrrd :) O`dtd> pdrd usm ghrda he
täafoms jh suphrcåofh adrgd. jh 40 jhkths pmr pmahgdjd, quh æ fkjf- suphrcåofhs h omkvhxds.
Zda`djhfrd Bhjdeh jhstfkd- odjd pdrd shrvfçms ghrdfs. \ham o`d- 8) Ehfd-odkd> the jupad cfkdaf-
sh d dbhrturd jh odkdahtds h rdsgms. vhfrm æ pmuom usdjm, d kïm shr pdrd jdjh> adjm o`dtm pdrd suphrcåofhs pad-
\drd m o`dvhfrm d tda`djhfrd kïm jhvh omrth jh edthrfdfs pdrd omkchoçïm jh kds mu omkvhxds h adjm ourvm pdrd
shr grdkjh, shkjm edfs usdjd pdrd phquhkds phçds jh rhpmsfçïm he ch- suphrcåofhs rhjmkjds mu oúkodvds.
rhemçïm jd odbhçd jh rhbfths, jh ch- o`djurds h phquhkds chrrdehktds.
o`djurds rhbftdjds he pmrtds h jh cf-
xdçïm jd tdepd jd odfxd jd AFED_
cho`djurd. (Cfgurd 28).  D afed æ d prfkofpda chrrdehktd
pdrd m o`dvhfrm, pmfs värfds sïm ds Rhjmkjm   Tudjrdjm   Zrfdkguadr 
suds
suds dpafod
dpafodçøh
çøhs>s> pdrd
pdrd cdzhr
cdzhr ued
ued
o`dv
o`dvhh jh ofafkj
ofafkjrm
rm quh kïmkïm pmssu
pmssuff
o`dvh, kd eujdkçd jh shgrhjm, kd
afephzd jh rhbdrbds jhfxdjds phad Ehfd-odkd Cdod   O`dtm

crhsd jd ompfdjmrd, hto.

 D afed æ ued chrrdehktd ed- Cfgurd 20 -
20 - \hrcfa jd afed.
kuda jh jhsbdsth jm edthrfda jh ued Tudktm dm tfpm jh omrth h jh
phçd, bhe omem pdrd m shu dodbd- jhkth æ m trdbda`m d shr hxhoutdjm jh
ehktm cfkda. jhsbdsth mu dodbdehktm quh jhthr-
M omeprfehktm jd afed æ eh- efkd. (Cfgurd 26).
jfjm
jfjm jm mebr
mebrm m jd afed
afed dtæ
dtæ d sud
sud pmkt
pmktd.
d.
Cfgurd 28 -
28 - Zda`djhfrd. M tfpm jh edthrfda h m tdedk`m
Kïm sh domksha`d demadr m jdär
jd ärhd
hd d shr
shr trdb
trdbda
da`d
`djd
jdææ quh
quh jhth
jhthre
refk
fkd
d
omrth jd tda`djhfrd. Bdstdrjd   Eurçd
m omeprf
omeprfehktm afed. (Cfgurd
ehktm jd afed. (Cfgurd 27).
 Dm usdr d tda`djhfrd, `dbftuh-
sh d edkthr ms ma`ms vmatdjms pdrd m
edthrfda d shr omrtdjm h kïm pdrd d
odbhçd jd chrrdehktd.

DROM _HRRD Cfgurd 26 -

26 - Afeds qudktm ì rugmsfjdjh jms
jhkths.
Hstd chrrdehkt
chrrdehktd
d edkuda
edkuda rh- Oadssf
Oadssfcfo
cfod-s
d-sh
h m pfodjm
pfodjm jds
ohbh ued aâefkd jh shrrd pdrd mph- afeds jh domrjm ome ds odrdothråstf-
rdçøhs jh omrth. \drd shrrdr  ods jms jhkths he> sfepahs, jupam h
emvfehkth d chrrdehktd jh cmred d grmsd. (Cfgurd ?<).
usdr tmjm m omeprfehktm jd aâefkd h Omrth _fepahs - ms jhkths sïm
edkthk`d ue rftem omkstdkth.   (Cf- pdrdahams h jfdgmkdfs.
gurd 23).  Ds afeds jh omrth sfepahs sïm
Cfgurd 27 -
27 - Afed.
ghrdaehkth usdjds ome ahvh prhssïm
M phrcfa jd afed æ jhthrefkdjm pdrd prmjuzfr suphrcåofhs ome dodbd-
phad ärhd d shr afedjd. (Cfgurd 20). ehktm afsm mu pdrd dcfdr cdods, thsmu-
4) Rhjmkjd>  pdrd dnustdr cmr- rds, shrrds, hkxdjds h cdoøhs.
eds rhjmkjds mu oúkodvds. Omrth Jupam - pmssuf
pmssuf jmfs
2) Tudjrdj
Tudjrdjd> d>   pdrd
pdrd dnustdr 
dnustdr  grupms jh jhkths jfdgmkdfs.
curms rhtdkguadrhs h odktms. M shgukjm grupm æ pfodjm
pfodjm kd
?) Zrfdkguadr> pdrd âkguams fk- jfrhçïm jfdgmkda mpmstd h smbrh m prf-
Cfgurd 23 -
23 - Drom jh shrrd. ehfrm grupm jh jhkths.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 7 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
  Ds afeds jh omrth jupam sïm Afedghe rhtd - emvfehktm jh phçds quh hstïm prhsds d ue tmrkm mu
usdjds ome prhssïm edfmr jm quh ds vdfvæe, amkgftujfkda. d ued
ued emrs
emrsd,
d, ghrd
ghrdae
aehk
hkth
th m fkjf
fkjfod
odjm
jmrr æ
jh omrth sfepahs, ome d cfkdafjdjh jh  D afed æ hepurrdjd smbrh d omamodjm smbrh m odbm he afk`d ome d
jhsbdstdr m edthrfda. phçd jfrhtdehkth pdrd crhkth mu afghf- afed.  (Cfgurd ??).
Grmsd -  pmssuf ued særfh jh rdehkth kd jfdgmkda.
jhkths fkjfvfjudfs cmredkjm ue omrth Zrdksafedghe - ome ds eïms
dgrhss
dgrhssfvm
fvm shkjm
shkjm usdjms
usdjms prfkof
prfkofpda
pda-- shgurdkjm ds hxtrhefjdjhs jd afed
ehkth he edjhfrds, odsoms jh dkf- hepurrh-d h puxh-d smbrh d phçd quh
edfs, daueåkfm h o`uebm. gfrd he tmrkm. Hstd cmred jh afedghe
kïm
kïm the
the dpafo
dpafodç
dçïm
ïm km jfd-
jfd-d-
d-jf
jfdd jm o`d-
o`d-
vhfrm.
Afedghe he tmrkm -  d afed æ
emvfehktdjd omktrd d phçd quh gfrd
he tmrkm. Hstd cmred jh afedghe kïm
the dpafodçïm km jfd-d-jfd jm o`d-
vhfrm. Cfgurd ?? -
?? - Demadr ued cdod.

M emjm
emjm jh shgu
shgurd
rdrr d afed
afed vdrf
vdrfdd \drd ued afedghe padkd, ms
he cukçïm jd omkjfçïm he quh sh hk- emvfehktms jhvhe shr pdrd crhkth,
omktrd pmsfofmkdjd d phçd. kued afk`d prdtfodehkth
prdtfodehkth rhtd. M ourtm
    s
    h
     a
Km odsm
odsm jh afedr
afedr suph
suphrc rcåo
åofh
fhss jh jhvh shr emjfcfodjm dphkds pdrd hvf-
    m
     a     d
    p
    e
     f
    p
    u
    s
    m
    r
phçds cfxdjds kd emrsd, shgurd-sh tdr suaoms kd phçd.
     _      J      G
cfreh d afed ome ds juds eïms. Jhvh-s
Jhvh-shh hvftdr
hvftdr m emvfehk
emvfehktmtm jh
jh
M odbm jhvh cfodr domemjdjm vdfvæ
vdfvæe,
e, pmfs
pmfs hsth
hsth prmjuz
prmjuzfrä
frä suphrc
suphrcåof
åofhs
hs
kd pdaed jd eïm, edfs prÿxfem jd drrhjmkjdjds.
bdsh jm jhjm km eåkfem. M emvfehktm pdrd träs jhvh
M pmahgdr jhvh shgurdr m odbm shr ahvh (she prhssïm) pdrd kïm prh-
he pmsfçïm pdrdahad dm omeprfehktm  nujfodr d hstruturd
hstruturd jms jhkths
jhkths jd afed.
Cfgurd ?< -
?< - Zfpms jh afed. jhstd. Shnd kd  cfgurd ?:  d emvfehk-
Kd omktrdeïm, d pmktd jd afed tdçïm omrrhtd jds afeds.
\drd dtfkgfr m rhsuatdjm jhsh- jhvh cfodr prhsd hktrh m pmahgdr h ms
 ndjm km trdbda`m
trdbda`m,, d afed jhvh
jhvh shr usdjd
usdjd jhjms fkodjmr h eæjfm.
omrrhtdehkth. \drd odjd tfpm jh shr- _h m emvf
emvfeh
ehkt
ktm
m kïm
kïm hxfghxfgfr 
fr 
vfçm hxfsth ue emjham jh afed, dssfe euftd prhssïm, m pmahgdr jd eïm quh
omem d cmred jh edkhnä-ad. Bdsfod- shgurd pmktd pmjh cfodr kue âkguam
ehkth sïm trîs ds cmreds jh trdbda`dr  rhtm he rhadçïm dm omeprfehktm jd
ome d afed.  (Cfgurd ?4). afed. (Cfgurd ?2).

Cfgurd ?: -
?: - Emvfehktms omrrhtms.

 Ds afeds jhvhe shr afepds

dpÿs m shu usm ome hsomvd jh dçm.
Cdçd hssd afephzd jh cmred
quh ms cfms jd hsomvd domepdk`he d
Cfgurd ?2 -
?2 - Afedghe/trdksafe
Afedghe/trdksafedghe.
dghe.
jfrhç
jfrhçïm
ïm jms jhkths
jhkths.. (Cfgu
(Cfgurd
rd ?8).
?8). Mutrm
Mutrmss
Tudkjm dphkds ued jds eïm oufjdjms ome ds afeds jhvhe shr mb-
Cfgurd ?4 -
?4 - Omem sh usdr ued afed. shgurd d afed, m quh æ chftm pdrd afedr  shrvdjms. Kïm jhfxh afeds he omktdtm

OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 0 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM

ome ds mutrds, pmfs m o`mquh hstrdgd CMREÏM
ms shus
shus jhkths
jhkths.. Gudrjh
Gudrjh-ds
-ds sheprh
sheprh he Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda jh
amoda shom. Jhvh shr hvftdjm m omktdtm jhsbdsth h omrth he edjhfrd.
ome d suphrcåofh pfodjd. _ud utfafjdjh pdrd m prmcfssfm-
kda o`dvhfrm æ phquhkd, d kïm shr kd
rhtfrd-sh m odvdom omkch
omkchoç
oçïm
ïm jh dbhrt
dbhrturd
urd pdrd
pdrd hkodfx
hkodfxh
h kd
ome d hsomvd jh dçm.
pmrtd. (Cfgurd ?7).

Cfgurd ?0-D -
?0-D - Curdjhfrd jh bdkodjd.

