About Moldavia

4/9/2021 Moldavia - Wikipedia
Moldavia
Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova, pronounced [molˈdova]
( listen) or Țara Moldovei, literally "The Moldavian Country"; Principality of Moldavia
in Romanian Cyrillic: Молдова or Цара Мѡлдовєй) is a Țara Moldovei (Romanian)
historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern
1346–1859
Europe,[9][10][11] corresponding to the territory between the
Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially
independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the
14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara
Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at
various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with
the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya Flag (14th–15th
century) Coat of arms
was also part of it for a period of time.
The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the

eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the
northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.
Contents
Name and etymology
History
Prehistory and antiquity
Early Middle Ages
Moldavia under Stephen the Great,
High Middle Ages 1483
Late Middle Ages Status Vassal of the
Early Modern Era and Renaissance Ottoman
Phanariots (1711–1822) Empire[1] (1514–
1572; 1574–1600;
Fragmentation 1618–1859)
Organic Statute, 1848 revolution Under
Southern Bessarabia suzerainty of
the Kingdom of
Union with Wallachia Poland[1] (1601–
1618)
Society
Under a
Slavery protectorate of
Military forces the Russian
Empire[2] (1829–
Fleet
1856)
Flags and historical coats of arms Under
international
Geography
protection[2]
Administrative divisions (1856–1859)
Population Capital Baia/Siret
Historical population (1343–1388)
Suceava
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia 1/23
Cities (1388–1564)
Iași (Jassy)
Education (1564–1859)
Culture Common languages Romanian[3][4]
Literature (also historically
Magazines and newspapers named
Moldavian)[5]
Theatre
Old Church
Architecture Slavonic (as
Image gallery written
chancelery
See also language until it
Notes was replaced by
Romanian
References starting with the
External links 16th
century)[6][7][nb 1]
Greek (as
Name and etymology chancelery and
culture
language)[8][nb 2]
The original and short-lived reference to the region was
Bogdania, after Bogdan I, the founding figure of the Religion Eastern
Orthodox
principality. The names Moldavia and Moldova are derived
from the name of the Moldova River; however, the etymology is Minority
not known and there are several variants:[12][13] Roman
Catholic
a legend mentioned in Descriptio Moldaviae (1714) by Armenian
Dimitrie Cantemir links it to an aurochs hunting trip of the Judaism
Maramureș voivode Dragoș and the latter's chase of a star- Old Believers
marked auroch. Dragoș was accompanied by his female
hound, called Molda; when they reached the shores of an Government Principality:
elective
unfamiliar river, Molda caught up with the animal and was
absolute
killed by it. The dog's name would have been given to the monarchy with
river and extended to the country. hereditary lines
the old German Molde, meaning "open-pit mine" Princes of Moldavia
the Gothic Mulda (Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰, Runic: ᛗᚢᛚᛞᚨ) meaning (Voivodes,
"dust", "dirt" (cognate with the English mould), referring to Hospodars)
the river. • 1346–1353 (first) Dragoș
• 1859–1862 (last) Alexandru Ioan
a Slavic etymology (-ova is a quite common Slavic suffix), Cuza
marking the end of one Slavic genitive form, denoting
ownership, chiefly of feminine nouns (i.e., "that of Molda"). History
A landowner named Alexa Moldaowicz is mentioned in a • Foundation of the 1346
1334 document as a local boyar in service to Yuriy II of Moldavian mark
Halych; this attests to the use of the name before the • De jure union with 5
foundation of the Moldavian state and could be the source Wallachia February [O.S.
24
for the region's name. January] 1859
1859
On a series of coins of Peter I and Stephen I minted by Saxon
Currency Moldavian gros
masters and with German legends, the reverses feature the Taler
name of Moldavia in the form Molderlang/Molderlant (obverse:
Molderland.[14][15] ISO 3166 code MD
In several early references,[16] "Moldavia" is rendered under the Preceded by Succeeded by

composite form Moldo-Wallachia (in the same way Wallachia Kingdom United
may appear as Hungro-Wallachia). Ottoman Turkish references of Principalities
to Moldavia included Boğdan Iflak (meaning "Bogdan's Hungary Duchy of
Wallachia") and Boğdan (and occasionally Kara-Boğdan – (1301– Bukovina
1526) Bessarabia
"Black Bogdania"). See also names in other languages.
Golden Governorate
Horde
The names of the region in other languages include French:
Moldavie, German: Moldau, Hungarian: Moldva, Russian: Today part of Moldova
Молдавия (Moldaviya), Turkish: Boğdan Prensliği, Greek: Romania
Μολδαβία. Ukraine
History
Prehistory and antiquity
Early Middle Ages
The inhabitants of Moldavia were Christians. Archaeological works revealed the remains of a Christian
necropolis at Mihălășeni, Botoșani county, from the 5th century. The place of worship, and the tombs
had Christian characteristics. The place of worship had a rectangular form with sides of eight and seven
meters. Similar necropolises and places of worship were found at Nicolina, in Iași[17]
The Bolohoveni, is mentioned by the Hypatian Chronicle in the 13th century. The chronicle shows that
this land is bordered on the principalities of Halych, Volhynia and Kiev. Archaeological research also
identified the location of 13th-century fortified settlements in this region. Alexandru V. Boldur identified
Voscodavie, Voscodavti, Voloscovti, Volcovti, Volosovca and their other towns and villages between the
middle course of the rivers Nistru/Dniester and Nipru/Dnieper.[18] The Bolohoveni disappeared from
chronicles after their defeat in 1257 by Daniel of Galicia's troops. Their ethnic identity is uncertain;
although Romanian scholars, basing on their ethnonym identify them as Romanians (who were called
Vlachs in the Middle Ages), archeological evidence and the Hypatian Chronicle (which is the only
primary source that documents their history) suggest that they were a Slavic people.[19][20]
In the early 13th century, the Brodniks, a possible Slavic–Vlach vassal state of Halych, were present,
alongside the Vlachs, in much of the region's territory (towards 1216, the Brodniks are mentioned as in
service of Suzdal).
Somewhere in the 11th century, a Viking named Rodfos was killed by Vlachs presumably in the area of
what would become Moldavia.[21] In 1164, the future Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos, was
taken prisoner by Vlach shepherds in the same region.
High Middle Ages
Friar William of Rubruck, who visited the court of the Great Khan in the 1250s, listed "the Blac",[22] or
Vlachs, among the peoples who paid tribute to the Mongols, but the Vlachs' territory is uncertain.[23][24]
Rubruck described "Blakia" as "Assan's territory"[25] south of the Lower Danube, showing that he
identified it with the northern regions of the Second Bulgarian Empire.[26] Later in the 14th century,
King Charles I of Hungary attempted to expand his realm and the influence of the Catholic Church
eastwards after the fall of

