Kingdom of Hungary - A Millennium of Central European Monarchy

12/30/21, 5:18 PM Kingdom of Hungary - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 47°28′N 19°03′E
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a
monarchy in Central Europe that existed Kingdom of Hungary
from the Middle Ages into the 20th Names ↓

century (1000–1946 with the exception of Magyar Királyság (Hungarian)
1918–1920) and existed for almost a Regnum Hungariae (Latin)
millennium. The Principality of Hungary

Königreich Ungarn (German)
emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the
coronation of the first king Stephen I at 1000–1918
Esztergom around the year 1000;[8] his 1920–1946
family (the Árpád dynasty) led the
monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th
century, the kingdom became a European
middle power within the Western world.[8]
Due to the Ottoman occupation of the

central and southern territories of Flag (1867–1918)
Hungary in the 16th century, the country
was partitioned into three parts: the Coat of arms
Habsburg Royal Hungary, Ottoman Motto: Regnum Mariae Patronae Hungariae[1]
Hungary, and the semi-independent "Kingdom of Mary, the Patroness of Hungary"

Principality of Transylvania.[8] The House
of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne Anthem: Himnusz (1844–1946)
after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 "Hymn"

continuosly until 1918 and also played a Royal anthem
key role in the liberation wars against the God save, God protect Our Emperor, Our Country!
Ottoman Empire.
From 1867, territories connected to the

Hungarian crown were incorporated into
Austria-Hungary under the name of Lands
of the Crown of Saint Stephen. The
monarchy ended with the deposition of the
last king Charles IV in 1918, after which
Hungary became a republic. The kingdom
was nominally restored during the
"Regency" of 1920–1946, ending under the
Soviet occupation in 1946.[8]
The Kingdom of Hungary was a

multiethnic[9] state from its inception[10] The Kingdom of Hungary (dark green) and Kingdom of
until the Treaty of Trianon and it covered Croatia-Slavonia (light green) within Austria-Hungary in 1914
what is today Hungary, Slovakia,
Capital Budapest
Transylvania and other parts of Romania,
Carpathian Ruthenia (now part of Historical capitals:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary 1/19
Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), Esztergom (1000–1256)

the territory of Burgenland (now part of Temesvár (1315–1323)
Austria), Međimurje (now part of Croatia), Visegrád (1323–1408)
Prekmurje (now part of Slovenia) and a Buda (1256–1315; 1408–1485;
few villages which are now part of Poland. 1490–1541; 1783–1873)
From 1102 it also included the Kingdom of Bécs (1485–1490)
Croatia, being in personal union with it, Pozsony (1536–1783)
united under the King of Hungary.
Debrecen (temporary: 1849; 1944)
According to the demographers, about 80 Budapest (1873–1946)
percent of the population was made up of Székesfehérvár (place of diets,
Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, royal seat, crowning and burial site
from 1000 to 1543)
however in the mid-19th century out of a
population of 14 million less than 6 million Official languages Latin
were Hungarian due to the resettlement (ceremonial/liturgical/administrative
policies and continuous immigration from until 1844)
neighboring countries.[11][12] Major German (1784–1790; 1849–1867)
territorial changes made Hungary Hungarian (1836–1849; 1867–
ethnically homogeneous after World War 1946)
I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the Italian (1871–1918, Fiume)
population is ethnically Hungarian and
speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue. Other spoken languages:
Carpathian Romani, Croatian,

Today, the feast day of the first king Polish, Romanian, Ruthenian,
Stephen I (20 August) is a national holiday Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Yiddish
in Hungary, commemorating the Religion Roman Catholic,[2] Calvinism,
foundation of the state (Foundation Lutheranism, Eastern Orthodoxy,
Day).[13] Eastern Catholic, Unitarianism,
Judaism
Government Monarchy
Contents Monarch
• 1000–1038 (first) Stephen I
Names • 1916–1918 (last) Charles IV
Capital cities Palatine/ Regent
• 1009–1038 (first) Samuel Aba
History • 1847–1848 (last) Stephen Francis Victor
Origins • 1920–1944 Regent Miklós Horthy
Middle Ages Prime Minister
High Middle Ages • 1848 (first) Lajos Batthyány
Mongol invasion • 1945–1946 (last) Zoltán Tildy
Late Middle Ages Legislature Diet (from the 1290s)
The Anjou Age • Upper house House of Magnates
The Age of Sigismund (1867–1918; 1926–1945)

Hunyadi family • Lower house House of Representatives
(1867–1918; 1927–1945)
Early modern history
The divided kingdom Historical era 2nd millennium
The Kuruc age • Coronation of 25 December 1000
Age of Enlightenment Stephen I
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 • Golden Bull of 1222 24 April 1222
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) • Battle of Mohi 11 April 1241