 D curdjhfrd edkuda hxfgh quh

hrrdjm ohrtm sh cdçd prhssïm smbrh d ehsed pdrd
phkhtrdçïm jd brmod.
Cfgurd ?8 -
?8 - _heprh cdçd d afephzd.
Nä km odsm jd curdjhfrd jh
bdkodjd d prhssïm æ chftd dofmkdkjm-
 D gmrjurd h d uefjdjh jds sh d dadvdkod jh dvdkçm. He debds
eïms
eïms pmjhe
pmjhe prhnuj
prhnujfod
fodrr d ärhd
ärhd jh Cfgurd ?7 -
?7 - Cmreïm. ds curdjhfrds d brmod mu hsodrhdjmr æ
omrth rhjuzfkjm d vfjd þtfa jd afed. omamodjd km edkjrfa.
CXRDJHFRD
Hvfth usdr d afed omem dad- M edkjrfa æ ue dohssÿrfm ome
 D curdjhfrd æ d eäqufkd utfaf-
vdkod mu sdod-pfkms. Ds afeds utfafzd- gdrrds jh dçm, quh sh dbrh h cho`d
zdjd pdrd prmjuzfr curms ofrouadrhs
jds
jds kd mcfo
mcfofk
fkd
d jm o`dv
o`dvhfhfrm
rm sïm
sïm d qudkjm dofmkdjm pmr ued o`dvh jhk-
kds phçds, dtrdvæs jm emvfehktm jh
qudjrdjd h o`dtd. tdjd, omem ued phquhkd hkgrhkd-
rmtdçïm jh ued chrrdehktd jh omrth.
 D o`dtd æ edfs usdjd pdrd ghe, pdrd phreftfr m dphrtm jh brmods
Hssd chrrdehktd jh omrth æ ued brmod
afedr ärhds edfmrhs omem ‑omstds―
‑omstds― jh mu hsodrhdjmr jh jfvhrsms jfâehtrms.
mu hsodrhdjmr.
o`dvh Vdah h kd omkchoçïm jd o`dvh (Cfgurd ?6).
Hxfsthe emjhams pmrtäthfs, jh
Gmrgh.
bdkodjd h jh omaukd. Km odsm jm
\mjh
\mjh shr
shr tdebæ
tdebæee utfafz
utfafzdj
djd
d pdrd
pdrd
o`dvhfrm m fjhda shrfd thr d pmrtätfa h d
cdzhr ds odvds jd o`dvh Vdah, eds,
jh bdkodjd.
pdrd fstm, rhomehkjdems d afed qud-
Eds kd fepmssfbfafjdjh sÿ d
jrdjd.  (Cfgurd ?3).
pmrtätfa æ sucfofhkth. Shnd ms jmfs em-
jhams kds  cfgurds ?0 h ?0D.
Afed Tudjrdjd

edkjrfa
Cfgurd ?6 -
?6 - Edkjrfa.
Kmredaehkth ds phçds smbrh
ds qudfs sh cdrïm ms curms h prfkofpda-
ehkth km odsm jm o`dvhfrm sïm prh-
sds kd emrsd.
Cfgurd ?3 -
?3 - O`dvh Vdah - afed qudjrdjd.
Km odsm jd curdjh
curdjhfrd
frd pmrtätfa
pmrtätfa
Smatdems d fksfstfr ome m daukm usd-sh d emrsd jh bdkodjd, km odsm
jh quh d afed æ d chrrdehktd edfs jd curdjhfrd jh bdkodjd, prhkjh-sh
usdjd kd mcfofkd, pmrtdktm sdbhr usä- kd emrsd jd prÿprfd curdjhfrd, pmræe
ad omrrhtdehkth æ feprhsofkjåvha pdrd pmssuf m ehsem prfkoåpfm jh cukofm-
ue trdbda`m hcfofhkth h prmjutfvm. Cfgurd ?0
?0 -
 - Curdjhfrd Edkuda. kdehktm. (Cfgurd :<).
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 6 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 gufd jd
edkjåbuad eÿvha edkjåbuad
eÿvha
edkjåbuad cfxd pdrdcusm

  edkfpuam
bdsh

mrha`d jh cfxdçïm jd emrsd

Cfgurd :< -
:< - Emrsd jh curdjhfrd.
M o`dvhfrm utfafzd d curdjhfrd
pdrd dbrfr ms odkdfs jms ofafkjrms,
mkjh sh hkomktrde ms omepmkhkths
(pfkms shgrhjm, omktrd pfkms, emaf-
k`ds) quh cmrede m shgrhjm. (Cfgurd
:4).
Mutrd utfafjdjh æ pdrd cdzhr  sïm omkstftuåjds jh dçm räpfjm, pmr  oruz. Hsth rhbdfxm æ khohssärfm pdrd
dbhrturd jh pmrtds, qudkjm fstm kïm
cmr pmssåvha ome ds chrrdehktds djh-
qudjds pdrd fssm.
Cfgurd :2 -
:2 - Zfpms jh hsodrhdjmr.
BRMOD_
 Ds brmods sïm chrrdehktds
jhstfkdjds d dbrfr curms he edthrfdfs
edofçms.
_ïm omkstftuåjds he ghrda jh
dçm dm odrbmkm, sdafhktdkjm-sh quh
ds quh trdbda`de ome datd rmtdçïm
mchrhohr edfmr rhsfstîkofd dm omrth h
dm odamr ghrdjm pham dtrftm. Shnd kd  cf-
gurd :?, ds brmods `hafomfjdfs quh
sïm ds edfs usdjds.
Hspfgd @dsth Omrpm  
Ms edo`ms sh prhstde d dbrfr 
rmsods fkthrkds (pmrods) h ms omssf-
khths d hchtudr shrvfçms quh rhquhf-
rde rmsods hxthrkds (pdrdcusms).
M edo`m æ cdbrfodjm ome ue
dçm euftm jurm, jh phrcfa rhjmkjm ome
rhbdfxms m quh a`h jä ue phrcfa jh
jdr sdåjd dm edthrfda dcfe jh sh dbrfr 
d rmsod.
Æ tdebæ
tdebæe e omk`
omk`hof
hofjm
jm omem
omem
âkguam jh omrth.  (Cfgurd ::).
\mktd

\rmnhçïm jd Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Oúkfod

Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Oúkfod

@dsth   Omrpm   \mktd

\rmnhçïm jd Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Ofaåkjrfod

Cfgurd :: -
:: - Edo`m.
Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Ofaåkjrfkod
Cfgurd :4 -
:4 - D curdjhfrd æ utfafzdjd pdrd dbrfr   D mutrd hxtrhefjdjh jm edo`m
edo`m
odkdfs jm ofafkjrm. Cfgurd :? -
:? - Brmods `hafomfjdfs.
the d cmred qudjrdjd, h æ mkjh sh
H_ODRHDJMR DZHKÇÏM! dpafod d cmrçd pdrd emvfehktä-am dtrd-
M hsodrhdjmr æ pmuom usdjm _heprh quh cmr cdzhr ued curd- væs jm jhsdkjdjmr mu omem æ edfs
pham o`dvhfrm, pmræe, ìs vhzhs sh cdz çïm, cdçd d fkfofdçïm ome ue omk`hofjm ‑Sfrd-Edo`m―. M jhsdkjd-
khohssärfm kd emktdghe jh hahehk- pukçïm omem, dafäs, nä cmf hksf- jmr æ cmredjm pmr ued dadvdkod ome
tms rhbftdjms quh cmrde rhemvfjms jh jmfs brdçms.
kdjm dkthrfmrehkth.
cho`djurds mu ofafkjrms. He sud pdrth ohktrda the hk-
M tfpm
tfpm jh hsodrh
hsodrhdj
djmr
mr edfs
edfs EDO@M_ H odfxh cfxm mu rhguaävha pdrd prhkjhr m
omeue sïm rhbdfxms ofaåkjrfoms h oú- OM__FKHZH_ edo`m.  (Cfgurd :8). Hxfsth ue edo`m
kfoms pdrd pdrdcusms mu rhbfths.  (Cf- _ïm juds
juds chrrde
chrrdehkt
hktds
ds ed-
ed- pdrd
pdrd odjd
odjd ehjf
ehjfjd
jd jh rmso
rmsodd quh
quh
gurd :2). kudfs utfafzdjds pdrd sh cdzhr rmsods. quhfrd cdzhr.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 4< FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 Jhvh-sh hxhrohr prhssïm ukf-
cmreh kms jmfs brdçms jm jhsdkjdjmr 
d cfe jh edkthr m omssfkhth phrphkjf-
Edo`m tfpm 4
ouadr dm hfxm quh hstä shkjm rms-
quhdjm. (Cfgurd :6).
Edo`m tfpm 2

jhsdkjdjmr 
Edo`m tfpm ?

Cfgurd :8 -
:8 - Sfrd-Edo`m. Cfgurd :7 -
:7 - Edo`ms. emrsd

Kd  cfgurd :3, vhems omem sh \drd cdzhr

cdzhr rmsods
rmsods hxthrkds
hxthrkds,,
prmohjh pdrd cdzhr ued rmsod fkthrkd utfafzd-sh ms omssfkhths.
utfafzdkjm ue edo`m
edo`m h jhsdkjdjmr.
jhsdkjdjmr. Zdebæe hxfsth ue omssfkhth
phçd d shr 
pdrd odjd ehjfjd jh rmsod. rmsquhdjd
M omssfkhth æ emktdjm he ue
Cfgurd :6 -
:6 - Omssfkhth phrphkjfouadr dm hfxm
jhsdkjdjmr  jhsdkjdjmr prÿprfm mkjh æ cfxdjm. quh hstä shkjm rmsquhdjm.
(Cfgurd :0). \drd m prhcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm,
Omknuktm hsth tdebæe omk`h- hsth omknuktm jh chrrdehktds kïm the
ofjm omem tdrrdxd.  (Cfgurd :0-D). euftd utfafjdjh. Km hktdktm, thr ue
edo`m   emrsd  nmgm jh tmrkd-sh khohssärfm, pmfs, ìs
vhzhs pmjh shr prhofsm hxhoutdr ued
rmsod he ued adthrda jd odfxd jh ch-
o`djurd, d sfe jh sh omamodr ue pd-
rdcusm he substftufçïm dm rhbfth quh
phçd cmf rhemvfjm, mu fkstdadr ued cho`d-
Cfgurd :3 -
:3 - \dssdghe jm edo`m smbrh m ed- jurd he ued pmrtd jh chrrm mu grdjh,
thrfda.
_dafhktde
_dafhktdems ms quh odjd
odjd juds shkjm khohssärfm cdzhr d curdçïm h
vmatds jhvh-sh vmatdr m edo`m he ue rmsod pdrd cfxdçïm jd ehsed.
qudrtm jh vmatd h dpafodr aubrfcfodkth Omem m daukm pmjh phrohbhr 
pdrd omktfkudr d rmsquhdr, hvftdkjm cfgurd :0 -
:0  - Omssfkhth. he debm
debmss ms odsm
odsmss cmf
cmf usdj
usdjm
m m
ome fssm d pmssfbfafjdjh jh quhbrdr d edo`m, pmfs m omssfkhth dfkjd æ edfs
Omssfkhth jfcåofa jh shr usdjm.
chrrdehktd.
M aubrfc
aubrfcfod
fodkth
kth utfafz
utfafzdjm
djm he
ghrda æ ue cauåjm hsphofda pdrd omrth
\FKÇD
Æ ued
ued chrr
chrrde
dehk
hktd
td edku
edkuda
da
jh edthrfdfs. Kmredaehkth sïm utfaf- Jhsdkjdjmr 
pdrd edkushfm jh phquhkms omepm-
zdjms trîs tfpms jh edo`ms fgudfs
khkths h he amodfs jh jfcåofa dohssm.
hktrh sf, mu shnd, ome ehsed ehjfjd
(Cfgurd 8<).
jh rmsod, eds ome jfchrhkçds kd om-
khxfjdjh jds pmktds jh phkhtrdçïm h \drdcusms jh cfxdçïm
km phrcfa jms ‑jhkths― omrtdkths jm
Cfgurd :0--D -
:0--D  - ‑Zdrrdxd―.
edthrfda. \drd cdzhr d rmsod he `dsth
Shems kd  cfgurd :7   ms trîs ofro
ofroua
uadr
dr,, km odsm
odsm,, tfpm
tfpm pdrd
pdrdcu
cusm
sm,,
tfpms jh edo`ms> m kþehrm  4 æ usdjm prhkjh-sh d ehsed kd emrsd h gfrd-
pdrd fkfofdr m trdbda`m9 m kþehrm 2 sh m jhsdkjdjmr jh tda emjm quh m
pdrd edfmr dprmcukjdehktm h m kþ- omssfkhth, ì ehjfjd quh vdf dvdk-
ehrm ?  pdrd cfkdafzdr h dodbdr m phrcfa çdkjm km edthrfda, vdf dbrfkjm ms sua-
jd rmsod. oms jd rmsod. Cfgurd 8< -
8< - \fkçd.

OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 44 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM

 \drd m o`dvhfrm had æ fepmr- jhsamod-sh he rhadçïm ì phçd cfxd pmr  M rhbmam æ ued chrrdehktd of-
tdkth pdrd edkushdr ms pfkms shgrh- ehfm jh ued pdrdcusm.  (Cfgurd 82). aåkjrfod jh phquhkd hsphssurd ome
jms, omktrd pfkms h emafk`ds. ue curm ohktrda, pmr ehfm jm quda æ
phçd eÿvha emrjhkths cfxms chftm m hkodfxh km hfxm jm hsehrfa.  (Cf-
_DOD-SMADKZH gurd 8:).
brmod
Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda hs- phçd cfxd
phoåcfod pdrd sdodr vmadkth jh vhåou- odbm
ams he ghrda.
rhbmam
_hkjm euftm utfafzdjd he mcfof-
kds ehoâkfods. buo`d jh o`uebm
\drd m o`dvhfrm had the pmu-
quåssfed utfafjdjh, pmfs sïm pmuoms
ms vhåouams quh m o`dvhfrm prhofsd
sdodr m vmadkth pdrd rhtfrdr m ofafkjrm daturd
hspfgd
jh trdvd jh jfrhçïm. Shnd kd   cfgurd pdrdcusm hfxm
bdsh
84,  omem sdodr m vmadkth jh ue vhå-
ouam.
Cfgurd 82 -
82 - Emrsd
o`dvhtd
Tudkjm sh prhkjh phçds dod-
bdjds omem æ m odsm jd o`dvhfrm, Cfgurd 8: -
8: - Rhbmam hkodfxdjm dm hfxm jm
quh cfxd ofafkjrms, odk`ïm jh ofafkjrm, edkjrfa.
hto, æ khohssärfm omamodr kms emr- M rhbmam the m dsphotm jh
jhkths ued prmthçïm, ghrdaehkth jh ued phjrd jh suphrcåofh äsphrd, cf-
edthrfda edfs edofm quh d phçd. He gurd 88.
ghrda
ghrda hssd
hssd prmthç
prmthçïm
ïm pmjh
pmjh shr
shr jh
ombrh, o`uebm, edjhfrd, daueåkfm mu
omurm.

H_EHRFA
Cfgurd 84 -
84 - _dod-vmadkth. Æ ued eäqufkd rmtdtfvd he
M sdod-vmadkth tdebæe æ om- ounm hfxm sïm omamodjds chrrdehktds
k`hofjm omem hxtrdtmr. \mssuf trîs jhstfkd
jhstfkdjds
jds d dcfdçïm,
dcfdçïm, jhsbdst
jhsbdsth
h mu
gdrrds quh sh hkodfxde dm vmadkth h dodbdehktm o`dedjds ‑rhbmam―.  (Cf-
ue pdrdcusm ohktrda quh, shkjm dphr- gurd 8?).
Cfgurd 88 -
88 - Rhbmam.
tdjm pmr ued o`dvh cfxd, cmrçd d sud
Hstd dsphrhzd vdrfd jh domrjm
sdåjd jd bdrrd jh jfrhçïm
\rmthçïm dm Mphrdjmr  ome d cfkdafjdjh jm rhbmam. Zhokfod-
ehkth hssd dsphrhzd æ o`dedjd jh
EMR_D grdkuadçïm. \drd trdbda`ms jh jhs-
\hçd fepmrtdkth kd bdkodjd bdsths mu ehsem pdrd tfrdr rhbdrbds,
jh qudaquhr mcfofkd shnd ehoâkfod, usd-sh rhbmam jh grdkuadçïm grmssd.
haætrfod,
haætrfod, jh hahtrmjmeæstfom,
hahtrmjmeæstfom, jh o`d- \drd trdbda`ms jh dodbdehktm, usd-
vhfrm, hto. Æ tdebæe omk`hofjd omem sh rhbmam jh grdkuadçïm cfkd. Ehsem
tmrkm jh ehsd. thkjm ued prmthçïm smbrh ds phjrds,
Zhe pmr cfkdafjd
cfkdafjdjh
jh prhkjhr 
prhkjhr  rhomehkjd-sh usdr ÿouams jh prmth-
phçds, jhfxdkjm-ds cfrehs pdrd quh çïm tmjd vhz quh usdr m hsehrfa.
sh pmss
pmssd d trdbd
trdbda`d
a`drr smbrh
smbrh hads.
hads. D M hsehrfa pdrd m o`dvhfrm, sÿ
emrsd jhvh hstdr cfxdjd kd bdkodjd. æ þtfa pdrd phquhkms jhbdsths h omk-
 D emrsd æ omkstftuåjd
omkstftuåjd pmr
pmr juds phçds>
phçds> choçïm jh phquhkds chrrdehktds.
Xed cfxd h mutrd
mutrd eÿvha.
eÿvha. D phçd eÿvha
eÿvha Cfgurd 8? -
8? - Hsehrfa. _hrvfçms hsths quh pmjhe shr 
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 42 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 chftms omamodkjm ue phquhkm
phquhkm rhbmam pdrth jm jfd-d-jfd jm o`dvhfrm, sïm jf- trm), m quda jhsorhvhrhems
jhsorhvhrhems d shgufr.
shgufr. D
 nä ome hfxm pdrd shr omamodjm km ehksfmkdjms he efaåehtrms grdjudçïm jd `dsth cfxd mu hsodad æ
edkjrfa jd curdjhfrd. chftd he efaåehtrms.
M hsehrfa sÿ æ khohssärfm kd
mcfofkd sh m o`dvhfrm cmr trdbda`dr ome
dcfdçïm jh cdods, thsmurds, dafodth jh
uk`d, jh outåouad, hto.

OME\D__M
OME\D__M JH EHJFR  j    d
 t     
r  
 m   ç 
Æ ued chrrdehktd
chrrdehktd utfafzdjd k  m
 ú   z 
kd ehjfçïm fkjfrhtd pham cdtm jh kïm k  h
f      r  
 m  m
k   p
 d
 ú  
r  
pmssufr grdjudçïm. Hxfsthe värfms k
f     
 m
 d
c     
 u
Cfgurd 87 -
87 - Hsodad.  s 
tfpms jhstfkdjms d cfks hsphoåcfoms,  m
Shnd kd  cfgurd 80  omem ehjfr 
pmræe tmjms mbhjhohe dm ehsem
ome hsodad.  t     
prfkoåpfm. M omepdssm pmjh substf- r  
 d
v 
 d
tufr m pdquåehtrm kd vhrfcfodçïm h   p
r   v 
`  
 d
 m
 d
trdkspmrth jh ehjfjds, fstm pmrquh c     
 u
k
r  
 h
 s 
 t     
 h
 j    t     
 d c     
æ ued chrrdehktd jh oustm ehkmr  f     
 j  
f     
x 
5 44ee  d  j  
 h
 d

quh m pdquåehtrm,
pdquåehtrm, h sucfofhkth
sucfofhkth pdrd  j  
 h

m o`dv
o`dvhf
hfrm
rm.. M omep
omepds
dssm
sm edus
edus
Cfgurd 86 -
86 - \dquåehtrm.
usdjm khsth æ m jh ehjfjds hxthr- M kúkfm mu oursmr eÿvha æ jf-
kds emstrdjm kd  cfgurd 83. vfjfjm he 4< pdrths, mu shnd, odjd jf-
5 6ee vfsïm
vfsïm omrrhspm
omrrhspmkjh
kjh d <,4 efaåehtrm
efaåehtrm
(ue jæofem jh efaåehtrm).
Sdems jdr ue hxhepam jh ahf-
Cfgurd 80 -
80 - Omem ehjfr ome d hsodad. turd jm pdquåehtrm jh dprmxfedçïm
\DTXÅEHZRM jh jæofems.
\dquåehtrm mu odafbrh omem Shnd kd  cfgurd 3<, quh m zhrm
tdebæe æ omk`hofjm, omkstd hsshk- jm kúkfm uatrdpdssd m shxtm trdofk`m
ofdaehkth jh ued `dsth cfxd, mu hs- jd jfvfsïm jd hsodad, m quh omrrhs-
odad
odad cfxd
cfxd h jh ue ours oursmr
mr eÿvh
eÿvha,
a, pmkjh, pmrtdktm, d 3 efaåehtrms.
tdebæe o`dedjm kúkfm. Mbshrvh kd hsodad jm kúkfm
 Dprhshktd dfkjd ued vdrhtd quh m trdofk`m jh 4 d 4< omfkofjh ome
pdrd ehjfjds jh prmcukjfjdjhs h ue ued jfvfsïm jd hsodad.
Cfgurd 83 -
83 - Omepdssm hxthrkm. pdrdcusm jh trdvd.  (Cfgurd 86).
Hxfsthe pdquåehtrms jh jfch-
H_ODAD rhkths kúkfms quh vïm jh dprmxfed-
Æ m edfs sfepahs fkstruehktm çøhs>
jh ehjfçïm. jh 4/4< 5 4 jæofem jh efaåeh-
\mssuf kmredaehkth grdjud- trm 5 <,4ee.
çøhs jh efaåehtrms h pmahgdjds pdrd 4/2< 5 4 vfgæsfem jh efaåehtrm
ehjfr ds jfehksøhs jds phçds.  (Cf- 5 <,<8 (8 ohktæsfems).
gurd 87). 4/28 5 vfgæsfed qufktd pdrth
\drd m o`dvhfrm hktrh ds hsod- jh efaåehtrm 5 <,<: (: ohktæsfems).
ads omem m pdquåehtrm, quh hstujd- h jh 4/8< 5 <,<2 jmfs ohktæsf- Cfgurd 3< -
3< - Kúkfm.
rhems d shgufr, sÿ fkthrhssd d hsodad ems jh efaåehtrm. Km odsm
odsm m kþeh
kþehrm
rm mftm
mftm jm
jh efaåehtrms, vfstm quh khstd ärhd \drd
\drd kÿs
kÿs fkthrh
fkthrhss
ssd
d dphkd
dphkdss kúkfm hstä omfkofjfkjm ome m trdofk`m
tr dofk`m
tmjms
tmjms ms omepmkhk
omepmkhkths ths quh cdzhe kúkfm jh 4/4< (4 jæofem jh efaåeh- ??, pmrtd
pmrtdktm
ktm,, 0 æ d dprmxf
dprmxfed
edçïm
çïm..
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 4? FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 Dssfe,
 Dssfe , d ehjfjd
ehjfj d prhofsd
prhof sd æ 3,0ee,
mu shnd, shfs efaåehtrms h mftm jæof-
ems. Mutrm hxhepam jh ahfturd vhnd
kd  cfgurd 34.
Cfgurd 34 -
34 - Hxhepam jh ahfturd.
M zhrm jm kúkfm uatrdpdssd d
jæofed shxtd jfvfsïm jd hsodad, pmr-
tdktm, 43ee.
 D omfkofjîkofd jh ued jfvfsïm
jm kúkfm ome ued hsodad. Amgm d eh-
jfjd prhofsd æ jh 43,8 (jhzhsshfs ef-
aåehtrms h shfs jæofems).
BDKODJD
Æ d ehsd jh trdbda`m jm o`d-
vhfrm. _hu tdedk`m eåkfem jhvh shr 
m khohssärfm pdrd domemjdr d eä-
qufkd ompfdjmrd, ued emrsd phquhkd
pmjh shr d kþehrm 4, h djhqudjd dm
hspdçm jfspmkåvha. He ghrda jhvh shr 
chftd pmr hkomehkjd.
Km hktdktm hxfsthe bdkodjds
prmktds
prmktds usdjds
usdjds he värfds
värfds mcfofkds
mcfofkds
quh pmjhe shr dprmvhftdjds.
Ome d bdkodjd, jdems pmr  bdfxdjm km shktfjm amkgftujfkda jd
hkohrrdjd d prfehfrd pdrth jhstd afçïm
mkjh cmrde jhsorftds ds chrrdehktds
jh usm ghrda quh tdebæe sïm þthfs dm
prmcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm. D shgufr vdems
rhadofmkdr h jhsorhvhr ds chrrdehktds
jh usm hsphoåcfom jm o`dvhfrm. Kïm
vdems hktrdr he jhtda`hs qudktm dm
shu usm, pmfs fstm shrä chftm km jhomr-
rhr jm oursm, qudkjm dbmrjdrhems ds
jfchrh
jfchrhkth
kthss tdrhcd
tdrhcdss jd dtfvfj
dtfvfjdjh
djh jm
o`dvhfrm.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Rhssdatdems quh hstds chrrd- Ome hssds phçds, æ pmssåvha
ehktds sïm cdbrfodjds h vhkjfjds he jhsemktdr ofafkjrms fkjhphkjhkths h
odsds hsphofdafzdjds, mutrds shrïm bfpdrtfjms she khohssfjdjh jh brm-
khohssärfds h kïm sïm vhkjfjds, pmr- quhdr ms tdepøhs jms odkdfs.
tdktm jhvhe shr chftds pham prÿprfm
daukm shkjm sud omkchoçïm hksfkdjd BHRÇM JH OFAFKJRM
km jhomrrhr jm oursm.  VDAH
 VDAH
_DOD ZRDSD Chrrdehktd mkjh sh cfxd m em-
Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda utfaf- kmbamom pdrd shr jhsemktdjm she
zdjd pdrd smatdr ms pdrdcusms quh khohssfjdjh jh brmquhdr ms tdepøhs
cfxde d trdvd jh jfrhçïm jms odrrms. jms odkdfs. (Cfgurd 3:).
Ms rhchrfjms pdrdcusms sïm jh
odbhçd
odbhçd ofaåkjrfod,
ofaåkjrfod, tmtdaehkth
tmtdaehkth afsd,
pmrtdktm she chkjd, khe rhbdfxm
shxtdvdjm tfpm Daahk.  (Cfgurd 32).
Cfgurd 3: -
3: - Bhrçm jh ofafkjrm Vdah.
JF_\M_FZFSM ZHZRD
Omknuktm jh chrrdehktds usd-
jds pdrd d jhsemktdghe jh ofafkjrm
thtrd, she khohssfjdjh jh rhemvhr m
dkha tdepd jms odkdfs.  (Cfgurd 38) .
Cfgurd 32 -
32  - _dod trdvd.
JF_\M_FZFSM VDAH
Omepmstm jh trîs phçds ehtä-
afods, jh jfâehtrms jfchrhkths.
He ued jds hxtrhefjdjhs
the
the ue rhbdfx
rhbdfxmm omem
omem sh cmssh
cmssh
ued chkjd h kd mutrd ue curm rh-
phçd.  (Cfgurd 3?) .
Cfgurd 38 -
38 - Jfspmsftfvm thtrd.
CHRRDEHKZD_
\MKZD H CMRTXFA@D
Omknuktm jh värfds chrrdehk-
tds pdrd rhtfrdjd jh o`dvhs quhbrd-
jds jh jhktrm jm ofafkjrm.
 D jh pmktd pmssuf gdrrds dcfd-
Cfgurd 3? -
3?  - Jfspmsftfvm Vdah. jds pdrd ordvdr km edthrfda h d jh
4: FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
cmrqu
cmrqufa`
fa`d
d pdrd
pdrd puxd
puxdrr cdzhk
cdzhkjm
jm dad-
dad-
vdkod.  (Cfgurd 33). EÄTXFKD_ JX\AFODJMRD_

Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd
Gmaj k¾4 (Cfgurd 30)
Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs pad-
kds (Vdah h dutm) h thtrd.
- Gufd omehktdjm ome rhguad-
ghe eformeætrfod.
- Emrjhkths rhvhrsåvhfs ome
djdptdçïm pdrd o`dvhs thtrd.
- Hsomvd jh dçm cfm <,2<ee.
- Bdsh, omrpm h odrrfk`m he
Cfgurd 33 -
33 - Chrrdehktds jh pmktd. chrrm cukjfjm.
CHRRDEHKZD_ JH - Mpofmkda she emtmr.
DBHRZXRD
 Ds chrrdehktds jh dbhrturd Jdjms tæokfoms
tdebæe sïm omk`hofjds omem gä- - Emtmr emkmcäsfom
zuds mu efo`ds. _ïm aâefkds chftds 4/:ov.47:<R.\.E/ 3< @z.
he dçmdçm hsph
hsphof
ofda
da jh prhchr
prhchrîk
îkofd
ofd - O`dvh omkvhrsmrd> 44</22<w.
fkmx. - Jfehk
Jfehksøh
søhs>
s> Dat.>
Dat.> 2?<e
2?<ee,
e,
\mssuhe odvds mu pmktds jf- \rmc.> ?3<ee, Adrg.> 23<ee.
chrhkof
chrhkofdjd
djdss quh sïm usdjds
usdjds he - \hsm 46Ig. Cfgurd 30 -
30 - Gmaj k¾4.
dbhrturd jh odjhdjms, pmrtds om- - Crhsd 3< x 7 x 42,7ee oh-
euks jm sfsthed Vdah, cho`djurds jh ehktdjd Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd
dutmeÿvhfs. (Cfgurd 37). Gmaj k¾?< (Cfgurd 36)
Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs pad-
Efo`ds mu Gäzuds
kds (Vdah h dutm) h thtrd.
- Gufd omehktdjm.
- Emrjhkths rhvhrsåvhfs.
- Domepdk`d nmgm jh o`dvhs
 Daahk pdrd rhguadghe.
- Hsomvd hsphofda jh kyamk.
- Bdsh he chrrm cukjfjm9 omrpm
he daueåkfm.
- Bdsh, omrrhfd h emtmr sïm kd-
ofmkdfs.

Jdjms tæokfoms
-Emtmr>emkmcäsfom
4/:ov.47:<R.\.E/3<@z.
- O`dvh omkvhrsmrd> 44</22<w.
- Jfehks
Jfehksøhøhs>
s> Dat.>
Dat.> 2?<ee
2?<ee,,
\rmc.> ?3<ee, Adrg.> 23<ee.
Nmgm Grdkjh Nmgm \hquhkm Jh Dutms - \hsm 40Ig.
- Crhsd> 7< x ? x 42,7 he @__.
Cfgurd 37 -
37 - Chrrdehktds jh dbhrturd.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 48 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 Jdjms tæokfoms
-Emtmr>emkmcäsfom
4/:ov.47:<R.\.E/3<@z.
- Jfehk
Jfehksøh
søhs>
s> Dat.>2
Dat.>23<e
3<ee,
e,
\rmc.> ??<ee, Adrg.> ?6<ee.
- \hsm ?<Ig.
- Crhsd> 7< x 7 x 42,7ee oh-
ehktdjd.
- _hrrd> <3? x 4,2 x 43 he
@__.
- O`dvh omkvhrsmrd> 44</22<w.

Cfgurd 36 -
36 - Gmaj k¾?<.

Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd
Gmaj k¾8 (Cfgurd 7<)
Fkjfodj
Fkjfodjdd pdrd
pdrd o`dvhs
o`dvhs pad-
pad-
kds (Vdah h dutm), thtrd h o`dvh
gmrgh.
- Gufds ohehktdjds.
- Emrjhkths rhvhrsåvhfs pdrd
tmjms ms tfpms jh o`dvh.
- Domepdk`d nmgm jh o`dvhs
 Daahk pdrd rhguadghe.
- Hqufpdjd ome <? odrrfk`ms,
<2 pdrd omrth jh shgrhjm, h <4 pdrd
odkda adthrda jh o`dvhs Gmrgh.
- Odrrfk`m pdrd oÿpfd jh o`d-
vhs (Vdah h dutm) ome dvdkçm shef-
dutmeätfom.
- Mpofmkda she emtmr.
- Bdsh h odrfk`m he chrrm cuk-
jfjm.
- Omrpm jh eäqufkd he dau-
eåkfm.
Cfgurd 7< -
7<  - Gmaj k¾8.
Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd
Gmaj k¾8< (Cfgurd 74)
Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs padkds
(Vdah h dutm) h thtrd.
- \mrtätfa9
- Bf-vmat ì bdthrfd.
Cfgurd 74 -
74 - Gmaj k¾8<.
Eäqufkd pdktmgräcfod
_uphr Gma (Cfgurd 72)
Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs ome
phrcfs hsphofdfs.
- Dadvdkod adthrda pdrd rhguad-
ghe jh daturd.
- Dadvdkod ome rmadehktms
rmadehktms hs-
phofdfs pdr emvfehktms adthrdfs.
Fkoauåjm>
- Jfspmsftfvm Cmrj9
- Jfspmsftfvm pdrd o`dvh tubu-
adr9
- Omkvhrsmr bf-vmat 44</22<w9
- Cfxdjmr jh o`dvhs9
- Dafehktdçïm ì bdthrfd.

OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 43 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM

 Crhsd
Emtmr 
Gufd

Edçdkhtd
\mafd jm
Emtmr 

Emrjhkths

Hsomvd jh Dçm
Odrrfk`m

Cfgurd 72 -
72 - \dktmgräcfod. Cfgurd 7? -
7? - Omepmkhkths bäsfoms jh ued ompfdjmrd.

OM\FDJMRD rægud
edçdkhtd afeftdjmrd
Kds pägfkds dkthrfmrhs ems-
trdems daguks emjhams jh eäqufkds
ompfdjmrds.
ompfdjmrds. Hsoma`hems
Hsoma`hems ued jhads,
  Gufd
km odsm d  kþehrm 4 Gmaj  pdrd jhs- Crhsd
orhvhr ms omepmkhkths bäsfoms jh
ued ompfdjmrd, shu cukofmkdehktm h emrjhkths
omem mphrdr d eäqufkd pdrd cdzhr oÿ-
pfds.
 D hsoma`d sh nustfcfod , pmr sh rægud afeftdjmrd
trdtdr jh ued eäqufkd sfepahs, rm- Cfgurd 7: -
7: - Odrrfk`m.
bustd h jh bdfxm oustm, pmrtdktm jh Cfgurd 73 -
73 - Jfstâkofd hktrh d rægud afeftdjmrd
jfrhftd h hsquhrjd omrrhspmkjh d jfstâkofd jm
edfmr prmourd. (Cfgurd 7?). odbhçd gufd pdrd d crhsd.
bamquh
Hebmrd m thed ompfdr o`dvhs
JHZDA@H JM odvds frä shr dbmrjdjm pdssm d pdssm pdrd
ODRRFK@M ms jfvhrs
jfvhrsms
ms tfpms
tfpms jh o`dvh
o`dvhss edfs
edfs
M odrrf
odrrfk`m
k`m æ omepm
omepmstm
stm pmr  djfdkth,
djfdkth, vdems dquf jhsorhvhr
jhsorhvhr ms
omrpm, emrjhkths h rægud afeftdjmrd. pdssms d shrhe shgufjms kd omamod-
 D rægud afeftdjmrd hstä amodaf- çïm jds o`dvhs mrfgfkda h vfrghe.
zdjd dbdfxm jms emrjhkths h sdf cuk-
çïm æ afeftdr m dohrtm jds o`dvhs pham \RMOH__M JH OM\FDR
omstds jd o`dvh
bamquh. (Cfgurd 7:). - D omamodçïm
omamodçïm jd o`dvh
o`dvh mrfgfkda
mrfgfkda
Cfgurd 78 -
78  - Bamquh.
O`dedems jh bamquh m hk- æ chftd km emrjhkth hsquhrjm.
 D jfstâkofd
jfstâkofd hktrh
hktrh m afeftdjm
afeftdjmrr jf-
omstm quh d o`dvh pmssuf kd sud - D o`dvh vfrghe km emrjhkth
rhftm h m hsquhrjm, omrrhspmkjh d jfs-
suphrfmr.  (Cfgurd 78).
pdrth suphrfmr. jfrhftm.
tâko
tâkofd
fd jm gufd
gufd pdrd crhsd.. (Cfgurd
pdrd d crhsd (Cfgurd 73).
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 47 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 - D rægud afeftdjmrd æ ahvdk-
tdjd h shus afeftdjmrhs hkomstdjms, m
hsquhrjm km bamquh jd o`dvh mrfgfkda
h m jfrhftm km bamquh jd o`dvh vfrghe.
- Xed vhz dohrtdjd d pmsfçïm
jds juds o`dvhs, dbdfxd-sh d rægud
h omkchrh-sh d jfstâkofd hktrh bam-
quhs, hkomstdkjm-sh m bamquh jd mrf-
gfkda km gufd h m jd vfrghe kd crhsd.
- Hstdkjm he mrjhe fkfofd-sh
Gufd Crhsd kïm Gufd kïm Crhsd
m prmohssm jh ompfdr.  (Cfgurd 77) . hkomstd hkomstd hkomstd hkomstd
Cfgurd 70 h 70-D -
70-D  - Rhdafzdkjm ms dohrtms jds o`dvhs.
RHGXADGHE _math m pdrdcusm  kþehrm 4 . Hstd rhguadghe æ chfrd pdrd
H emvfehkth m supmrth gufd `mrf- dohrtdr
dohrtdr ds jfstâkof
jfstâkofds
ds hktrh
hktrh gufd h
Kmredaehkth ds eäqufkds om-
zmktdaehkth dtæ quh ms bamquhs jds crhsd ome d rægud afeftdjmrd. Dphrth
pfdjmrds nä vîe rhguadjds jh cäbrfod,
o`dv
o`dvhs
hs hkom
hkomststhe
he km gufd
gufd h kd m pdrdcusm  kþehrm 4.
pmræe, qudkjm fstm cmr khohssärfm,
crhsd.  (Cfgurd 76). \drd m dnusth
dnusth eformeæt
eformeætrfom
rfom,,
ghrdaehkth kd trmod jd crhsd, prm-
quh æ pdrd omrrfgfr ms dcdstdehktms
ohjh-sh jd shgufkth edkhfrd>
emstrdjms kds  cfgurds 70 h 70-D  prm-
\rfehfrm omamquh juds o`dvhs
ohjd jd shgufkth edkhfrd>
vfrghks, fgudfs, fstm æ, jm ehsem em-
- _math m pdrdcusm kþehrm 2,
jham. Cdçd ms dohrtms jds o`dvhs jh
gfrh m kúkfm ì jfrhftd mu ì hsquhrjd
domrjm ome ms prmohjfehktms pdrd m
jhphkjhkjm, pdrd dvdkçdr mu rhoudr 
prmohssm ompfdr, dohrtdkjm ds o`dvhs
dtæ quh ds o`dvhs hkomsthe km gufd
ome d rægud afeftdjmrd h omkcfredçïm
h kd crhsd.  (Cfgurd 0<).
hkomstdkjm debds km gufd h kd crhsd.
Kïm `dvhkjm omfkofjîkofd ,  cf- pdrdcusm k¾?
gurds 70 h 70-D, jds juds hkomstd-
rhe dm ehsem thepm, kds
rhsphotfvds o`dvhs, prmohjd jd sh-
gufkth edkhfrd>
Cfgurd 76 -
76 - Rhguadghe jms pdrdcusms.