Cuman rule, and ordered a
campaign under the command
of Phynta de Mende (1324). In
1342 and 1345, the Hungarians
were victorious in a battle
against Tatar-Mongols; the
conflict was resolved by the
death of Jani Beg, in 1357. The
Polish chronicler Jan Długosz Ruins of the Roman Catholic
mentioned Moldavians (under Cathedral established by
the name Wallachians) as Transylvanian Saxon colonists at
having joined a military Baia (German: Moldenmarkt),
expedition in 1342, under King Suceava County, Romania
Władysław I, against the
Margraviate of Brandenburg.[27]
The hunt of Voivode Dragoș' for the
bison (by Constantin Lecca) In 1353, Dragoș, mentioned as a
Vlach Knyaz in Maramureș, was
sent by Louis I to establish a line
of defense against the Golden Horde forces of Mongols on the Siret
River. This expedition resulted in a polity vassal to Hungary, in the
Baia (Târgul Moldovei or Moldvabánya) region.
Bogdan of Cuhea, another Vlach voivode from Maramureș who had

The Seat Fortress in Suceava,
fallen out with the Hungarian king, crossed the Carpathians in 1359,
Romania
took control of Moldavia, and succeeded in removing Moldavia from
Hungarian control. His realm extended north to the Cheremosh
River, while the southern part of Moldavia was still occupied by the
Tatar Mongols.
After first residing in Baia, Bogdan moved Moldavia's seat to Siret (it
was to remain there until Petru II Mușat moved it to Suceava; it was
finally moved to Iași (Jassy) under Alexandru Lăpușneanu - in
1565). The area around Suceava, roughly correspondent to future
Bukovina, would later constitute one of the two administrative
divisions of the new realm, under the name Țara de Sus (the "Upper
Land"), whereas the rest, on both sides of the Prut river, formed
Equestrian statue of Moldavian
Țara de Jos (the "Lower Land").
Prince Stephen the Great in
Disfavored by the brief union of Angevin Poland and Hungary (the Suceava
latter was still the country's overlord), Bogdan's successor Lațcu
accepted conversion to Roman Catholicism around 1370. Despite the
founding of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Siret, this move did not have any lasting consequences.
Despite remaining officially Eastern Orthodox and culturally connected with the Byzantine Empire after
1382, princes of the House of Bogdan-Mușat entered a conflict with the Constantinople Patriarchy over
control of appointments to the newly founded Moldavian Metropolitan seat; Patriarch Antony IV even
cast an anathema over Moldavia after Roman I expelled his appointee back to Byzantium. The crisis was
finally settled in favor of the Moldavian princes under Alexander I. Nevertheless, religious policy
remained complex: while conversions to faiths other than Orthodox were discouraged (and forbidden for
princes), Moldavia included sizable Roman Catholic communities

(Germans and Magyars), as well as non-Chalcedonic Armenians;
after 1460, the country welcomed Hussite refugees (founders of
Ciuburciu and, probably, Huși).
The principality of Moldavia covered the entire geographic region of

Moldavia. In various periods, various other territories were
politically connected with the Moldavian principality. This is the
case of the province of Pokuttya, the fiefdoms of Cetatea de Baltă
and Ciceu (both in Transylvania) or, at a later date, the territories
Neamț Citadel in Târgu Neamț,
between the Dniester and the Bug rivers.
Romania
Petru II profited from the end of the Hungarian-Polish union and
moved the country closer to the Jagiellon realm, becoming a vassal
of Władysław II on September 26, 1387. This gesture was to have
unexpected consequences: Petru supplied the Polish ruler with
funds needed in the war against the Teutonic Knights, and was
granted control over Pokuttya until the debt was to be repaid; as this
is not recorded to have been carried out, the region became disputed
by the two states, until it was lost by Moldavia in the Battle of
Obertyn (1531). Prince Petru also expanded his rule southwards to
the Danube Delta. His brother Roman I conquered the Hungarian- Soroca Fort in Soroca, Republic of
ruled Cetatea Albă in 1392, giving Moldavia an outlet to the Black Moldova
Sea, before being toppled from the throne for supporting Fyodor
Koriatovych in his conflict with Vytautas the Great of Lithuania.
Under Stephen I, growing Polish influence was challenged by
Sigismund of Hungary, whose expedition was defeated at
Ghindăoani in 1385; however, Stephen disappeared in mysterious
circumstances.
Although Alexander I was brought to the throne in 1400 by the

Hungarians (with assistance from Mircea I of Wallachia), he shifted
his allegiances towards Poland (notably engaging Moldavian forces
on the Polish side in the Battle of Grunwald and the Siege of Akkerman Fortress in Cetatea Alba,
Marienburg), and placed his own choice of rulers in Wallachia. His Ukraine
reign was one of the most successful in Moldavia's history, but also
saw the very first confrontation with the Ottoman Turks at Cetatea
Albă in 1420, and later even a conflict with the Poles. A deep crisis was to follow Alexandru's long reign,
with his successors battling each other in a succession of wars that divided the country until the murder
of Bogdan II and the ascension of Petru III Aron in 1451. Nevertheless, Moldavia was subject to further
Hungarian interventions after that moment, as Matthias Corvinus deposed Aron and backed Alexăndrel
to the throne in Suceava. Petru Aron's rule also signified the beginning of Moldavia's Ottoman Empire
allegiance, as the ruler agreed to pay tribute to Sultan Mehmed II.
Late Middle Ages
Under Stephen the Great, who took the throne and subsequently came to an agreement with Casimir IV
of Poland in 1457, the state reached its most glorious period. Stephen blocked Hungarian interventions
in the Battle of Baia, invaded Wallachia in 1471, and dealt with Ottoman reprisals in a major victory (the
1475 Battle of Vaslui); after feeling threatened by Polish ambitions, he also attacked Galicia and resisted
Polish reprisals in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest (1497). However, he had to surrender Chilia (Kiliya)
and Cetatea Albă (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi), the two main fortresses in the Budjak, to the Ottomans in
1484, and in 1498 he had to accept Ottoman suzerainty, when he was forced to agree to continue paying
tribute to Sultan Bayezid II. Following the taking of Hotin (Khotyn) and Pokuttya, Stephen's rule also
brought a brief extension of Moldavian rule into Transylvania: Cetatea de Baltă and Ciceu became his
fiefs in 1489.
Early Modern Era and Renaissance
Under Bogdan III the One-Eyed, Ottoman overlordship was