Transitions (1918 to 1920) • Battle of Mohács 29 August 1526
Two short-lived republics • Ottoman occupation
29 August 1541
of Buda
The restoration of the Kingdom • Treaty of Karlowitz 26 January 1699
Treaty of Trianon (1920) • Hungarian Revolution 15 March 1848
Between 1920 and 1946 • 1867 Compromise 30 March 1867
Interwar period • Treaty of Trianon 4 June 1920
During World War II 1941–1945 • Monarchy abolished 1 February 1946
Transitioning into a republic Area
1200[3] 282,870 km2 (109,220 sq mi)
See also
1910[4] 282,870 km2 (109,220 sq mi)
References 1930[5] 93,073 km2 (35,936 sq mi)
Further reading 1941[6] 172,149 km2 (66,467 sq mi)
Population
• 1200[3] 2,000,000
Names • 1790[7] 8,000,000
• 1910[4] 18,264,533
The Latin forms Regnum Hungariae or • 1930[5] 8,688,319
Ungarie (Regnum meaning kingdom);
• 1941[6] 14,669,100
Regnum Marianum (Kingdom of Mary);
or simply Hungaria, were the names used Currency Florentinus (1325–1553)
in official documents in Latin from the Thaler
beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s. Florin (1754–1867)
Forint (1867–1892)
The German name Königreich Ungarn Korona (1892–1918)
was used officially from 1784 to 1790[14] Korona (1919–1926)
and again between 1849 and the 1860s.
Pengő (1927–1946)
The Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) Adópengő (1946)
was used in the 1840s, and then again ISO 3166 code HU
from the 1860s to 1946. The unofficial
Hungarian name of the kingdom was Preceded by Succeeded by
Magyarország,[15] which is still the Principality of First Hungarian
colloquial, and also the official name of Hungary Republic
Hungary.[16] Hungarian First Czechoslovak
Republic (1919– Republic
The names in the other native languages of 20) Kingdom of Romania
the kingdom were: Polish: Królestwo Kingdom of Serbs,
Węgier, Romanian: Regatul Ungariei, Croats and Slovenes
Serbian: Kraljevina Ugarska, Croatian: First Austrian
Kraljevina Ugarska, Slovene: Kraljevina Republic
Ogrska, Slovak: Uhorské kráľovstvo, and Second Hungarian
Italian (for the city of Fiume), Regno Republic
d'Ungheria.
In Austria-Hungary (1867–1918), the unofficial name Transleithania was sometimes used to denote
the regions of the Kingdom of Hungary. Officially, the term Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen was
included for the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary, although this term was also in use prior to that
time.
Capital cities
Name Time period
Székesfehérvár 1000–1543
Esztergom 1000–1256
Buda 1256–1315
Temesvár (now Timișoara) 1315–1323
Visegrád 1323–1408
Buda 1408–1485
Vienna (Bécs) 1485–1490
Buda 1490–1536 (1541)
Lippa (now Lipova) – Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1541–1542
Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia) – Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1542–1570
Pressburg (Pozsony, now Bratislava) 1536–1784
Buda 1784–1849
Debrecen 1849
Buda 1849–1873
Budapest 1873–1944
Debrecen 1944
Budapest 1944–1946
History
Origins
The Hungarians, led by Árpád, settled the Carpathian Basin in 895 and established the Principality of
Hungary (896–1000).[17] The Hungarians led several successful incursions to Western Europe, until
they were stopped by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in Battle of Lechfeld.
Middle Ages
High Middle Ages
The principality was succeeded by the Christian Kingdom of Hungary with the coronation of
St Stephen I (son of principal Géza. Originally called Vajk until baptized) at Esztergom on Christmas
Day 1000. The first kings of the kingdom were from the Árpád dynasty. He fought against Koppány
and in 998, with Bavarian help, defeated him near Veszprém. The Catholic Church received powerful
support from Stephen I, who with Christian Hungarians and German knights wanted a Christian
kingdom established in Central Europe. Stephen I of Hungary was canonized as a Catholic saint in
1083 and an Eastern Orthodox saint in 2000.
Around 11th century, Kingdom of Hungary became a
Christian state,[18] and Catholicism in the Hungarian Kingdom was a state religion.[19][20]
After his death, a period of revolts and conflict for supremacy

ensued between the royalty and the nobles. In 1051 armies of the
Holy Roman Empire tried to conquer Hungary, but they were
defeated at Vértes Mountain. The armies of the Holy Roman
Empire continued to suffer defeats; the second greatest battle was
at the town now called Bratislava, in 1052. Before 1052 Peter
Orseolo, a supporter of the Holy Roman Empire, was overthrown
by king Samuel Aba of Hungary.[21][22]
This period of revolts ended

during the reign of Béla I.
Hungarian chroniclers praised King Stephen I of Hungary
Béla I for introducing new
currency, such as the silver
denarius, and for his benevolence to the former followers of his
nephew, Solomon. The second greatest Hungarian king, also from
the Árpád dynasty, was Ladislaus I of Hungary, who stabilized and
strengthened the kingdom. He was also canonized as a saint.
The Holy Crown of Hungary along
with other regalia
Under his rule Hungarians successfully fought against the Cumans
and acquired parts of Croatia in 1091. Due to a dynastic crisis in
Croatia, with the help of the local nobility who supported his
claim, he managed to swiftly seize power in northern parts of the Croatian kingdom (Slavonia), as he
was a claimant to the throne due to the fact that his sister was married to the late Croatian king
Zvonimir who died childless.
However, kingship over all of Croatia would not be achieved until