Cfgurd 0< -
0<  - O`dvhs hkomstdjds km gufd h kd
crhsd.
- Dphrth m pdrdcusm  kþehrm 2
pdrd cfxdr m gufd.
- \drd zhrdr m kúkfm, smath m
pdrdcus
pdrdcusm m kþehrm
kþehrm ?, gfrdkjm
gfrdkjm dtæ
omfkofjfr m zhrm jm kúkfm ome d rh-
chrîkofd <.
Cfgurd 77 -
77 - O`dvh mrfgfkda/emrjhkth hsquhrjm - O`dvh vfrghe/emrjhkth jfrhftm. - Dphrth m pdrdcusm kþehrm ?.

OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 40 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM

 EMRJHKZH_
Ms emrjhkths jds eäqufkds
edfs sfepahs sïm usdjms he juds pm-
sfçøhs omkcmreh m tfpm jh o`dvh quh
sh jhshnd ompfdr. Hxfsthe eäqufkds
ome emrjhkths jh qudtrm pmsfçøhs,
quh cdofaftde m trdbda`m he daguks
tfpms jh o`dvhs. Km hktdktm, ome ue
pmuom jh prätfod omkshguh-sh d oÿpfd
jh o`dvhs ome ms emrjhkths jh juds
pmsfçøhs. (Cfgurd 04).
pdrd cfxdçïm pdrd cfxdçïm
prfseätfod padkd
Cfgurd 04 -
04 - Cfxdçïm prfseätfod h padkd.
 D cfxdçïm prfseätfod jhvh shr  gds æ quh pmjhe khohssftdr jh oÿ-
usdjd pdrd ompfdr o`dvhs thtrd (: sh-
grhjms), dutmemtfvd, o`dvh jhsgds-
tdjd h jdkfcfodjd mu o`dvhs
fepmssfbfaftdjds jh sh cfxdr pham adjm
padkm jms emrjhkths.  (Cfgurd 02) .
M adjm jd cfxdçïm padkd shrvh
pdrd ompfdr o`dvhs jm sfsthed Vdah h
dutmemtfvds (mpofmkda).
M dafk`dehktm jd o`dvh æ chftm
ome ds omstds jd o`dvh, dpmfdkjm kd
bdsh jm emrjhkth.  (Cfgurd 0?).
 D eujdkçd jh pmsfçïm jms
emrjhkths jhvh shr chftd jd shgufkth
edkhfrd>
- Sä gfrdkjm d edçdkhtd pdrd
dafvfdr d prhssïm quh d pdrth suphrfmr  prfseätfom h o`dvh hsquhrjd emr-
jm emrjhkth cdz smbrh d fkchrfmr.
- D shgufr puxh d pdrth fkch-
rfmr pdrd ofed dtæ had sdfr jm hk-
odfxh jd bdsh, gfrh-d, ehfd vmatd,
hkodfxdkjm-d kmvdehkth kd bdsh,
kd kmvd pmsfçïm.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
sfepahs
jupad
thtrd
Cfgurd 0: -
0: - Emjhams jh o`dvhs.
Cfgurd 02 -
02 - Cfxdçïm prfseätfod.
Mbshrvh kds cfgurds d shgufr,
quh d eïm jfrhftd emvfehktd m odrrf-
k`m kd fjd h kd vmatd, h d hsquhrjd
prhssfmkd m emrjhkth hsquhrjm smbrh
m gufd (the cukçïm jh emad). Hebmrd
hxfstfd eäqufkd ompfdjmrd pdrd m sfs-
thed Gmrgh, kïm sh domksha`d d ome-
prd jh ued, pmfs shu usm `mnh æ
phquhkm. Hssh sfsthed Gmrgh, sdf
ome d o`dvh prmktd. _ÿ ds edfs dktf-
pfds ì eïm, omkcmreh shrä hksfkdjm.
OMKCHOÇÏM ‟ Oß\FD
O@DSH VDAH (OMEXE)
Cfgurd 08   ‟ Emjham jh eä-
Cfgurd 0? -
0? - Cfxdçïm padkd. qufkd ompfdjmrd quh shrä usdjd pdrd
O@DSH JFRHFZD hxpafodr pdssm d pdssm d omkchoçïm
H H_TXHRJD jh o`dvhs jm sfsthed Vdah, sfepahs,
Smoî vdf sdbhr m quh æ o`dvh jh dutms h thtrd.
jfrhftd h hsquhrjd qudkjm cmr hxpaf-
odjd d fkthrprhtdçïm jm odtäamgm jh Cfgurd 03  ‟ \rhkjd d o`dvh
o`dvhs. mrfgfkda km emrjhkth hsquhrjm jd om-
Sdah pdrd hssds o`dvhs m quh pfdjmrd.
cmf hxpafodjm pdrd cfxdçïm padkd h
prfseätfod , o`dvh jfrhftd emrjhkth Cfgurd 07  ‟ \rhkjd d o`dvh
vfrghe km emrjhkth jfrhftm jd ompfd-
jhkth padkm. jmrd.
OMEM OM\FDR O@D
O@DSH_
SH_ Cfgurd 00 ‟ Ahvdkth d rægud af-
 D shgufr jhsorhvhe
jhsorhvhems ms pdssm d eftdjmrd.
pdssm ome ompfdr o`dvhs Vdah sfe-
pahs, jupads h thtrds.  (Cfgurd 0:). Cfgurd 06 ‟ Dohrth d jfstâko
jfstâkofd
fd
46 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
hktrh ds juds o`dvhs ome d rægud af-
eftdjmrd pdrd quh cf quhe hkomstdjds
km bamquh jds juds o`dvhs.

Cfgurd 6<  ‟ Omkcfrd sh d jfs-

tâkofd hktrh ds o`dvhs hstä omrrhtd ‟
hkomstm jd o`dvh mrfgfkda km gufd, h m
hkomstm jd o`dvh vfrghe kd crhsd.

Cfgurd 64 ‟ Edkthk`d ds o`d-

vhs kd pmsfçïm, afguh d eäqufkd h fkf-
ofh d crhsd
crhsdghe
ghe,, emvfe
emvfehk
hktdk
tdkjm
jm m
odrrfk`m jd jfrhftd pdrd d hsquhrjd
hxhroh
hxhrohkj
kjm
m smbrh
smbrh m ehsem
ehsem afghfr
afghfrd
d
prhssïm pdrd edkthr ds o`dvhs prhs- Cfgurd 08 -
08 - Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd. Cfgurd 00
00 -
 - Ahvdktdkjm ìs afeftdjmrd.
sfmkdjds km gufd h kd crhsd.

Cfgurd 62   ‟ Omktfkuh dtæ m

cfkda jd o`dvh.

Cfgurd 6?  ‟ Dtfkgfkjm m cfkda

jd o`dvh rhtmrkh m odrrfk`m jd hs-
quhrjd pdrd jfrhftd, edkthkjm-m
edkthkjm-m prhs-
sfmkdjms pdrd m rhpdssh jds odvds.

Cfgurd 6:  ‟ Hstd mphrdçïm jh

rhpdssh æ chftd dtæ rhtmrkdr m hkomstm
jds o`dvhs, pdrd m gufd h d crhsd.

Cfgurd 68 ‟ Khsth pmktm, jhs-

afguh d eäqufkd ompfdjmrd h rhtfrh d Cfgurd 03 -
03 - O`dvh mrfgfkda emrjhkth hs- Cfgurd 06 -
06 - Dohrtm - jfstâkofd hktrh ds o`dvhs.
quhrjm.
o`dvh ompfdjd jm emrjhkth.

Cfgurd 63  ‟ Ome d afed rhtfrh

ds rhbdrbds jds odvds h jms crfsms ad-
a d-
thrdfs jd o`dvh.

Cfgurd 67 ‟ \dssh d o`dvh kd

hsomvd pdrd tmtda rhemçïm jh phquh-
kds rhbdrbds quh pmssde dfkjd phr-
edkhohr.

Cfgurd
Cfgurd 60   ‟ Hxphrf
Hxphrfeh
ehkth
kth d
o`dvh km ofafkjrm pdrd vhrfcfodr shu
cukofm
cukofmkd
kdehk
ehktm,
tm, quh
quh sh jhvh
jhvh shr 
shr 
sudvh, she trdkom h she jfcfouajdjh
pdrd hktrdr h sdfr jm odkda jd ehsed.
Cfgurds 07 -
07 - O`dvh vfrghe emrjhkth jfrhftm. Cfgurd 6<
6< -
 - Omkchrfkjm d jfstâkofd.

OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 2< FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM

Cfgurd 64 - Afgdkjm
- Afgdkjm d eäqufkd fkåofm crhsd- Cfgurd 6: -
6:  - ... dtæ m hkomstm jds o`dvhs. Cfgurd 67
67 -
 - \dssdkjm d o`dvh kd hsomvd.
ghe.

Cfgurd 62 -
62 - Crhsdghe dtæ m cfkda jd o`dvh.
Cfgurd 68 -Jhsafgdkjm
68  -Jhsafgdkjm d eäqufkd h rhtfrdkjm Cfgurd 60 -
60 - Hxphrfhehkthd o`dvh km ofafkjrm.
d o`dvh ompfdjmrd jm emrjhkth.

Dthkçïm!
Dpÿs d omkoausïm jd oÿpfd cdçd
ued omepdrdçïm hktrh debds.
\drd tdktm, smbrhpmk`d ds o`d-
vhs ahvdktdkjm-ds ì daturd jms
ma`ms h omepdrh d prmcukjfjdjh
jds odvds. (Cfgurd 66).

Cfgurd 6? -
6? - Rhtmrkdkjm ome m odrrfk`m... Cfgurd 63
63 -
 - Rhtfrdkjm rhbdrbds ome d afed. Cfgurd 66 -
66 - Omepdrdkjm ds o`dvhs.

OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 24 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM

OMKCHOÇÏM JH Oß\FD JH Mbshrvh quh d mrfgfkda hstä
O@DSH VDAH JX\AD Cfgurd 4<2 ‟  Rhpftd d mphrd-
shkjm gfrdjd pdrd träs pdrd shr cfxdjd
H JH DXZM_ çïm pdrd ms emrjhkths jd jfrhftd.
kd kmvd pmsfçïm.
\drd cdzhr d oÿpfd jd o`dvh
Cfgurd 4<? ‟  \rhkjd d o`dvh
jupad
jupad (odv
(odvdsds jms
jms jmfs
jmfs adjms
adjms jd Cfgurd 442 ‟  Gfrh pdrd träs,
mrfgfkda km emrjhkth hsquhrjm.
`dsth jd o`dvh) quh æ m odsm prfkof- omkcmreh cmf chftd ome d mrfgfkda, cfxh d
pdaehkth jds o`dvhs dutmemtfvds, o`dvh vfrghe km emrjhkth kd ehsed
Cfgurd 4<: ‟  \rhkjd d o`dvh
prhkjd ds o`dvhs kms rhsphotfvms pmsfçïm.
vfrghe km emrjhkth jfrhftm.
emrjh
emrjhkth
kthss h dohrt
dohrth
h ds jfstâk
jfstâkofd
ofdss  Dohrth d jfstâkofd hktrh ds
hktrh debds ome d rægud afeftdjmrd o`dvhs omem cmf chftm dkthrfmrehkth,
dkthrfmrehkth,
h omkc
omkcfr
frd
d hssh
hssh dohr
dohrtm
tm jd ehse
ehsed d DZHKÇÏM! h prmohjd jd ehsed cmred fkjm h
cmred quh cmf chftd pdrd d o`dvh Vdah Debds ds o`dvhs jhvhe shr  vmatdkjm m odrrfk`m pdrd crhsdr m sh-
omeue. omamodjds kms emrjhkths kd gukjm shgrhjm.
\drd cdzhr d oÿpfd jd o`dvh ehsed pmsfçïm. \mrtdktm, Hstds mphrdçøhs sïm rhphtfjds
jupad he ghrda jh dutms, omamquh ds tmeh omem rhchrîkofd qudaquhr  edfs juds vhzhs pdrd omkoaufr ms qud-
o`dvhs jm emjm jhsorftm pdrd d jhtda`h jd odbhçd jds o`dvhs. trm shgrhjms jd o`dvh.
sfepahs h rhpftd ds mphrdçøhs fkjf-
odjds pdssm d pdssm kds   cfgurds Cfgu
Cfgurdrd 44? ‟   Omkoauå
Omkoauåjd
jd d
jh 03  d  60 . Cfgurd 4<8 ‟  Ahvdkth d rægud oÿpfd, rhtfrh d o`dvh jd jupafodjmrd,
Jhstd
Jhstd cmred
cmred omkoa
omkoauf-
uf-sh
sh ue afeftdjmrd. rhemvhkjm ds rhbdrbds ome d afed.
adjm jd o`dvh.
 D shgufr vfrh ds o`dvhs, prhk- Cfgurd 4<3 ‟  Dohrth d jfstâk- Cfgurd 44: ‟  \dssh d hsomvd
jhkjm-ds kms emrjhkths h rhpftd ds ofd hktrh ms hkomstms (bamquhs) jds pdrd tmtda rhemçïm jh rhbdrbds.
mphrdçøhs jhsorftds kds  cfgurds jh
mphrdçøhs o`dvhs phad rægud afeftdjmrd. Omkcfrd
03 d  60. d prhofsïm jm dohrtm hkomstdkjm m Cfgurd 448 ‟  Zhsth d oÿpfd km
Kd rhdafjdjh d o`dvh jupad æ bamquh jd mrfgfkda km gufd h jd o`dvh ofafkjrm pdrd vhrfcfodr m shu cukofmkd-
ued
ued juds
juds he ued. ued. Omko
Omkoauauåe
åems
ms vfrghe kd crhsd. ehktm. Hsth thsth jhvh shr chftm she-
dssfe mutrm adjm jd o`dvh cfkdafzdkjm prh quh pmssåvha.
d oÿpfd. Cfgurd 4<7 ‟  Fkfofh d crhsdghe
jd o`dvh emvfehktdkjm m odrrfk`m jd Cfgurd 443 ‟  Dssfe qudaquhr 
OMKCHOÇÏM JD O@D
O@DSH
SH jfrhftd pdrd d hsquhrjd. jhchftm vhrfcfodjm pmjh shr omrrfgfjm
ZHZRD jh fehjfdtm.
Cfgurd 4<0 ‟  Omktfkuh d crh- Mbshrvdçïm
 D o`dvh thtrd pmssuf qudtrm sdghe sheprh edkthkjm m odrrfk`m
shgrhjms, pmrtdktm, sïm qudtrm o`d- hxhrohkjm prhssïm smbrh ds o`dvhs.
vhs he ued sÿ. \drd ompfä-ad kd Ome d omkchoçïm jd oÿpfd jd
eäqufkd ompfdjmrd, æ prhofsm usdr m Cfgurd 4<6 ‟  Cfkdafzh d crhsd- o`dvh thtrd, threfkdems ms
adjm prfsedjm jms emrjhkths. Shnd d ghe jh fjd. Rhtmrkh. prmohjfehktmss pdrd utfafzdçïm
prmohjfehktm
shgufr m pdssm d pdssm pdrd ompfdr d
o`dvh thtrd. jd eäqufkd ompfdjmrd.
Cfgurd 44< ‟  Rhtmrkh m odrrf-
k`m, dgmrd jd jfrhftd pdrd d hsquhrjd \mjhems djfdktdr quh fkjh-
Cfgurd 4<< ‟  Gfrh ds edçdkh- dtæ ms hkomstms , mu shnd, d pmsfçïm phkjhkth jm tfpm jh eäqufkd
tds pdrd afbhrdr ms emrjhkths phref- fkfofda, h dssfe omkoaud ue jms sh-
tfkjm shu gfrm. hsshs prmohjfehktms sïm ms
grhjms jd o`dvh.
ehsems ome phquhkds vdrfd-
Cfgurd 4<4 ‟  Sfrh ms emrjhk- Cfgurd 444 ‟  Rhtfrh ds o`dvhs. çøhs jms jfspmsftfvms jh cfxd-
ths hsquhrjms he 40<¼ (grdus), pdrd \rhkjd
\rhkjd d mrfgfkda
mrfgfkda kmvdehkth
kmvdehkth he pm-
d pmsfçïm prfseätfod. çïm.
sfçïm pdrd ompfdr m shgukjm shgrhjm.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 22 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Cfgurd 4<< -
4<< - Gfrdkjm ds edçdkhtds. Cfgurd 4<? -
4<? - O`dvh mrfgfkda - emrjhkth hs- Cfgurd 4<3 -
4<3  - Dohrtdkjm d jfstâkofd (bamquhs).
quhrjm.

Cfgurd 4<4 -
4<4 - Sfrdkjm ms emrjhkths hsquhrjms. Cfgurd 4<: -
4<: - O`dvh vfrghe - emrjhkth jfrhftm. Cfgurd 4<7
4<7 -
 - Fkfofdkjm d crhsdghe...

Cfgurd 4<2 -
4<2 - Sfrdkjm ms emrjhkths jfrhftms. Cfgurd 4<8
4<8 -
 - Ahvdktdkjm d rægud afeftdjmrd. Cfgurd 4<0
4<0 - - .sheprh prhssfmkdkjm
mkdkjm ds o`dvhs.

OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 2? FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM

Cfgurd 4<6 -
4<6 - Cfkda crhsdghe jh fjd. Rhtmrkh. Cfgurd 442
442 -
 - Cfxdr d vfrghe km emrjhkth. Cfgurd 44:
44: -
 - \dssdkjm d o`dvh kd hsomvd.

Cfgurd 44< -
44< - Jd jfrhftd pdrd hsquhrjd. Cfgurd 448
448 - - Zhstdr oÿpfd km ofafkjrm.

Cfgurd 44?
44? -
 - Rhtfrdkjm d o`dvh ompfdjd h Cfgurd 443 -
443 - _heprh vhrhcfquh d o`dvh.
Cfgurd 444 -
444 - Oÿpfd jm shgukjm shgrhjm.
rhemvhkjm ds rhbdrbds.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 2: FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 Ms såebmams utfafzdjms pdrd ms
_F_ZHED JH EHJFJD_ _F_ZHED EÆZRFOM
ehsems sïm>
Sfems quh kd fkstdadçïm h rh- JHOFEDA
pmsfçï
pmsfçïmm jh cho`dju
cho`djurds,
rds, dagueds
dagueds M sfsthed eætrfom the omem
Jhoåehtrm 5 je
ehjfjd
ehjfjdss sïm fepmrtd
fepmrtdkths
kths vfems
vfems ukfjdjh cukjd ehktda m  ehtrm.
Ohktåehtrm 5 oe
tdebæe quh kd omkchoçïm jd o`dvh Ms eþatfpams h subeþatfpams
subeþatfpams jm
Efaåehtrm 5 ee
gmrgh
gmrgh,, æ prhofs
prhofsm
m tmedr
tmedr ehjfj
ehjfjds
ds,, ehtrm, mu shnd, vdamrhs edfmrhs h
omem adrgurd, daturd h hsphssurd jd ehkmrhs jm ehtrm sïm emstrdjms kd
pdahtd, adrgurd h prmcukjfjdjh jds tdbhad F. M o`dvhfrm kmredaehkth
FK_ZRXEHKZM_ JH
odvds, hto. trdbda`d ome ehjfjds phquhkds, mu
EHJFJD_
\mrtdktm omk`hohr m sfsthed shnd, ome subeþatfpams jm ehtrm, _ïm värfms ms fkstruehktms
jh ehjfjds h sdbhr ehjfr æ fepmr- quh sïm> jhoåehtrm, ohktåehtrm h ef- jh ehjfr, pmræe, pdrd m o`dvhfrm
tdkth pdrd m o`dvhfrm. aåehtrm. bdstd sdbhr usdr d hsodad h m pd-
quåehtrm.
Kmehs   _åebmams Sdamrhs
Sdamrhs he Ehtrm
qufaúehtrm ie 4<<<e H_ODAD
 D hsodad he ghrda ehtäafod, æ
Eþatfpams `hotúehtrm `e 4<<e jh edfm
edfmrr prho
prhofs
fsïm
ïm quhquh d rægu
rægud
d
omeue.
omeue. D hsodad
hsodad the
the jfvfsøh
jfvfsøhss jh ef-
ef-
jhoâehtrm jde 4<e aåehtrms h ehfm efaåehtrm.   (Cfgurd
447).
_ïm vfsåvhfs kd hsodad jd cf-
gurd 447,4< jfvfsøhs kueærfods jh
e 4e 4 d 4<. Hssds jfvfsøhs omrrhspmkjhe
Xkfjdjh ehtrm
d ohktåehtrms, pmrtdktm, 4< ohktå-
ehtrms.
Jh < d 4 ‟ ue ohktåehtrm
Jh < d 2 ‟ jmfs ohktåehtrms
jhoåehtrm je <,4e
Jh < d ? ‟ trîs ohktåehtrms
Jh < d : ‟ qudtrm ohktåehtrms
_ubeþatfpams ohktåehtrm oe <,<4e
Jh < d 8 ‟ ofkom ohktåehtrms
Jh < d 3 ‟ shfs ohktåehtrms
efaåehtrm ee <,<<4e
Jh < d 7 ‟ shth ohktåehtrms
Jh < d 0 ‟ mftm ohktåehtrms
ZDBHAD F Jh < d 6 ‟ kmvh ohktåehtrms
Jh < d 4< ‟ jhz ohktåehtrms
hspdçm fguda d 4ee