confirmed in the shape that would rapidly evolve into control over
Moldavia's affairs. Peter IV Rareș, who reigned in the 1530s and
1540s, clashed with the Habsburg Monarchy over his ambitions in
Transylvania (losing possessions in the region to George
Martinuzzi), was defeated in Pokuttya by Poland, and failed in his
attempt to extricate Moldavia from Ottoman rule – the country lost
Bender to the Ottomans, who included it in their Silistra Eyalet.
Khotyn Fortress on the Dniester
River, present-day Ukraine, then
A period of profound crisis followed. Moldavia stopped issuing its
bordering the northern frontier of the
own coinage circa 1520, under Prince Ștefăniță, when it was
Moldavian Principality and southern
confronted with rapid depletion of funds and rising demands from
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
the Porte. Such problems became endemic when the country,
brought into the Great Turkish War, suffered the impact of the
stagnation of the Ottoman Empire; at one point, during the 1650s
and 1660s, princes began relying on counterfeit coinage (usually copies of Swedish riksdalers, as was
that issued by Eustratie Dabija). The economic decline was accompanied by a failure to maintain state
structures: the feudal-based Moldavian military forces were no longer convoked, and the few troops
maintained by the rulers remained professional mercenaries such as the seimeni.
However, Moldavia and the similarly affected Wallachia remained

both important sources of income for the Ottoman Empire and
relatively prosperous agricultural economies (especially as suppliers
of grain and cattle – the latter was especially relevant in Moldavia,
which remained an under-populated country of pastures). In time,
much of the resources were tied to the Ottoman economy, either
through monopolies on trade that were only lifted in 1829, after the
Treaty of Adrianople (which did not affect all domains directly), or
through the raise in direct taxes - the one demanded by the
Trei Ierarhi Monastery in Iași, Ottomans from the princes, as well as the ones demanded by the
housed the Vasilian College, an princes from the country's population. Taxes were directly
institution of higher learning founded proportional with Ottoman requests, but also with the growing
in 1640 importance of Ottoman appointment and sanctioning of princes in
front of election by the boyars and the boyar Council – Sfatul
boieresc (drawing in a competition among pretenders, which also
implied the intervention of creditors as suppliers of bribes). The fiscal system soon included taxes such
as the văcărit (a tax on head of cattle), first introduced by Iancu Sasul in the 1580s.
The economic opportunities offered brought about a significant influx of Greek and Levantine financiers
and officials, who entered a stiff competition with the high boyars over appointments to the Court. As the
manor system suffered the blows of economic crises, and in the absence of salarisation (which implied
that persons in office could decide their own income), obtaining princely appointment became the major
focus of a boyar's career. Such changes also implied the decline of free peasantry and the rise of serfdom,
as well as the rapid fall in the importance of low boyars (a traditional

institution, the latter soon became marginal, and, in more successful
instances, added to the population of towns); however, they also
implied a rapid transition towards a monetary economy, based on
exchanges in foreign currency. Serfdom was doubled by the much
less numerous slave population (robi), composed of migrant Roma
and captured Nogais.
The conflict between princes

In 1600, Michael the Brave becameand boyars was to become
exceptionally violent – the latter
Prince of Wallachia, of Transylvania,
and of Moldavia. group, who frequently appealed
to the Ottoman court in order to
have princes comply with its
demands, was persecuted by rulers such as Alexandru Lăpușneanu
and John III. Ioan Vodă's revolt against the Ottomans ended in his
execution (1574). The country descended into political chaos, with
frequent Ottoman and Tatar incursions and pillages. The claims of
Mușatins to the crown and the traditional system of succession were
ended by scores of illegitimate reigns; one of the usurpers, Ioan
Iacob Heraclid, was a Protestant Greek who encouraged the
Renaissance and attempted to introduce Lutheranism to Moldavia.
In 1595, the rise of the Movilești boyars to the throne with Ieremia
Movilă coincided with the start of frequent anti-Ottoman and anti-
Habsburg military expeditions of the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth into Moldavian territory (see Moldavian Magnate
Wars), and rivalries between pretenders to the Moldavian throne
encouraged by the three competing powers.
The Wallachian prince Michael the Brave, after previously taking

over Transylvania, also deposed Prince Ieremia Movilă, in 1600, and
managed to become the first Prince to rule over Moldavia,
Wallachia, and Transylvania;[28][29][30] the episode ended in Polish
conquests of lands down to Bucharest, soon ended by the outbreak
of the Polish–Swedish War and the reestablishment of Ottoman
rule. Polish incursions were dealt a blow by the Ottomans during the
1620 Battle of Cecora, which also saw an end to the reign of Gaspar
Graziani.
A period of relative peace followed during the more prosperous and

prestigious rule of Vasile Lupu. He took the throne as a boyar Moldavia through the ages
appointee in 1637 and began battling his rival Gheorghe Ștefan, as
well as the Wallachian prince Matei Basarab. However, his invasion
of Wallachia, with the backing of Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, ended in disaster at the Battle
of Finta in 1653. A few years later, Moldavia was occupied for two short intervals by the anti-Ottoman
Wallachian prince Constantin Șerban, who clashed with the first ruler of the Ghica family, George Ghica.
In the early 1680s, Moldavian troops under George Ducas intervened in right-bank Ukraine and assisted
Mehmed IV in the Battle of Vienna, only to suffer the effects of the Great Turkish War.
Phanariots (1711–1822)
During the late 17th century, Moldavia became the target of the
Russian Empire's southwards expansion, inaugurated by Peter the
Great with the Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1711. Prince Dimitrie
Cantemir sided with Peter in open rebellion against the Ottomans,
but he was defeated at Stănilești. Sultan Ahmed III officially
discarded recognition of local choices for princes, imposing instead a
system relying solely on Ottoman approval: the Phanariote epoch,
inaugurated by the reign of Nicholas Mavrocordatos.
Phanariote rule was marked by political corruption, intrigue, and