the reign of his successor Coloman. With the coronation of King
Coloman as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in Biograd in 1102, the
two kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary were united under one
crown.[23][24] Although the precise terms of this relationship
became a matter of dispute in the 19th century, it is believed that
Coloman created a kind of personal union between the two
kingdoms. The nature of the relationship varied through time,
Croatia retained a large degree of internal autonomy overall, while
the real power rested in the hands of the local nobility.[25] Modern
Croatian and Hungarian historiographies mostly view the
relations between Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526) and Kingdom Hungary (including Croatia) in 1190,
of Hungary from 1102 as a form of a personal union, i.e. that they during the rule of Béla III
were connected by a common king.[26] Also, one of the greatest
Hungarian jurists and statesmen of the 16th century, István
Werbőczy in his work Tripartitum treats Croatia as a kingdom separate to Hungary.
In 1222 Andrew II of Hungary issued the Golden Bull which laid down the principles of law.
Mongol invasion
In 1241, Hungary was invaded by the Mongols and while the first minor battles with Subutai's
vanguard probes ended in seeming Hungarian victories, the Mongols finally destroyed the combined
Hungarian and Cuman armies at the Battle of Muhi. In 1242, after the end of the Mongol invasion,
numerous fortresses to defend against future invasion were erected by Béla IV of Hungary. In
gratitude, the Hungarians acclaimed him as the "Second

Founder of the Homeland", and the Hungarian Kingdom
again became a considerable force in Europe. In 1260 Béla
IV lost the War of Babenberg Succession, his army was
defeated at the Battle of Kressenbrunn by the united
Bohemian forces. However, in 1278 Ladislaus IV of Hungary
and Austrian troops fully destroyed the Bohemian army at
the Battle on the Marchfeld.
The Meeting of Ladislaus IV and Rudolf I

Late Middle Ages during the Battle on the Marchfeld, painting
by Mór Than (1873)
The Árpád dynasty died out in 1301 with the death of
Andrew III. Subsequently, Hungary was ruled by the
Angevins until the end of the 14th century, and then by several
non-dynastic rulers – notably Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
and Matthias Corvinus – until the early 16th century.
The Anjou Age
When Andrew III's predecessor, Ladislaus IV, was assassinated in

1290, another nobleman was set up as titular King of Hungary:
Charles Martel of Anjou. Charles Martel was the son of King Local autonomies (including
Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary, the sister of Ladislaus Cumania, Székely Land and
IV. However, Andrew III took the crown for himself and ruled Transylvanian Saxons) in the late
without inconvenience after Charles Martel's death in 1295. 13th century
Upon Andrew's death in 1301, the throne was claimed by Charles

Martel's son, Charles Robert. After a period of instability, he was
finally crowned King Charles I in 1310. He implemented
considerable economic reforms and defeated the remaining
nobility who were in opposition to royal rule, led by Máté Csák III.
The kingdom of Hungary reached an age of prosperity and
stability under Charles I. The gold mines of the Kingdom were
extensively worked and soon Hungary reached a prominent
standing in European gold production. The forint was introduced
as a currency, replacing the denars, and soon after Charles's
reforms were implemented, the economy of the Kingdom started
to prosper again, having fallen into a parlous state following the
Mongol invasion.
Charles exalted the cult to Saint Ladislaus I, using him as a symbol

of bravery, justice and purity. He also venerated his uncle, Saint
Louis of Toulouse. On the other hand, he gave importance to the King Charles I of Hungary
cults of the princesses Saint Elizabeth and Saint Margaret, which
added relevance to the lineage inheritance through the feminine
branches.[27]
Charles restored the royal power which had fallen into feudal lords' hands, and then made the lords
swear loyalty to him. For this, he founded in 1326 the Order of Saint George, which was the first
secular chivalric order in the world, and included the most important noblemen of the Kingdom.
Charles married four times. His fourth wife was Elizabeth, the
daughter of Władysław I of Poland. When Charles died in 1342,
his eldest son by Elizabeth succeeded him as Louis I. In the first
years of his reign, Louis was advised closely by his mother, making
her one of the most influential personalities in the Kingdom.
Charles had arranged the marriage of his second son, Andrew,

with his cousin Joanna, the granddaughter of King Robert of
Naples, in 1332. Robert died in 1343, bequeathing his kingdom to
Joanna but excluding the claim of Andrew. In 1345, a group of The administrative divisions of
noble Neapolitan conspirators murdered Andrew at Aversa. medieval Hungary
Almost immediately, Louis declared war on Naples, conducting a
first campaign in 1347–1348 and a second in 1350. He eventually
signed peace with Joanna in 1352. Louis also waged wars against
the Serbian Empire and the Golden Horde, restoring the
Hungarian monarchs' authority over territories along the frontiers
which had been lost during the previous decades.
In 1370 Louis's uncle, Casimir III of Poland, died without male

issue. Louis succeeded him, thus establishing the first union of
Hungary and Poland. This lasted until 1382 when Louis himself
died without male issue; his two daughters, Mary and Jadwiga,
then ascended the thrones of Hungary and Poland respectively.
The Age of Sigismund
Louis I of Hungary always kept good