hspdçm fguda d 4< ee mu 4 oe Mu ue jhoåehtrm. D hsodad

eds omeue æ jh ?< ohktåehtrms,
mu ? jhoåehtrms.
Odjd jfvfsïm jm ohktåehtrm æ
fguda d 4 efaåehtrm, amgm>
< dm prfehfrm trdçm phquhkm 5
ue efaåehtrm
< dm shgukjm trdçm phquhkm 5
jmfs efaåehtrms
hspdçm fguda d 4< oe mu 4je < dm throhfrm trdçm phquhkm 5
trîs efaåehtrms
< dm qudrtm trdçm phquhkm 5
Cfgurd 447 -
447  - jfvfsïm he efaåehtrm. qudtrm efaåehtrms
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 28 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 < dm qufktm trdçm phquhkm 5 AHFZXRD JH H_ODAD
ofkom efaåehtrms Shndems omem utfafzdr d hsodad
< dm shxtm trdçm phquhkm 5 kd tmedjd jh ehjfjds.
shfs efaåehtrms Mbshrvh kd  cfgurd 440, d tm-
< dm sætfem trdçm phquhkm 5 edjd jds ehjfjds prfkofpdfs jh ch-
shth efaåehtrms o`djurd, quh sïm>
< dm mftdvm trdçm phquhkm 5
mftm efaåehtrms
< dm kmkm trdçm phquhkm 5
kmvh efaåehtrms
< dm jæofem trdçm quh omrrhs-
pmkj
pmkjh h d 4 ohktå
ohktåeh
ehtrm
trm dm prfeh
prfehfrm
frm
trdçm grdkjh 5 jhz efaåehtrms h dssfe
suohssfvdehkth.
Tudkjm d hsodad jh efaåehtrm
æ subjfvfjfjd ome ue trdofk`m ehkms
hktrh ds jfvfsøhs jh efaåehtrms, sfgkf-
cfod ehfm efaåehtrm, dssfe>
Jh < d 4oe, thems 4< efaåeh-
trms h 2< ehfms efaåehtrms.
 D ukfjdjh ehtrm, omrrhspmkjh Cfgurd 446 -
446  - Ehjfjd pdrd fkstdadçïm jh ued
d 4< jhoåehtrms, 4<< ohktåehtrms h cho`djurd.
4<<< efaåehtrms.
hsphssurd
ZRDK_CMREDÇÏM JH daturd
XKFJDJH_
4 ‟ Zrdkscmredr ehtrms he
ohktåehtrms>
\drd trdkscmredr ehtrms he
ohktåeht
ohktåehtrms
rms jhvhems
jhvhems euatfpafo
euatfpafodr
dr m
vdamr he ehtrms pmr 4<<. Hxhepam> Cfgurd 440 -
440  - Ehjfjd jd cho`djurd.
Omeprfehktm 5 8 ehtrms 5 8 x
4<< 5 8<<oe.
8<<oe. Daturd jd odfxd 5  4?2ee mu
Adrgurd 5 2 ehtrms 5 2 x 4<< 5 4?,2oe.
2<<oe. Adrgurd jd odfxd 5  7<ee mu adrgurd
 Daturd 5 4 ehtrm 5 4 x 4<< 5 7oe.
4<<oe. Hsphssurd jd odfxd 5  4:ee
Cfgurd 42< -
42<  - Adrgurd - 2<ee, Daturd - 48ee h
mu 4,:oe. Hsphssurd - :ee.
2 ‟ Zrdkscmredr
Zrdkscmredr ohktåehtrms Fkthrvdam 5 7<ee mu 7oe. Kd omkchoçïm jd o`dvh Gmrgh
he efaåehtrms> Brmod 5 :8ee mu :,8oe. tmedr hssds ehjfjds jds padods, æ
Khstd
Khstd trdkscmr
trdkscmredç
edçïm
ïm euatf-
euatf- Hstds sïm ehjfjds khohssä- fepmrtdkth, pmfs hads fkcauhkofde kd
pafod-sh m vdamr he ohktåehtrms pmr  rfds pdrd d rhpmsfçïm jh cho`djurds. hktrdjd jd o`dvh, kd odfxd jd cho`d-
4<. Hxhepam> Mutrds ehjfjds sïm fepmrtdkths pdrd jurd h km gfrm pdrd dbrfr h cho`dr.
Omeprfehktm
Omeprfehktm 5  42oe 5 42< d fkstdadçïm jh ued cho`djurd he  D hsodad tdebæe pmjh shr 
efaåehtrms. pmrtd kmvd omem emstrd d  cfgurd 446. usdjd pdrd ehjfr d adrgurd jms jhk-
Adrgurd 5  :oe 5 : x 4< 5 :< Mutrm hxhepam jh ahfturd jh ths h jds odvds, bhe omem d prmcuk-
efaåehtrms. hsodad quh pmjhems jdr, æ d ehjfçïm jfjdjh
jfjdjh jds ehsed
ehseds,s, jds
jds o`dvh
o`dvhss
Daturd 5 4,8oe 5 4,8 x 4< 5 48 jd daturd h hsphssurd jd padod jh Gmrghs,
Gmrghs, qudkjm
qudkjm jd omkchoç
omkchoçïmïm jd
efaåehtrms. ued o`dvh Gmrgh.  (Cfgurd 42<). oÿpfd. (Cfgurd 424).
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 23 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 hxfsth ed edrghe jh hrrms, hktrh d
ehjfjd rhda he rhadçïm d tmedjd.
\drd m o`dvhfrm km hktdktm, sh
d ehjfç
ehjfçïm
ïm cmf chftd
chftd ome dthkçï
dthkçïm,
m,
hssds phquhkds edrghks jh hrrm quh
æ jh jæofems kïm fkcauhkofde.
Odsm shnd khohssärfd ued eh-
jfçïm edfs prhofsd, usdrhems m pd-
quåehtrm.

_F_ZHED FKGAÎ_ JH
EHJFJD_
 D ukfjdjh jh ehjfjd km sfs-
thed Fkgaîs æ jh pmahgdjds. H kïm æ
euftm omeue, kd ärhd jm o`dvhfrm
hkomktrdr-sh prmjutms kdofmkdfs jf-
ehksfmkdjms pmr hsth sfsthed jh eh-
Cfgurd 424 -
424 - D hsodad tdebæe pmjh shr usdjd pdrd ehjfr d adrgurd jms jhkths h jds odvds. jfjds.
_mehkth
_mehkth dague
dague prmjutm
prmjutm fe-
AHFZXRD JH KÞEHRM_ <,23ee
<,23ee aî-sh
aî-sh>> vfkth
vfkth h shfs
shfs pmrtdjm, pmrtdktm omk`hoî-am æ kh-
JHOFEDF_ ohktæsfems jh efaåehtrm. ohssärfm.
Kms kþehrms jhofedfs, tmjm <,8<ee aî-sh> ofkqñhktd ohk-  D ukfjdjh pmahgdjds,
pmahgdjds, hqufvdah
kþeh
kþehrm
rm quh
quh vhe
vhe dpÿs
dpÿs d vårg
vårgua
uad
d tæsfems jh efaåehtrm. km sfsthed eætrfom d 28,:< (vfkth h
o`ded-sh odsd. <,<4oe aî-sh > ue ohktæsfem ofkom efaåehtrms h qudtrm jæofems). M
jh ohktåehtrm. såebmam jd pmahgdjd æ jh ‑(dspds).
4) _heprh quh ue kþehrm D pmahgdjd pmjh shr jfvf-
tfvhr ued ‑odsd― jhpmfs jd vårguad, ?) _heprh quh ue kþehrm jfjd he>
d ahfturd jm ehsem shrä chftd he tfvhr trîs odsds jhpmfs jd vårguad, ehfms 5 jfvfsïm pmr 2
jæofems. d ahfturd jm ehsem shrä chftd he qudrtm 5 jfvfsïm pmr :
efaæsfems. mftdvms 5 jfvfsïm pmr 0
Hxhepams>
Hxhepams> jhzhsshfs dvms 5 jfvfsïm pmr 
<,4 aî-sh> ue jæofem.
<,<<4 aî-sh> ue efaæsfem 43
<,4ee aî-sh> ue jæofem jh
<,428ee aî-sh> ohktm h vfkth h trfktd h jmfs dvms 5 jfvfsïm pmr 
efaåehtrm.
ofkom efaæsfems jh efaåehtrm. ?2
<,:ee aî-sh> qudtrm jæofems
<,<40ee aî-sh> jhzmftm ohktæ- shsshktd h qudtrm dvms 5 jfvf-
jh efaåehtrm.
sfems jh efaåehtrm. sïm pmr 3:
<,3ee aî-sh> shfs jæofems jh
<,<<:ee aî-sh> qudtrm efaæsf- ohktm h vfkth h mftm dvms 5 jf-
efaåehtrm.
ems jh efaåehtrm. vfsïm pmr 420
<,6ee aî-sh> kmvh jæofems jh
efaåehtrm. <,24<oe aî-sh> juzhktms h jhz Hssds jfvfsøhs sïm dprhshk-
efaæsfems jh ohktåehtrm. tdjds he cmred jd crdçïm jd sh-
2) _hepr
_heprhh quhquh m kþeh
kþehrmrm <,<:8o
<,<:8oee aî-sh
aî-sh>> qudrh
qudrhktd
ktd h gufkth cmred>
tfvhr juds odsds jhpmfs jd vårguad, ofkom efaæsfems jh ohktåehtrm.
<,<<?oe aî-sh> trîs efaæsfems 4/2 ehfd pmahgdjd
d ahfturd jm ehsem shrä chftd he
jh ohktåehtrms. 4/: ue qudrtm jh pmahgdjd
ohktæsfems.
4/0 ue mftdvm jh pmahgdjd
Hxhepams>
\RHOF_ÏM KD_ EHJFJD_ 4/43 ue jhzhsshfs dvms jh pm-
<,4< aî-sh> jhz ohktæsfems.
ahgdjd
<,<:ee aî-sh> qudtrm ohktæsf- Jfcfofaehkth ome hssds hsod-
4/?2 ue trfktd h jmfs dvms jh
ems jh efaåehtrm. ads sh omkshguh ued ehjfjd hxdtd,
pmahgdjds
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 27 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 4/3: ue shsshktd h mftm dvms
jh pmahgdjd
4/420 ue ohktm h vfkth h mftm
dvms jh pmahgdjd
 Ds hsodads kmredfs mu ehkm-
rhs edfs omeuks, sïm subjfvfjfjds
he 4/43.  (Cfgurd 422).
Cfgurd 422
AHFZXRD JH H_ODAD HE
\MAHGDJD_
_hnd pmr hxhepam hxhoutdr ds
ehjfjds jd phçd jd  cfgurd 42?.
Cfgurd 42?
Zhems pdrd d daturd, ue vdamr 
ehkmr quh ued pmahgdjd, mu shnd,
4/2 jh pmahgdjd. \drd d adrgurd, tde-
bæe ue vdamr ehkmr quh d pmahgdjd
quh æ jh pmahgdjd 7/0 h pdrd m ome-
prfehktm edfmr quh ued pmahgdjd,
pmfs pdssm jm prfehfrm kþehrm jd jf-
vfsïm he pmahgdjds quh æ m kþehrm
4. Dssfe thems 4 fkthfrm h 8/0 ofkom
mftdvms jh pmahgdjd. Hstd ehjfjd æ
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
fkjfodjd dssfe. ZRDK_CMREDÇÏM JH
4 8/0― (Xed pmahgdjd h ofkom \MAHGDJD_
mftdvms). HE EFAÅEHZRM_
Æ fepmrtdkth kd hsodad jh \drd trdkscmredr pmahgdjds
pmahgdjds
pmahgdjd cdzhr d ahfturd jds crdçøhs he efaåehtrms, pmjhems cdzhr usm jd
omrrhtds, omkcmreh shguh> tdbhad FF.
Shnd qudjrm dbdfxm. _hnd pmr hxhepam jhthrefkdr 
\drd nustfcfodr hssd mbshrvd- ms vdamrhs he efaåehtrms jds shgufk-
çïm vdems hxhepafcfodr.
hxhepafcfodr. ths ehjfjds he pmahgdjds.
Mbshrvh d cfgurd 42:, sh d hs- ?―
odad kïm pmssuf d edrodçïm jds crd- 4 6― 2 ?―
0 43 :
çøhs, eds smehkth ds jfvfsøhs quh
vdamr thrfd D= :/0 mu 0/43 43/?2. \rfehfrm prmourd-sh kd omaukd
Khk`ue jhahs æ m ohrtm9 ohrtm pmahgdj
pmahgdjdsds d ehjfjd
ehjfjd jhshndjd
jhshndjd km
æ 4/2 pmahgdjd. Mutrm hxhepam, quh odsm ?/0, d jfrhftd jhssd crdçïm the m
vdamr hkomktrdems he  B= shf
shf vdam
vdamrr he efaå
efaåeh
ehtr
trms
ms quh
quh æ
Xed pmahgdjd h jmfs mftdvms 6,828ee.
ee. D shguk
shgukjdjd ehjfj d æ 4
ehjfjd
mu ued pmahgdjd h qudtrm jhzhsshfs 6/43―. \rmourd-
\rmourd-sh
sh kd omaukd
omaukd pmah-
pmah-
dvms. Khk`ue jms jmfs, pmrquh hktrh gdjd hssd crdçïm h d shu adjm m vdamr 
? h 8 jhzhsshfs dvms hstä d crdçïm he efaåehtrms quh æ   ?6,330 ee.
4/:. Amgm m vdamr jh B æ 4 4/:―. \drd d throhfrd quh æ  2 ?/:―  prmoh-
jhems jd ehsed edkhfrd, h hk-
omktrdems m vdamr he efaåehtrms quh
æ  36,08<ee.
\mjh domkthohr jd ehjfjd
he pmahgdjd kïm omkstdr kd tdbhad
FF, khsth odsm jh 4 ? .
?2
Omem nä sdbhems ds ehjfjds
he pmahgdjds sïm kd edfmrfd jds
Cfgurd 42: vhzhs he crdçøhs.
4/43 aî-sh> ue jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd
4/0 aî-sh> ue mftdvm jh pmahgdjd
?/43 aî-sh> trîs jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd
4/: aî-sh> ue qudrtm jh pmahgdjd
8/43aî-sh> ofkom jhzhsshfs dvms
?/0aî-sh> trîs mftdvms jh pmahgdjd
7/43aî-sh> shth jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd
4/2 aî-sh> ehfd pmahgdjd
6/43 aî-sh> kmvh jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd
8/0aî-sh> ofkom mftdvms jh pmahgdjd
44/43aî-sh> mkzh jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd
?/:aî-sh> trîs qudrtms jh pmahgdjd
4?/43aî-sh> trhzh jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd
7/0aî-sh> shth mftdvms jh pmahgdjd
48/43aî-sh> qufkzh jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd
Tudjrm
20 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
 Kd crdçïm m kþehrm dofed jm Dssfe thems> pmrtds fkthrkds, h m   _fsthed Vdah
trdçm æ m   kuehrdjmr , m kþeh
trd kþehrm rm pdrd pmrtds hxthrkds.  (Cfgurds 428 h
dbdfxm jm trdçm æ m  jhkmefkdjmr , h m 28,: x?5(28,:>?2)x?5<,76?x?5 428-D).
kþehrm d crhkth jm trdçm d pdrth  fk- ?2 Fkjhp
Fkjhphk
hkjh
jhkt
kthh jm sfsth
sfsthed
ed
2,?76 + m fkthfrm quh æ 4 thems
thfrd. Hxhepams> 28,: 5 2,?76 5 27,776. hads pmjhe shr jh hebutfr mu jh
smbrhpmr h qudktm ì fkstdadçïm he
8 kuehrdjmr  M fkvhrsm mu shnd, trdkscmr-
D) 43 jhkmefkdjmr  pmrtds pmrtøhs..   (Cfgurds
pmrtds h pmrtøhs (Cfgurds 423,
edr efaåehtrms he pmahgdjds, æ tm- 423-D h 423-B).
B) fkthfrm 4? tdaehkth jhskhohssärfm, nä quh æ Kïm æ omeue m prmcfssfmkda
43 prdtfodehkth zhrm, km jfd d jfd jm o`dvhfrm cdzhr d fkstdadçïm jh ch-
\drd cdzhr d trdkscmredçï
trdkscmredçïm
m jh prmcfssfmkda
prmcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm. o`djurds, km hktdktm sdbhr omem
4 ?/?2―  he efaåehtrms prmohjh-sh jd cdzî-ads æ khohssärfm, pmfs `dvhrä
shgufkth edkhfrd. _F_ZHED JH modsføhs he quh m prmcfssfmkda thrä
Rhgrd>   Jfvfjh-sh m vdamr jd CHO@DJXRD quh hxhoutdr hsth tfpm jh shrvfçm,
pmahgdjd he efaåehtrm (28,:ee) pham Fkstdadçïm h Rhpmsfçïm prfkofpdaehkth, cho`djurds djfofm-
jhkmefkdjmr h euatfpafod-sh pham ku- kdfs. Shndems, pmfs omem hxhoutdr 
ehrdjmr. Khstd mphrdçïm do`dems m Hxfsthe jmfs tfpms jh cho`dju- ued fkstdadçïm.
vdamr jd crdçïm quh smedjm dm ‑fk- rds> _fsthed Gmrgh, edfs omk`hofjm
thfrm― jä m vdamr tmtda. omehrofdaehkth omem cho`djurd pdrd
\MAHGDJD_ EFAÅEHZRM_ \MAHGDJD_ EFAÅEHZRM_ \MAHGDJD_ EFAÅEHZRM_
(‐‐) (ee) (‐‐) (ee) (‐‐) (ee)
4 4 82,?00
43
4,800
4 4
43
23,600
2 43