The Principalities of Moldavia and
high taxation, as well as by sporadic incursions of Habsburg and
Wallachia in 1782, Italian map by G.
Russian armies deep into Moldavian territory. Nonetheless, they
Pittori, since the geographer
also attempted legislative and administrative modernization Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni
inspired by The Enlightenment (such as the decision by Constantine
Mavrocordatos to salarize public offices, to the outrage of boyars,
and the abolition of serfdom in 1749, as well as Scarlat Callimachi's
Code), and signified a decrease in Ottoman demands after the threat
of Russian annexation became real and the prospects of a better life
led to waves of peasant emigration to neighboring lands. The effects
of Ottoman control were also made less notable after the 1774 Treaty
of Küçük Kaynarca allowed Russia to intervene in favour of Ottoman
subjects of the Eastern Orthodox faith - leading to campaigns of
petitioning by the Moldavian boyars against princely policies.
In 1712, Hotin was taken over by the Ottomans and became part of a The siege and capture of Iași
defensive system that Moldavian princes were required to maintain, (Jassy) in 1788 by the Russian
as well as an area for Islamic colonization (the Laz community). Army
Fragmentation
In 1775 Moldavia lost to the Habsburg Empire its northwestern part,

which became known as Bukovina. For Moldavia, it meant both an
important territorial loss and a major blow to the cattle trade, as the
region stood on the trade route to Central Europe.
The Treaty of Jassy in 1792 forced the Ottoman Empire to cede

Yedisan to the Russian Empire, which made Russian presence much
more notable, given that the Empire acquired a common border with
Moldavia. The first effect of this was the cession of the eastern half of The Principality of Moldavia, 1793–
Moldavia (renamed as Bessarabia) to the Russian Empire in 1812. 1812, highlighted in orange
Organic Statute, 1848 revolution
Phanariote rule was officially ended after the 1821 occupation of the country by Alexander Ypsilantis's
Filiki Eteria during the Greek War of Independence; the subsequent Ottoman retaliation led to the rule
of Ioan Sturdza. He was considered the first of a new system, since the Ottomans and Russia had agreed
in 1826 to allow for the election by locals of rulers over the two Danubian Principalities, and convened
on their mandating for seven-year terms. In practice, a new foundation to reigns in Moldavia was created
by the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829), beginning a period of Russian domination over the two
countries which ended only in 1856. Begun as a military occupation under the command of Pavel
Kiselyov, Russian domination gave Wallachia and Moldavia, which

were not removed from nominal Ottoman control, the modernizing
Organic Statute (the first document resembling a constitution, as
well as the first to regard both principalities). After 1829, the country
also became an important destination for immigration of Ashkenazi
Jews from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and areas of
Russia (see History of the Jews in Romania and Sudiți).
Iași, Princely Palace of Moldavia The first Moldavian rule

established under the Statute,
that of Mihail Sturdza, was
nonetheless ambivalent: eager to reduce abuse of office, Sturdza
introduced reforms (the abolition of slavery, secularization,
economic rebuilding), but he was widely seen as enforcing his own
power over that of the newly instituted consultative Assembly. A
supporter of the union of his country with Wallachia and of
Romanian Romantic nationalism, he obtained the establishment of a
Iași, Obelisk of Lions (1834),
customs union between the two countries (1847) and showed dedicated to the Organic Statute
support for radical projects favored by low boyars; nevertheless, he
clamped down with noted violence the Moldavian revolutionary
attempt in the last days of March 1848. Grigore Alexandru Ghica allowed the exiled revolutionaries to
return to Moldavia c. 1853, which led to the creation of the National Party (Partida Națională), a trans-
boundary group of radical union supporters which campaigned for a single state under a foreign dynasty.
Southern Bessarabia
In 1856, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the Russian Empire
returned to Moldavia a significant territory in southern Bessarabia
(including a part of Budjak), organised later as the Bolgrad, Cahul,
and Ismail counties.[31]
Union with Wallachia
Russian domination ended abruptly after the Crimean War, when Moldavia (in orange) after 1856
the Treaty of Paris also passed the two Romanian principalities
under the tutelage of Great European Powers (together with Russia
and the Ottoman overlord, power-sharing included the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Austrian Empire, the French Empire, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and Prussia). Due to Austrian
and Ottoman opposition and British reserves, the union program as demanded by radical campaigners
was debated intensely. In September 1857, given that Caimacam Nicolae Vogoride had perpetrated
fraud in elections in Moldavia, the Powers allowed the two states to convene ad hoc divans, which were
to decide a new constitutional framework; the result showed overwhelming support for the union, as the
creation of a liberal and neutral state. After further meetings among leaders of tutor states, an agreement
was reached (the Paris Convention), whereby a limited union was to be enforced – separate
governments and thrones, with only two bodies (a Court of Cassation and a Central Commission residing
in Focșani); it also stipulated that an end to all privilege was to be passed into law, and awarded back to
Moldavia the areas around Bolhrad, Cahul, and Izmail.
However, the Convention failed to note whether the two thrones could not be occupied by the same
person, allowing Partida Națională to introduce the candidacy of Alexandru Ioan Cuza in both
countries. On January 17 (January 5, 1859 Old Style), in Iași, he was elected prince of Moldavia by the
respective electoral body. After street pressure over the much more conservative body in Bucharest, Cuza
was elected in Wallachia as well (February 5/January 24). Exactly three years later, after diplomatic
missions that helped remove opposition to the action, the formal union created the United Principalities
(the basis of modern Romania) and instituted Cuza as Domnitor (all legal matters were clarified after the
replacement of the prince with Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in April 1866, and the creation of an
independent Kingdom of Romania in 1881) - this officially ending the existence of the Principality of
Moldavia.
Society
Slavery
Slavery (Romanian: robie) was part of the social order from before the founding of the Principality of
Moldavia, until it was abolished in stages during the 1840s and 1850s. Most of the slaves were of Roma
(Gypsy) ethnicity. There were also slaves of Tatar ethnicity, probably prisoners captured from the wars
with the Nogai and Crimean Tatars. The institution of slavery was first attested in a 1470 Moldavian
document, through which Prince Stephen the Great frees Oană, a Tatar slave who had fled to Jagiellon
Poland.[32]
The exact origins of slavery are not known, as it was a common practice in medieval Europe. As in the
Byzantine Empire, the Roma were held as slaves of the state, of the boyars or of the monasteries.
Historian Nicolae Iorga associated the Roma people's arrival with the 1241 Mongol invasion of Europe
and considered their slavery as a vestige of that era; he believed that the Romanians took the Roma as
slaves from the Mongols and preserved their status to control their labor. Other historians consider that
the Roma were enslaved while captured during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving
prisoners may also have been taken from the Mongols. The ethnic identity of the "Tatar slaves" is
unknown, they could have been captured Tatars of the Golden Horde, Cumans, or the slaves of Tatars
and Cumans.[32] While it is possible that some Romani people were slaves or auxiliary troops of the
Mongols or Tatars, most of them came from south of the Danube, demonstrating that slavery a
widespread practice. The Tatar slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma
population.[33]
Traditionally, Roma slaves were divided into three categories. The smallest was owned by the hospodars,
and went by the Romanian-language name of țigani domnești ("Gypsies belonging to the lord"). The two
other categories comprised țigani mănăstirești ("Gypsies belonging to the monasteries"), who were the
property of Romanian Orthodox and Greek Orthodox monasteries, and țigani boierești ("Gypsies
belonging to the boyars"), who were enslaved by the category of landowners.[34][35]
The abolition of slavery was carried out following a campaign by young revolutionaries who embraced
the liberal ideas of the Enlightenment. In 1844, Moldavian Prince Mihail Sturdza proposed a law on the
freeing of slaves owned by the church and state. By the 1850s, the movement gained support from
almost the whole of Romanian society. In December 1855, following a proposal by Prince Grigore
Alexandru Ghica, a bill drafted by Mihail Kogălniceanu and Petre Mavrogheni was adopted by the Divan;
the law emancipated all slaves to the status of taxpayers (citizens).[32][34]
Support for the abolitionists was reflected in Romanian literature of the mid-19th century. The issue of
the Roma slavery became a theme in the literary works of various liberal and Romantic intellectuals,
many of whom were active in the abolitionist camp. The Romanian abolitionist movement was also
influenced by the much larger movement against Black slavery in the United States through press
reports and through a translation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Translated by Theodor
Codrescu and first published in Iași in 1853, under the name Coliba lui Moșu Toma sau Viața negrilor
în sudul Statelor Unite din America (which translates back as "Uncle Toma's Cabin or the Life of Blacks
in the Southern United States of America"), it was the first American novel to be published in Romanian.
The foreword included a study on slavery by Mihail Kogălniceanu.[32]
Military forces
Under the reign of Stephen the Great, all farmers and
villagers had to bear arms. Stephen justified this by
saying that "every man has a duty to defend his
fatherland"; according to Polish chronicler Jan Długosz,
if someone was found without carrying a weapon, he was
sentenced to death.[36] Stephen reformed the army by
promoting men from the landed free peasantry răzeși
(i.e. something akin to freeholding yeomen) to infantry
Moldavian troops in battle, as illustrated in (voinici) and light cavalry (hânsari) — to make himself
Johannes de Thurocz (1488 edition); the
less dependent on the boyars — and introduced his army
Moldavian flag is displayed
to guns. In times of crises, The Small Host (Oastea Mică)
— which consisted of around 10,000 to 12,000 men —
stood ready to engage the enemy, while the Large Host
(Oastea Mare) — which could reach up to 40,000 — had all the free peasantry older than 14, and strong
enough to carry a sword or use the bow, recruited. This seldom happened, for such a levée en masse was
devastating for both economy and population growth. In the Battle of Vaslui, Stephen had to summon
the Large Host and also recruited mercenary troops.
In the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, the Moldavians relied on

light cavalry (călărași) which used hit-and-run tactics similar to
those of the Tatars; this gave them great mobility and also flexibility,
in case they found it more suitable to dismount their horses and
fight in hand-to-hand combat, as it happened in 1422, when 400
horse archers were sent to aid Jagiellon Poland, Moldavia's overlord
against the Teutonic Knights. When making eye-contact with the
enemy, the horse archers would withdraw to a nearby forest and
camouflage themselves with leaves and branches; according to Jan
Długosz, when the enemy entered the wood, they were "showered
with arrows" and defeated.[37] The heavy cavalry consisted of the
nobility, namely, the boyars and their guards, the viteji (lit. "brave
ones", small nobility) and the curteni — the Court Cavalry (all
nominally part of the Small Host). In times of war, boyars were
compelled by the feudal system of allegiance to supply the prince
with troops in accordance with the extent of their manorial domain.
Battle flag of Stephen the Great
Other troops consisted of professional foot soldiers (lefegii) which
fulfilled the heavy infantry role, and the plăieși, free peasants whose
role was that of border guards: they guarded the mountain passes and were prepared to ambush the
enemy and to fight delaying actions.
In the absence of the prince, command was assigned to the Mare Spătar (Grand Sword-Bearer - a
military office) or to the Mare Vornic (approx. Governor of the Country; a civilian office second only to
the Voievod, which was filled by the prince himself). Supplying the troops was by tradition-later-made-
into-law the duty of the inhabitants of those lands on which the soldiers were present at a given time.
The Moldavians' (as well as Wallachians') favourite military doctrine in (defensive) wars was a scorched
earth policy combined with harassment of the advancing enemy using hit-and-run tactics and disruption
of communication and supply lines, followed by a large scale ambush: a weakened enemy would be lured
in a place where it would find itself in a position hard or impossible to defend. A general attack would
follow, often with devastating results. The shattered remains of what was once the enemy army would be
pursued closely and harassed all the way to the border and sometimes beyond. A typical example of
successful employments of this scenario is the Battle of Vaslui.
Towards the end of the 15th century, especially after the success of guns and cannons, mercenaries
became a dominant force in the country's military. With the economic demands created by the
stagnation of the Ottoman Empire, the force diminished and included only mercenaries such as the
seimeni.
The 1829 Treaty of Adrianople allowed Moldavia to again maintain its own troops, no longer acting as an
auxiliary under strict Ottoman supervision, and assigned red over blue pennants (see Flag and coat of
arms of Moldavia). Their renewed existence under Mihail Sturdza was a major symbol and rally point
for the nationalist cause, aiding in bringing about the 1848 Moldavian revolution.
Fleet
An early mention of a Moldavian naval fleet is found in connection with the rule of Aron Tiranul, who
used it to help Wallachian ruler Michael the Brave establish his control over the Chilia branch of the
Danube and Dobruja.
The Treaty of Adrianople provided for a Moldavian self-defense naval force, to be composed of caicque
vessels. Schooners armed with cannons were first built in the 1840s. Along with patrolling the Danube,
these made their way on its tributaries, the Siret and the Prut River.
Flags and historical coats of arms
Coat of arms of Coat of arms of 14th century coat of Coat of arms of the
Moldavia under Stephen III of arms of Baia, the Principality of
Prince Stephen III Moldavia first capital of Moldavia depicted
the Great Moldavia on the walls of St.
Demetrius Church in
Suceava
Coat of arms of the 16th century coat of Seal of Michael the Coat of arms of
principality of arms of Moldavia Brave (showing the Dimitrie Cantemir
Moldavia, at the during Alexandru arms of Wallachia,
Cetățuia Monastery Lăpușneanu's reign, Moldavia, and
in Iași on one of the walls Transylvania)
from Slatina
Monastery
Cantacuzino family Moruzi family coat of Sturdza family coat Coat of Arms of the
coat of arms arms of arms Principality of
Moldavia (19th
century depiction)
Historical coat of Coat of arms of Coat of arms of the Coat of arms of the
arms of the Duchy Bukovina Duchy of Bukovina Bessarabia
of Bukovina on display at the Governorate
Palace of Justice in
Vienna, Austria
Flag of the Medieval flag of

Moldavian Moldavia held by
Democratic two Romanian
Republic (1917–18) soldiers at
Sorbonne, Paris,
France
Geography
Geographically, Moldavia is limited by the Carpathian Mountains to
the West, the Cheremosh River to the North, the Dniester River to
the East and the Danube and Black Sea to the South. The Prut River
flows approximately through its middle from north to south.
Of late 15th century Moldavia, with an area of approximately

94,100 km2 (36,300 sq mi), the biggest part and the core of the
former principality is located in Romania (45.6%), followed by the
Republic of Moldova (31.7%), and Ukraine (22.7%). This represents Physical map of Moldavia
88.2% of the Republic of Moldova's surface, 18% of Romania's
surface, and 3.5% of Ukraine's surface.
The region is mostly hilly, with a range of mountains in the west, and plain areas in the southeast.
Moldavia's highest altitude is Ineu peak (2,279 m), which is also the westernmost point of the region.
Administrative divisions
Population
Historical population
Contemporary historians estimate the population (historically referred to as Moldavians) of the

Moldavian Principality in the 15th century, at between 250,000 - 600,000 people,[38][39] but an
extensive catagraphy was first conducted in 1769–1774.[40]
In 1848, the northwestern part, annexed in 1775 by the Habsburg Empire, Bukovina, had a population of
377,571; in 1856, the eastern half of Moldavia, Bessarabia, annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, had a
population of 990,274, while the population of Moldavia proper (the western half), in 1859, was
1,463,927.[41]
Cities
The largest cities (as per last censuses) and metropolitan areas in the Moldavia region are:
Romania:
Iași - 290,422 (465,477 in metropolitan area) - capital of Moldavia between 1564 and 1859
Galați - 249,432 (323,563)
Bacău - 144,307 (223,239)
Botoșani - 106,847 (144,617)
Suceava - 92,121 (144,100) - capital of Moldavia between 1388 and 1564
Piatra Neamț - 85,055 (131,334)
Focșani - 79,315 (125,699)
Ukraine:
Chernivtsi (Cernăuți) - 240,600
Izmail (Ismail) - 84,815
Moldova:
Chișinău - 532,513 (662,836 in metropolitan area)
Bălți - 97,930 (102,457)
Tighina (Bender) - 91,882
Suceava Iași Cernăuți (Ukrainian: Tighina (Bender)

Chernivtsi)
Bacău Chișinău Galați Piatra Neamț
Botoșani Focșani Bălți Izmail
Education
In 1562, the so-called Schola Latina (a Latin Academic College) was
founded in Cotnari, near Iași, a school which marked the beginnings
of the organized humanistic education institutions in Moldavia.[42]
The first institute of higher learning that functioned on the territory

of Romania was Academia Vasiliană (1640),[43] founded by Prince
Vasile Lupu as a Higher School for Latin and Slavonic Languages,
followed by the Princely Academy, in 1707. The first high education
Academia Mihăileană was the first
structure in Romanian language was established in the autumn of
modern institution of higher learning
1813, when Gheorghe Asachi laid the foundations of a class of in Moldavia.
engineers, its activities taking place within the Greek Princely
Academy.
After 1813, other moments marked the development of higher education in Romanian language,
regarding both humanities and the technical science. Academia Mihăileană, founded in 1835 by Prince
Mihail Sturdza, is considered the first Romanian superior institute. In 1860, three faculties part of the
Academia Mihăileană formed the nucleus for the newly established University of Iași, the first Romanian
modern university.[44]
Culture
Literature
Cazania lui Varlaam
Descriptio Moldaviae
Chronicle of Huru
Grigore Ureche
Miron Costin
Nicolae Costin The Great Theatre of Moldavia, Iași,
Ion Neculce 1896
Dimitrie Cantemir
Gheorghe Asachi
Magazines and newspapers

Alăuta Românească
Albina Românească
Dacia Literară
Propășirea
România Literară
Steaua Dunării
Zimbrul și Vulturul
Theatre
The Great Theatre/National Theatre
Albina Românească (The Romanian

Architecture Bee) was, in 1829, the first
Romanian-language journal
Moldavian style published in Moldavia.
World Heritage Sites:
Churches of Moldavia
Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans
Rudi Geodetic Point (as part of the Struve Geodetic Arc)
Tentative list:
Neamț Monastery
Trei Ierarhi Monastery
The Cultural Landscape Orheiul Vechi (Old Orhei)

The Typical Crernozem Soils of the Balti Steppe
Slătioara Secular Forest
Image gallery
Panoramic view of Neamț Citadel Cetatea Albă Humor Monastery

Suceava Seat Fortress, at the (1415)
Fortress confluence of
Dniester and the
Black Sea
Putna Monastery Voroneț Monastery Bogdana Monastery Holy Trinity Church

(1466) (1488). Frescoes in Rădăuți, the (1352) in Siret
painted on the oldest stone
exterior of the monastery in
Church of St. Moldavia
George
Neamț Monastery St. George's Church Nativity of St. John Metropolitan

(1497) window detail in Hârlău the Baptist Church, Cathedral in Iași
Piatra Neamț
Ghica Palace in Știrbei Palace in Prince Alexandru Sturdza Castle at

Dofteana Dărmănești Ioan Cuza's Palace Miclăușeni
at Ruginoasa
Roznovanu Palace Palace of Culture in Ghica Palace in Manuc Bei's Inn in

in Iași Iași Comănești Hîncești, present-
day Republic of
Moldova
Ceahlău Massif in Winter landscape in Wisents in Vânători- Calcar stone near

the western part Suceava County Neamț Natural Park Fetești, northern
Republic of Moldova
See also
Bessarabia
Bukovina
Budjak
Hertza
Pokuttya
Western Moldavia
History of the Republic of Moldova
History of Romania
Romanian Old Kingdom
Kingdom of Romania
Historical regions of Romania
List of rulers of Moldavia
Moldavian military forces
Military history of Romania
Balkan–Danubian culture
Bulgarian lands across the Danube
Notes
1. Used for liturgical purposes until the 18th century.
2. Especially during the Phanariot period of time.
References
1. Moldavia (https://www.britannica.com/place/Moldavia) at britannica.com
2. Protectorate (https://www.britannica.com/topic/protectorate-international-relations) at britannica.com
3. Ștefan Pascu, Documente străine despre români, ed. Arhivelor statului, București 1992, ISBN 973-
95711-2-3
4. "Tout ce pays: la Wallachie, la Moldavie et la plus part de la Transylvanie, a esté peuplé des colonies
romaines du temps de Trajan l’empereur… Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains
et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain … " în Voyage fait par moy, Pierre
Lescalopier l’an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, în: Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii și materiale de
istorie medievală, IV, 1960, p. 444
5. Dimitrie Cantemir Descriptio Moldaviae
6. Panaitescu, Petre P. (1965). Începuturile şi biruinţa scrisului în limba română (in Romanian). Editura
Academiei Bucureşti. p. 5.
7. Kamusella, T. (2008). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA352). Springer. p. 352. ISBN 9780230583474.
8. Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles; Pappas, Nicholas C. J.
(1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&pg=PA550). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 550. ISBN 9780313274978.
9. Janowski, Maciej & Constantin, Iordachi & Trencsenyi, Balazs (2005). "Why bother about historical
regions?: Debates over central Europe in Hungary, Poland and Romania". East Central Europe. 32.
5-58. 32 (1–2): 5–58. doi:10.1163/18763308-90001031 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18763308-90001
031).
10. Klaus Peter Berger (1 January 2010). The Creeping Codification of the New Lex Mercatoria (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=gEeP9NY2qGkC&pg=PA132). Kluwer Law International B.V. pp. 132–.
ISBN 978-90-411-3179-9.
11. Radu, Sageata (February 2015). "România – Ţară Central-Europeană" (https://www.researchgate.ne
t/publication/282286375). Revista Română de Geografie Politică. IV. 15-20. ISSN 2065-1619 (https://
www.worldcat.org/issn/2065-1619).
12. Where did the name Moldova come from? (http://rentmoldova.com/history-of-moldova/where-did-na
me-moldova.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100127183235/http://rentmoldova.com/hi
story-of-moldova/where-did-name-moldova.html) 2010-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
13. Etymology of Moldova (http://www.fasttravel.ro/owerview.moldova.romania/en/) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20110919144321/http://www.fasttravel.ro/owerview.moldova.romania/en/) 2011-
09-19 at the Wayback Machine
14. L. Bieltz, "MOLDER LANT — o legendă inedită pe monedele emise de Ștefan I — 1394-1399" in
Cercetări numismatice 7(1996), p. 155-157.
15. K. Pârvan, "Aspects of Moldavia’s coinage at the end of the fourteenth century", in 130 Years Since
the Establishment of the Modern Romanian Monetary System, Bucharest, 1997, p. 204-214.
16. Ion Ciortan, Măriuca Radu, Octavian Ion Penda, Descriptio Romaniae (cartographie), National
Museum of Maps & old books, Autonomous regie Monitorul oficial, Bucharest 2004
17. Octavian-Liviu Șovan, Zorile creștinismului în nord-estul Moldovei-repere arheologice, Revista
Forum cultural, Anul V, nr.4, decembrie 2005 (19)
18. A.V. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura V. Frunza, p 111-119
19. Spinei 1986, p. 57.

20. "Bolokhovians" (http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\B\O\Bolokhovian
s.htm). Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. 2001. Retrieved
11 December 2014.
21. "Archived copy"
(https://archive.is/20060616225750/http://www.vikingart.com/VArt/PS_Sjonhem.htm). Archived from
the original (http://www.vikingart.com/VArt/PS_Sjonhem.htm) on 2006-06-16. Retrieved 2006-06-16.
22. Jackson 2009, p. 139
23. Sălăgean 2005, p. 196.
24. Spinei 1986, p. 131.
25. Jackson 2009, p. 30
26. Vásáry 2005, p. 30.
27. The Annals of Jan Długosz, p. 273
28. Michael the Brave (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379802/Michael) at Encyclopædia
Britannica
29. George W. White (2000). Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern
Europe (https://books.google.com/books?id=-7TgkO8utHIC). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-
8476-9809-7.
30. A document issued by Michael the Brave in 1600, in Iași (http://tiparituriromanesti.wordpress.com/20
12/06/28/document-emis-de-mihai-viteazul-la-iasi-in-1600/)
31. King, p.22-23; Hitchins, p. 41
32. Viorel Achim, The Roma in Romanian History, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004,
ISBN 963-9241-84-9
33. Ștefan Ștefănescu, Istoria medie a României, Vol. I, Editura Universității din București, Bucharest,
1991 (in Romanian)
34. Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne, Humanitas,
Bucharest, 1995. ISBN 973-28-0523-4 (in Romanian)
35. Will Guy, Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe, University of
Hertfordshire Press, Hatfield, 2001. ISBN 1-902806-07-7
36. The Annals of Jan Długosz, p. 566
37. Długosz, p. 438
38. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, Jean W. Sedlar, page 255, 1994
39. Cavalerii Apocalipsului: Calamitatile Naturale Din Trecutul Romaniei (Pana La 1800), Paul
Cernovodeanu, Paul Binder, 1993, ISBN 973-95477-3-7, Romanian Edition
40. First activities of population counting conducted on the Romanian territory of today (http://www.recen
samantromania.ro/en/history/demographic-researches/)
41. Moldavians at the 2002 census (http://www.evenimentul.ro/articol/moldovenii-8211-vreo-5.html) (in
Romanian)
42. "Schola Latina - The Foundation of the first School in which mathematics was taught in Roumania"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210258/http://www.romanianweek.ro/educatie.html). Archived
from the original (http://www.romanianweek.ro/educatie.html) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
43. "History of Education" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150611181940/http://www.study-in-romania.ro/
historyofeducation.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.study-in-romania.ro/historyofeducatio
n.htm) on 2015-06-11. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
44. History of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași (http://www.uaic.ro/en/university-2/university/)
Gheorghe I. Brătianu, Sfatul domnesc și Adunarea Stărilor în Principatele Române, Bucharest, 1995
Vlad Georgescu, Istoria ideilor politice românești (1369-1878), Munich, 1987
Ștefan Ștefănescu, Istoria medie a României, Bucharest, 1991
External links
Dimitrie Cantemir-Descrierea Moldovei (https://web.archive.org/web/20071018031909/http://www.scr
ibd.com/doc/27529/Dimitrie-Cantemir-Descrierea-Moldovei)
The Princely Court in Bacău (https://web.archive.org/web/20050524060804/http://www.patzinakia.ro/
wallachiamediaevalis/bacau-index.htm) - images, layouts (at the Romanian Group for an Alternative
History Website (https://web.archive.org/web/20060111120813/http://www.patzinakia.ro/))
Original Documents (https://web.archive.org/web/20060222082415/http://www.patzinakia.ro/docume
nta/index.htm) concerning both Moldavia and other Romania Principalities during the Middle Ages (at
the Romanian Group for an Alternative History Website (https://web.archive.org/web/2006011112081
3/http://www.patzinakia.ro/))
Pilgrimage and Cultural Heritage Tourism in Moldavia (http://www.centruldepelerinaj.ro/index.php?&l
ang=en)
Painted Churches in Bukovina (https://web.archive.org/web/20110421084717/http://romania-travelgu
ide.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=48&Itemid=62)
Medieval Coins of Moldavia and Wallachia (http://monederomanesti.cimec.ro/) (in Romanian and
English)
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4/9/2021 Moldavia - Wikipedia

The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the

In several early references,[16] "Moldavia" is rendered under the Preceded by Succeeded by

Prehistory and antiquity

Early Middle Ages

High Middle Ages

eastwards after the fall of

Bogdan of Cuhea, another Vlach voivode from Maramureș who had

princes), Moldavia included sizable Roman Catholic communities

The principality of Moldavia covered the entire geographic region of

Although Alexander I was brought to the throne in 1400 by the

Late Middle Ages

Early Modern Era and Renaissance

Under Bogdan III the One-Eyed, Ottoman overlordship was

However, Moldavia and the similarly affected Wallachia remained

as well as the rapid fall in the importance of low boyars (a traditional

The conflict between princes

The Wallachian prince Michael the Brave, after previously taking

A period of relative peace followed during the more prosperous and

Phanariote rule was marked by political corruption, intrigue, and

In 1775 Moldavia lost to the Habsburg Empire its northwestern part,

The Treaty of Jassy in 1792 forced the Ottoman Empire to cede

Organic Statute, 1848 revolution

Kiselyov, Russian domination gave Wallachia and Moldavia, which

Iași, Princely Palace of Moldavia The first Moldavian rule

Union with Wallachia

In the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, the Moldavians relied on

Flags and historical coats of arms

Flag of the Medieval flag of

Of late 15th century Moldavia, with an area of approximately

Contemporary historians estimate the population (historically referred to as Moldavians) of the

Suceava Iași Cernăuți (Ukrainian: Tighina (Bender)

Bacău Chișinău Galați Piatra Neamț

Botoșani Focșani Bălți Izmail

The first institute of higher learning that functioned on the territory

Magazines and newspapers

Albina Românească (The Romanian

The Cultural Landscape Orheiul Vechi (Old Orhei)

Panoramic view of Neamț Citadel Cetatea Albă Humor Monastery

Putna Monastery Voroneț Monastery Bogdana Monastery Holy Trinity Church

Neamț Monastery St. George's Church Nativity of St. John Metropolitan

Ghica Palace in Știrbei Palace in Prince Alexandru Sturdza Castle at

Roznovanu Palace Palace of Culture in Ghica Palace in Manuc Bei's Inn in

Ceahlău Massif in Winter landscape in Wisents in Vânători- Calcar stone near

19. Spinei 1986, p. 57.

Ștefan Ștefănescu, Istoria medie a României, Bucharest, 1991

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldavia&oldid=1015234552"

This page was last edited on 31 March 2021, at 10:09 (UTC).

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