and close relationships with the Holy
Roman Emperor Charles IV of Louis I of Hungary on Heroes
Luxembourg and finally proclaimed Square, Budapest
Charles's son Sigismund of
Luxembourg to succeed him as King
of Hungary. Sigismund became a renowned king who created many
improvements in the Hungarian law system and who rebuilt the palaces
of Buda and Visegrád. He brought materials from Austria and Bohemia
and ordered the creation of the most luxurious building in all of central
Europe. In his laws can be seen the traces of the early mercantilism. He
worked hard to keep the nobility under his control. A great part of his
reign was dedicated to the fight with the Ottoman Empire, which started
King Sigismund of Hungary
to extend its frontiers and influence to Europe. In 1396 was fought the
Battle of Nicopolis against the Ottomans, which resulted in a defeat for
the Hungarian-French forces led by Sigismund and Philip of Artois,
Count of Eu. However, Sigismund continued to successfully contain the Ottoman forces outside of the
Kingdom for the rest of his life.
Losing popularity among the Hungarian nobility, Sigismund soon became victim of an attempt
against his rule, and Ladislaus of Anjou-Durazzo (the son of the murdered King of Naples Charles II
of Hungary) was called in and crowned. Since the ceremony was not performed with the Hungarian
Holy Crown, and in the city of Székesfehérvár, it was considered illegitimate. Ladislaus stayed only
few days in Hungarian territory and soon left it, no longer an inconvenience for Sigismund. In 1408
he founded the Order of the Dragon, which included the most of the relevant monarchs and noblemen
of that region of Europe at that time. This was just a first step for what was coming. In 1410 he was
elected King of the Romans, making him the supreme monarch over the German territories. He had
to deal with the Hussite movement, a religious reformist group that was born in Bohemia, and he
presided at the Council of Constance, where the theologist founder Jan Hus, was judged. In 1419
Sigismund inherited the Crown of Bohemia after the death of his brother Wenceslaus of Luxembourg,
obtaining the formal control of three medieval states, but he struggled for control of Bohemia until the
peace agreement with the Hussites and his coronation in 1436. In 1433 was crowned as Holy Roman
Emperor by the Pope and ruled until his death in 1437, leaving as his only heir his daughter Elizabeth
of Luxembourg and her husband. The marriage of Elizabeth was arranged with the Duke Albert V of
Austria, who was later crowned as King Albert of Hungary in 1437.
Hunyadi family
The Hungarian kingdom's golden age was during the reign of Matthias
Corvinus (1458–1490), the son of John Hunyadi. His nickname was
"Matthias the Just". He further improved the Hungarian economy and
practised astute diplomacy in place of military action whenever possible.
Matthias did undertake campaigning when necessary. From 1485 until
his death, he occupied Vienna, aiming to limit the influence and
meddling of the Holy Roman Empire in Hungary's affairs.
At the time of the initial Ottoman encroachment, the Hungarians

successfully resisted conquest. John Hunyadi was leader of the Crusade
of Varna, in which the Hungarians tried to expel the Turks from the
Balkans. Initially, they were successful, but later at the Battle of Varna,
the Ottomans won a decisive if Pyrrhic victory. Wladyslaw III was Matthias Corvinus as
decapitated during this battle. depicted in Johannes de
Thurocz's Chronica
In 1456, John Hunyadi delivered a crushing defeat of the Ottomans at the Hungarorum
Siege of Belgrade. The Noon Bell commemorates the fallen Christian
warriors. In the 15th century, the Black Army of Hungary was a modern
mercenary army, with the Hussars the most skilled troops of the
Hungarian cavalry. In 1479, under the leadership of Pál Kinizsi, the
Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the
Battle of Breadfield. The army of Hungary destroyed its enemies almost
every time when Matthias was king.
Matthias died without legitimate heir, and was thus succeeded by

Vladislaus II Jagiellon (1490–1516), the son of Casimir IV of Poland. In
turn, Vladislaus was succeeded by his son Louis II (1516–26).
Western conquests of
In 1526, at the Battle of Mohács, the forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Matthias Corvinus
Suleiman the Magnificent annihilated the Hungarian army. In trying to
escape, Louis II drowned in the Csele Creek. The leader of the Hungarian
army, Pál Tomori, also died in the battle.
Early modern history
The divided kingdom

Due to a serious defeat by the Ottomans (Battle of Mohács) the central authority collapsed. The
majority of Hungary's ruling elite elected John Zápolya (10 November 1526). A small minority of
aristocrats sided with Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, who was Archduke of Austria, and was
related to Louis by marriage. Due to previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the
Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs, Ferdinand was elected king by a rump diet in December
1526.
Although the borders shifted frequently during this period, the three parts can be identified, more or
less, as follows:
Royal Hungary, which consisted of northern and western territories where Ferdinand I was
recognized as king of Hungary. This part is viewed as defining the continuity of the Kingdom of
Hungary. The territory along with Ottoman Hungary suffered greatly from the nearly constant wars
taking place.
Ottoman Hungary The Great Alföld (i.e. most of present-day Hungary, including south-eastern
Transdanubia and the Banat), partly without north-eastern present-day Hungary.
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom under the Szapolyai. Note that this territory, often under Ottoman
influence, was different from Transylvania proper and included various other territories sometimes
referred to as Partium. Later the entity was called Principality of Transylvania.
On 29 February 1528, King John I of Hungary

received the support of the Ottoman Sultan. A
three-sided conflict ensued as Ferdinand moved
to assert his rule over as much of the Hungarian
kingdom as he could. By 1529 the kingdom had
been split into two parts: Habsburg Hungary
and the "eastern-Kingdom of Hungary". At this
time there were no Ottomans on Hungarian
territories, except Srem's important castles. In
1532, Nikola Jurišić defended Kőszeg and The Battle of Buda (1686): Hungarians and the Holy
stopped a powerful Ottoman army. By 1541, the League (1684) reconquering Buda
fall of Buda marked a further division of
Hungary into three areas. The country
remained divided until the end of the 17th century.
On 1 May 1566, Suleiman I led an Ottoman invasion of Habsburg-controlled Hungary, the Ottoman
forces of which was one of the most sizable armies he had led in his rule of 46 years.[28] After reaching
Belgrade and met with John II Sigismund Zápolya on 27 June, Suleiman I learned that a Croatian-
Hungarian nobleman, Nikola IV Zrinski, Ban of Croatia, accomplished an attack on an Ottoman
military camp at Siklós.[29][30] Suleiman I held off his attack of Eger for the time being, and began to
set off towards Nikola IV Zrinski's fortress at Szigetvár. From 2 August to 7 September, the Ottoman
forces had laid siege to the fortress with a force, at the least, of 150,000 against Zrinski's 2,300
defenders. While the siege turned into a victory for the Ottomans, it came at the cost of: 25,000
Ottoman soldiers and Suleiman I, who before the final battle of Szigetvár, due to natural causes of old
age and illness.[29]
In the following centuries there were numerous attempts to push back the Ottoman forces, such as the
Long War or Thirteen Years' War (29 July 1593 – 1604/11 November 1606) led by a coalition of
Christian forces. In 1644 the Winter Campaign by Miklós Zrínyi burnt the crucial Suleiman Bridge of
Osijek in eastern Slavonia, interrupting a Turkish supply line in Hungary. At the Battle of Saint
Gotthard (1664), Austrians and Hungarians defeated the Turkish army.
After the Ottoman siege of Vienna failed in 1683, the Habsburgs went on the offensive against the
Turks. By the end of the 17th century, they managed to invade the remainder of the historical
Kingdom of Hungary and the principality of Transylvania. For a while in 1686, the capital Buda was
again free from the Ottoman Empire, with the aid of other Europeans.
The Kuruc age
Rákóczi's War for Independence (1703–1711) was the first

significant freedom fight in Hungary against absolutist Habsburg
rule. It was fought by a group of noblemen, wealthy and high-
ranking progressives who wanted to put an end to the inequality
of power relations, led by Francis II Rákóczi (II. Rákóczi Ferenc in
Hungarian). Its main aims were to protect the rights of the
different social orders, and to ensure the economic and social
development of the country. Due to the adverse balance of forces,
the political situation in Europe and internal conflicts the freedom The Battle of Kuruc-Labanc, kuruc
fight was eventually suppressed, but it succeeded in keeping preparing to attack traveling coach
Hungary from becoming an integral part of the Habsburg Empire, and riders, c. 1705
and its constitution was kept, even though it was only a formality.
After the departure of the Ottomans, the Habsburgs dominated

the Hungarian Kingdom. The Hungarians' renewed desire for
freedom led to Rákóczi's War for Independence. The most
important reasons of the war were the new and higher taxes and a
renewed Protestant movement. Rákóczi was a Hungarian
nobleman, son of the legendary heroine Ilona Zrínyi. He spent a
part of his youth in Austrian captivity. The Kurucs were troops of
Rákóczi. Initially, the Kuruc army attained several important
victories due to their superior light cavalry. Their weapons were Counties of the Kingdom of Hungary
mostly pistols, light sabre and fokos. At the Battle of Saint around 1880
Gotthard (1705), János Bottyán decisively defeated the Austrian
army. The Hungarian colonel Ádám Balogh nearly captured
Joseph I, the King of Hungary and Archduke of Austria.
In 1708, the Habsburgs finally defeated the main Hungarian army at Battle of Trencsén, and this
diminished the further effectiveness of the Kuruc army. While the Hungarians were exhausted by the
fights, the Austrians defeated the French army in the War of the Spanish Succession. They could send
more troops to Hungary against the rebels. Transylvania became part of Hungary again starting at the
end of the 17th century, and was led by governors.[31][32]
Age of Enlightenment
In 1711, Austrian Emperor Charles VI became the next ruler of Hungary. Throughout the 18th century,
the Kingdom of Hungary had its own diet (parliament) and constitution, but the members of the
Governor's Council (Helytartótanács, the office of the palatine) were appointed by the Habsburg
monarch, and the superior economic institution, the Hungarian Chamber, was directly subordinated
to the Court Chamber in Vienna.
The Hungarian language reform started under the reign of Joseph

II. The reform age of Hungary was started by István Széchenyi a
Hungarian noble, who built one of the greatest bridges of
Hungary, the Széchenyi Chain Bridge. The official language
remained Latin until 1836, when Hungarian was
introduced. [35][36] Between 1844 and 1849, and from 1867
onward, Hungarian became the exclusively used official language.
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Distribution of Hungarians in the

Kingdom of Hungary and the
The European revolutions of 1848 swept into Hungary, as well. Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1890)
The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 sought to redress the long
suppressed desire for political change, namely independence. The
Hungarian National Guard was created by young Hungarian
patriots in 1848. In literature, this was best expressed by the
greatest poet of the revolution, Sándor Petőfi.
As war broke out with Austria, Hungarian military successes,

which included the campaigns of the Hungarian general, Artúr
Görgey, forced the Austrians on the defensive. One of the most
famous battles of the revolution, the Battle of Pákozd, was fought
on 29 September 1848, when the Hungarian revolutionary army
Ethnic map of the Hungary proper
led by Lieutenant-General János Móga defeated the troops of the
publicized by the Hungarian Trianon
Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić. Fearing defeat, the Austrians pleaded
delegation. Regions with population
for Russian help. The combined forces of the two empires quelled
density below 20 persons/km2[33]
the revolution. The desired political changes of 1848 were again
are left blank and the corresponding
suppressed until the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.
population is represented in the
nearest region with population
Population 1910 (without Croatia-Slavonia)[37]
density above that limit. The vibrant,
dominant red color was deliberately
Ethnicity Number Percentage chosen to mark Hungarians while
the light purple color of the
Hungarian 9 944 627 54.44%
Romanians, who were already the
Romanian 2 948 186 16.14% majority in the whole of Transylvania
Slovak 1 946 357 10.65% back then, is shadow-like.[34]
Hungarians
German 1 903 357 10.42%
Germans
Ruthenian 464 270 2.54%
Slovaks
Serbian 461 516 2.52% Ruthenians
Croatian 194 808 1.06% Romanians
Serbs
Other 401 412 2.19%
Croats
All 18 264 533 100%
Spaces with a smaller density
than 20 persons/sq km
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Habsburg Monarchy became the "dual
monarchy" of Austria-Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian economy changed dramatically during the
existence of the Dual Monarchy. Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization.
The capitalist way of production spread throughout the Empire

during its fifty-year existence and obsolete medieval institutions
continued to disappear. By the early 20th century, most of the
Empire began to experience rapid economic growth. The GNP per
capita grew roughly 1.45% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level
of growth compared very favorably to that of other European
nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany
(1.51%).
Coronation of Francis Joseph I and
The lands of the Hungarian Crown (comprising the Kingdom of Elisabeth at Matthias Church, Buda,
Hungary proper, into which Transylvania was fully incorporated, 8 June 1867
and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which maintained a distinct
identity and internal autonomy) were granted equal status with
the Austrian Empire. Each of the two states comprising Austria-Hungary exercised considerable
independence, with certain institutions, notably the reigning house, defence, foreign affairs, and
finances for common expenditures, remaining under joint management. This arrangement lasted
until 1918, when the Central Powers went down in defeat in World War I.
Transitions (1918 to 1920)
Two short-lived republics
The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Hungarian Republic of Councils (Hungarian:

Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság[38] or Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges
[39]
Tanácsköztársaság ) was a short-lived independent communist state established in Hungary.
It lasted only from 21 March until 1 August 1919. The state was led by Béla Kun and was not
recognized by France, the UK or the US.[40] It was the second socialist state in the world to be formed
after the October Revolution in Russia brought the Bolsheviks to power. The Hungarian Republic of
Councils had military conflicts with the Kingdom of Romania (see Hungarian–Romanian War), the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the evolving Czechoslovakia. It collapsed on 1 August 1919
when Hungarians sent representatives to negotiate their surrender to the Romanian forces and Béla
Kun, together with other high-ranking Communists, fled to Austria.[41]
A 1919 attempt to form a federation with the Kingdom of Romania also failed, when the Romanian
King ultimately refused to accept the Hungarian Crown.[42]
The restoration of the Kingdom
After the pullout of occupation forces of Romania in 1920 the country went into civil conflict, with
Hungarian anti-communists and monarchists purging the nation of communists, leftists and others
by whom they felt threatened. On 29 February 1920, after the pullout of the last of the Romanian
occupation forces, the Kingdom of Hungary was restored, a coalition of right-wing political forces
united and reinstated Hungary's status as a constitutional monarchy. Selection of the new King was
delayed due to civil infighting, and a regent was appointed to represent the monarchy, former Austro-
Hungarian navy admiral Miklós Horthy.
Treaty of Trianon (1920)
The new borders set in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon ceded

72% of the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary to the
neighbouring states. The main beneficiaries were Romania,
the newly formed states of Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom
of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, but Austria, Poland and Italy
also gained smaller territories. The areas that were allocated
to neighbouring countries in total (and each of them
separately) possessed a majority of non-Hungarian
population, but more than 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians
were left outside the new borders of Hungary. Many view
this as contrary to the terms laid out by US President The Treaty of Trianon: Hungary lost 72% of
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which were intended to its territory, its sea access, half of its 10
honour the ethnic makeup of the territories. As President biggest cities and all of its precious metal
Wilson left the conference to emphasize his disagreement, mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found
and because the US Congress did not ratify the treaty, the themselves separated from their
United States of America and the Kingdom of Hungary motherland.[43][44][45]
signed a separate peace treaty on 29 August 1921.[46]
Between 1920 and 1946
Interwar period
The new international borders separated Hungary's industrial

base from its sources of raw materials and its former markets for
agricultural and industrial products. Hungary lost 84% of its
timber resources, 43% of its arable land, and 83% of its iron ore.
Furthermore, post-Trianon Hungary possessed 90% of the
engineering and printing industry of the Kingdom, while only 11%
of timber and 16% iron was retained. In addition, 61% of arable
land, 74% of public road, 65% of canals, 62% of railroads, 64% of
hard surface roads, 83% of pig iron output, 55% of industrial
plants, 100% of gold, silver, copper, mercury and salt mines, and
67% of credit and banking institutions of the prewar Kingdom of
Hungary lay within the territory of Hungary's
neighbors.[47][48][49]
Because most of the country's pre-war industry was concentrated

near Budapest, Hungary retained about 51% of its industrial
population and 56% of its industry. Horthy appointed Count Pál Miklós Horthy was regent of
Teleki as Prime Minister in July 1920. His government issued a Hungary from 1920 to 1944
numerus clausus law, limiting admission of "political insecure
elements" (these were often Jews) to universities and, in order to
quiet rural discontent, took initial steps towards fulfilling a promise of major land reform by dividing
about 3,850 km2 from the largest estates into smallholdings. Teleki's government resigned, however,
after Charles IV unsuccessfully attempted to retake Hungary's throne in March 1921. The return of
King Charles produced split parties between conservatives who favored a Habsburg restoration and
nationalist right-wing radicals who supported election of a Hungarian king. Count István Bethlen, a
non-affiliated right-wing member of the parliament, took advantage of this rift forming a new Party of
Unity under his leadership. Horthy then appointed Bethlen prime minister. Charles IV died soon after
he failed a second time to reclaim the throne in October 1921. (For more detail on Charles's attempts
to retake the throne, see Charles IV of Hungary's conflict with Miklós Horthy.)
As prime minister, Bethlen dominated Hungarian politics between 1921

and 1931. He fashioned a political machine by amending the electoral
law, providing jobs in the expanding bureaucracy to his supporters, and
manipulating elections in rural areas. Bethlen restored order to the
country by giving the radical counterrevolutionaries payoffs and
government jobs in exchange for ceasing their campaign of terror against
Jews and leftists. In 1921, he made a deal with the Social Democrats and
trade unions (called Bethlen-Peyer Pact), agreeing, among other things,
to legalize their activities and free political prisoners in return for their
pledge to refrain from spreading anti-Hungarian propaganda, calling
political strikes, and organizing the peasantry. Bethlen brought Hungary
into the League of Nations in 1922 and out of international isolation by
signing a treaty of friendship with Italy in 1927. The revision of the Treaty
István Bethlen, the Prime of Trianon rose to the top of Hungary's political agenda and the strategy
Minister of Hungary employed by Bethlen consisted by strengthening the economy and
building relations with stronger nations. Revision of the treaty had such a
broad backing in Hungary that Bethlen used it, at least in part, to deflect
criticism of his economic, social, and political policies.
The Great Depression induced a drop in the standard of living and the political mood of the country
shifted further toward the right. In 1932 Horthy appointed a new prime-minister, Gyula Gömbös, who
changed the course of Hungarian policy towards closer cooperation with Germany. Gömbös signed a
trade agreement with Germany that drew Hungary's economy out of depression but made Hungary
dependent on the German economy for both raw materials and markets. On 2 November 1938, as the
result of the First Vienna Award parts of Czechoslovakia – Southern Slovakia and a part of Carpathian
Ruthenia – were returned to Hungary, an area amounting to 11,927 km2 and a population of 869,299
(86.5% of which were Hungarians according to the 1941 census). Between 5 November and 10
November, Hungarian armed forces peacefully occupied the newly transferred territories.[50] Hitler
later promised to transfer all of Slovakia to Hungary in exchange for a military alliance, but his offer
was rejected. Instead, Horthy chose to pursue a territorial revision to be decided along ethnic lines. In
March 1939, the Czecho-Slovak Republic was dissolved, Germany invaded it, and the Protectorate of
Bohemia and Moravia was established. On 14 March, Slovakia declared itself to be an independent
state.
On 15 March, Carpatho-Ukraine declared itself to be an independent state. Hungary rejected the

independence of Carpatho-Ukraine and, between 14 March and 18 March, Hungarian armed forces
occupied the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia and ousted the government of Avgustyn Voloshyn. By
contrast, Hungary recognized the Nazi puppet state of Slovakia led by the Clerical Fascist Jozef
Tiso.[51] In September 1940, with troops massing on both sides of the Hungarian-Romanian border,
war was averted by the Second Vienna Award. This award transferred the northern half of
Transylvania to Hungary, with a total area of 43,492 km2 and a total population of 2,578,100 with a
53.5% Hungarian majority according to the 1941 census. By dividing Transylvania between Romania
and Hungary, Hitler was able to ease tensions in Hungary. In October 1940, the Germans initiated a
reciprocity policy between Romania and Hungary which was continued until the end of World War II.
The region of Sub-Carpathia was given special autonomous status with the intention that (eventually)
it would be self-governed by the Ruthenian minority.
During World War II 1941–1945
After being granted part of southern Czechoslovakia and

Subcarpathia by the Germans and Italians in the First Vienna
Award of 1938, and then northern Transylvania in the Second
Vienna Award of 1940, Hungary participated in their first military
maneuvers on the side of the Axis powers in 1941. Thus, the
Hungarian army was part of the invasion of Yugoslavia, gaining
some more territory and joining the Axis powers in the process.
On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation
Barbarossa. Hungary joined the German effort and declared war
on the Soviet Union on 26 June, and entered World War II on the
side of the Axis. In late 1941, the Hungarian troops on the Eastern
Front experienced success at the Battle of Uman. By 1943, after The Kingdom of Hungary in 1942,
the Hungarian Second Army suffered extremely heavy losses at during World War II
the river Don, the Hungarian government sought to negotiate a
surrender with the Allies. On 19 March 1944, as a result of this
duplicity, German troops occupied Hungary in what was known as Operation Margarethe. By then it
was clear that Hungarian politics would be suppressed according to Hitler's intention to hold the
country in the war on the side of the Nazi Third Reich because of its strategic location. On 15 October
1944, Horthy made a token effort to disengage Hungary from the war. The Germans launched
Operation Panzerfaust and Horthy's regime was replaced by a fascist puppet government under the
pro-German Arrow Cross leader Ferenc Szálasi, thus effectively ending the possibility for independent
actions in the war. However, the form of government was only changed to a republic two years later.
Transitioning into a republic
Following its occupation of Hungary in 1944, the Soviet Union imposed harsh conditions allowing the
Russians to seize important material assets and control internal affairs.[52] After the Red Army set up
police organs to persecute "class enemies", the Soviets assumed that the impoverished Hungarian
populace would support the Communists in the coming elections.[53] The Communists fared poorly,
receiving only 17% of the vote, resulting in a coalition government under Prime Minister Zoltán
Tildy.[54] Soviet intervention, however, resulted in a government that disregarded Tildy, placed
communists in important ministries, and imposed restrictive and repressive measures, including
banning the victorious Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party.[53] In 1945,
Soviet Marshal Kliment Voroshilov forced the freely elected Hungarian government to yield the
Interior Ministry to a nominee of the Hungarian Communist Party. Communist Interior Minister
László Rajk established the ÁVH secret police, which suppressed political opposition through
intimidation, false accusations, imprisonment and torture.[55] In 1946 the form of government was
changed to a republic. Soon after the monarchy was abolished, the Soviet Union pressed Hungarian
leader Mátyás Rákosi to take a "line of more pronounced class struggle."[56] What emerged was a
communist state lasting until 23 October 1956 when the Soviet Russian occupation was swept away by
the Hungarian uprising, victorious until 10 November 1956. The Soviet occupation was then restored,
lasting until 1989 when the Communists agreed to give up their monopoly on power, paving the way
for free elections in March 1990. In today's republic, the Kingdom is regarded as one long stage in the
development of the state. This sense of continuity is reflected in the republic's national symbols such
as the Holy Crown of Hungary and the Coat of arms of Hungary, which are the same as when the
monarchy was still in place. Several holidays, the official language (Hungarian), and the capital city
Budapest have also been retained. The official Hungarian name of the country is Magyarország
(simply Hungary) since 2012;[16] it was also the common name of the monarchy.[15] The millennium
of the Hungarian statehood was commemorated in 2000 and codified by the Millennium Act of
2000.[57]
See also
Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary
Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)
Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary
List of Hungarian rulers
Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary
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53. Wettig 2008, p. 85
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Further reading
Engel, Pál. The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. (2001).
Frucht, Richard. Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of
Communism (https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106917725) (2000)
Hoensch, Jörg K., and Kim Traynor. History of Modern Hungary (https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?
a=o&d=27024260A), 1867–1994 (1996)
Hanak, Peter et al. A History of Hungary (1994)
Kontler, Laszlo. A History of Hungary (2006) excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/d
p/1403903174)
Molnár, Miklós, and Anna Magyar. A Concise History of Hungary (2001) excerpt and text search
(https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521667364)
Palffy, Geza. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century
(East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 2010) 406 pages; Covers
the period after the battle of Mohacs in 1526 when the Kingdom of Hungary was partitioned in
three, with one segment going to the Habsburgs.
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12/30/21, 5:18 PM Kingdom of Hungary - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 47°28′N 19°03′E

from the Middle Ages into the 20th Names ↓

1918–1920) and existed for almost a Regnum Hungariae (Latin)

millennium. The Principality of Hungary

Due to the Ottoman occupation of the

Hungary, and the semi-independent "Kingdom of Mary, the Patroness of Hungary"

after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 "Hymn"

From 1867, territories connected to the

The Kingdom of Hungary was a

Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), Esztergom (1000–1256)

Carpathian Romani, Croatian,

The Age of Sigismund (1867–1918; 1926–1945)

Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) • Battle of Mohi 11 April 1241

High Middle Ages

After his death, a period of revolts and conflict for supremacy

This period of revolts ended

However, kingship over all of Croatia would not be achieved until

gratitude, the Hungarians acclaimed him as the "Second

The Meeting of Ladislaus IV and Rudolf I

The Anjou Age

When Andrew III's predecessor, Ladislaus IV, was assassinated in

Upon Andrew's death in 1301, the throne was claimed by Charles

Charles exalted the cult to Saint Ladislaus I, using him as a symbol

Charles had arranged the marriage of his second son, Andrew,

In 1370 Louis's uncle, Casimir III of Poland, died without male

The Age of Sigismund

Louis I of Hungary always kept good

At the time of the initial Ottoman encroachment, the Hungarians

Matthias died without legitimate heir, and was thus succeeded by

Early modern history

The divided kingdom

On 29 February 1528, King John I of Hungary

The Kuruc age

Rákóczi's War for Independence (1703–1711) was the first

After the departure of the Ottomans, the Habsburgs dominated

The Hungarian language reform started under the reign of Joseph

Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Distribution of Hungarians in the

As war broke out with Austria, Hungarian military successes,

The capitalist way of production spread throughout the Empire

Transitions (1918 to 1920)

Two short-lived republics

The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Hungarian Republic of Councils (Hungarian:

The restoration of the Kingdom

Treaty of Trianon (1920)

The new borders set in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon ceded

Between 1920 and 1946

The new international borders separated Hungary's industrial

Because most of the country's pre-war industry was concentrated

As prime minister, Bethlen dominated Hungarian politics between 1921

On 15 March, Carpatho-Ukraine declared itself to be an independent state. Hungary rejected the

During World War II 1941–1945

After being granted part of southern Czechoslovakia and

Transitioning into a republic

13. "Saint Stephen's Day in Hungary in 2020" (https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/hungary/saint-

35. "1836. évi III. törvénycikk a Magyar Nyelvről" (https://1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=5148).

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