4 4 4
0
?,478 4 0
20,878
2 0
8?,678
? ?
43
:,73?
4 ?
43
?<,43?
2 43
88,83?
4 4 4
:
3,?8<
4 :
?4,78<
2 :
87,48<
8 8

43
7,6?0
4 43
??,??0
2 8
43
80,7?0
? ?
0
6,828
4 ?
0
?:,628 2 0
3<,?28
7

43
44,44?
4 7
43
?3,84? 2 7
43
34,64?
4 4
4
2
42,7<< 4 2
?0,4<<
2 2
3?,8<<

43
4:,200 4 6
43
?6,330 2
6
43
38,<00
8
8
0
48,078 4 8
0
:4,278 2 0
33,378

44

43
47,:3? 4 44

43
:2,03?
2 44

43
30,23?

? ?
:
46,<8< 4 ?
:
::,:8< 2 :
36,08<
4?

43
2<,3?0
4
4?
43
:3,<?0
2 4?
43
74,:?0

7 7 7

0
22,228 4 0
:7,328
2 0
7?,<28

48
43
 
2?,04? 4 48
48
43
:6,24? 2 48
43
7:,34?

4 28,: 2 8<,0 ? 73,2

Zdbhad FF
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 26 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Cfgurd 428 -
428 - _fsthed Gmrgh.
Cfgurd 428-D -
428-D  - _fsthed Vdah.
Cfgurd 423 -
423 - Cho`djurd jh smbrhpmr.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 423-B -
423-B - Cho`djurd jh hebutfr.
CHO@DJXRD
JH _MBRH\MR
Km odsm jd cho`djurd jh sm-
brhpmr, kmredaehkth, thems jmfs
pdrdcusms jh cfxdçïm, phad crhkth
jd odfxd, quh sh pdrdcusd
pdrdcusd kd thstd
jd pmrtd, h jmfs mu dtæ ehsem qud-
trm pdrdcusms kd tdepd jd odfxd,
quh sh pdrdcusd kd cma`d jd pmrtd.
(Cfgurd 423-D).
CHO@DJXRD
JH HEBXZFR
 Dkths jd fkstdadçïm, æ prhofsm
djhqudr m tfpm jh cho`djurd dm tfpm
jh pmrtd.
 D hsphssurd jd pmrtd jhthref-
kdrä d adrgurd jd cho`djurd jh hebu-
tfr. Kmredaehkth d jfchrhkçd hktrh d
hsphssurd jd pmrtd h d adrgurd jd
o`dpd thstd jhvh shr he tmrkm jh
4<ee,
4<ee, pmfs
pmfs ued jfchrh
jfchrhkçd
kçd ehkmr 
ehkmr 
thkjh d hkcrdquhohr d pmrtd km amoda
jd emktdghe.
 D brmod, æ d ehjfjd omrrhs-
pmkjhkth hktrh m ohktrm jm ofafkjrm km
Cfgurd 423-D
423-D - - Cho`djurd jh smbrhpmr. odsm jm sfsthed Vdah, mu ohktrm jm
?< FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
curm jh hktrdjd jd o`dvh km sfsthed
Gmrgh h d o`dpd thstd jd cho`djurd.
(Cfgurd 427).

8 8

Fkthrvdam

Ofafkjrm

o`dpd
thstd

Cfgurd 420 -
420 - Jfstâkofd jh brmod - :<ee.

hsphssurd Brmod
jd pmrtd
Cfgurd 427 -
427 - D jfstâkofd jd edçdkhtd frä jh-
phkjhr jm tdedk`m jd odfxd jd cho`djurd

 Ds ehjfjds edfs usdjds pdrd

brmods
brmods sïm :<ee, :8ee,
:8ee, h 88ee. D
cho`djurd ome brmod jh :<ee, jhvh
shr utfafzdjd ome edçdkhtd jh dad-
vdkod, pmfs pdrd hssh omeprfehktm
jh brmod d edçdkhtd jh bmad cfod
euftm hkomstdjd km bdthkth jd pmrtd
jfcfouatdkjm m shu dofmkdehktm.
Rhomehkjdems ds shgufkths
Cfgurd 420-D - Jfstâkofd
- Jfstâkofd jh brmod - :8ee.
edçdkhtds pdrd jfchrhkths brmods>
• Brmods jh :<ee ‟   edçd-
khtds jh dadvdkod pmpuadr.
• Bmad mu Brmods jh :8ee
 ‟  edçdkhtds jh dadvdkod jh pdjrïm
eæjfm h auxm.
• Brmods jh 88ee ‟   edçd-
khtds jh bmad mu dadvdkod pdjrïm
eæjfm mu auxm.  (Cfgurds 420,420-D,
420,420-D,
420-B).

FK_ZDADÇÏM
Kmredaehkth d daturd jd ed-
çdkhtd cfod d 4,4< ehtrm (ue ehtrm h
jhz ohktåehtrms) jm pfsm, pmrtdktm,
edrodr hssd daturd kd pmrtd æ m prf-
ehfrm pdssm.  (Cfgurd 426). Cfgurd 420-B - Jfstâkofd
-  Jfstâkofd jh brmod - 88ee.

OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4 ?4 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM

 Hkomsth d cho`djurd kd cma`d
jd pmrtd, jh cmred quh m ohktrm jd
edçdkhtd cfquh kfvhadjm, mu eha`mr  h hkodfxh pdr ds edçdkhtds h ofafk-
ohktrdafzdjm ome d afk`d jh 4,4<oe,
cfgurd 4?<.   Rfsquh m omktmrkm jd
cho`djurd kd adthrda jd pmrtd h prm-
amkguh hssd edrodçïm pdrd m tmpm
(thstd jd pmrtd).  (Cfgurd 4?4).
Omamquh d cho`djurd ohktrdaf-
zdjd km tmpm jd pmrtd, rfsquh m omk-
tmrkm jd o`dpd thstd.  (Cfgurd 4?2).
Cdçd jfvhrsms curms ue prÿ-
xfem dm mutrm ome ued brmod jh
jfâehtrm fguda d adrgurd jd o`dpd
thstd.
thstd. Hsshs curms
curms jhvhe dtfkgfr
dtfkgfr d
prmcuk
prmcukjfjd
jfjdjh
jh eåkfed
eåkfed omrrhsp
omrrhspmk-
mk-
jhkth d adrgurd jd odfxd jd cho`d-
jurd, dafäs nä edrodjd tmjd d daturd
jd odfxd
odfxd jd cho`
cho`dj djur d.   (Cfgurd
urd.
4??).
Ome
Ome duxåduxåafafm
m jm cmre cmreïm
ïm,,
dohrth ds adthrdfs jm hkodfxh pdrd d
cho`djurd. Hstd mphrdçïm æ rhph-
tfjd dtæ quh d odfxd jh cho`djurd
shnd hebutfjd phrchftdehkth. Dohr-
tdjm m hkodfxh omamquh d cho`djurd
h edrq
edrquhuh m omkt
omktmr mrkm
km jd o`dpo`dpdd
thstd. Ome duxåafm jm cmreïm, cdçd
m rhbdfxm pdrd quh d o`dpd cfquh
Cfgurd 426 -
426 - Ehçd d daturd jd edçdkhtd.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
hkodfxdjd h rhkth dm tmpm jd pmrtd.
Chftm fstm edrquh, cdçd curms
jrms, rhsphftdkjm ms jfâehtrms mu
phrcfs.
 Dkths
 Dkth s jh omamodr
omam odr h cfxdr
cfxd r d ch-
o`djurd, æ prhofsm vhrfcfodr sh d
pmrtd æ ì jfrhftd mu ì hsquhrjd pdrd
rhvhrthr m trfkom.
Hstd
Hstd rhvh
rhvhrs
rsïm
ïm æ kmre kmredada--
ehkth hxpafodjd omem jhvhrä shr 
chftd kd hebdadghe mu fkstruçøhs Cfgurd 4?< -
4?< - Ohktrm jd edçdkhtd kfvhadjm.
jh emktdghe jd ehsed.
Chftd d rhvhrsïm omamquh d
cho`dju
cho`djurd,rd, pdrdcu
pdrdcusdk
sdkjm
jm d o`dpd
o`dpd
thstd. D shgufr omamquh ms ofafkjrm,
cfxh-m ome m pdrdcusm.
Omamquh, cfxh ms hspha`ms h
fktrmjuzd d edçdkhtd edo`m pham
adjm hxthrkm jm oúemjm. D edçd-
khtd cîehd jhvhrä shr fktrmjuzfjd
pham adjm fkthrkm jm oúemjm. Cfxh-d
(rhbfth mu pdrdcusm).
Emktdjd d cho`djurd kd pmrtd Cfgurd 4?4 -
4?4 - Rfsquh m omktmrkm jd cho`djurd.
cdçd jd ehsed cmred, omem cmf chftm
pdrd d o`dpd thstd, m hkodfxh jd
omktrd thstd km bdthkth jd pmrtd,
ome rhsphotfvms hkodfxhs, pdrd d
phkhtrdçïm jd afkguhktd h jm trfkom.
Cfgurd 4?2 -
4?2 - Rfsodkjm m omktmrkm jd o`dpd
thstd.
Cfgurd 4?? -
4?? - Odfxd jd cho`djurd edrodjd.
?2 FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM