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Effect of Cuo Addition On The Structural and Optical Properties of Nio Nanoparticles
Effect of Cuo Addition On The Structural and Optical Properties of Nio Nanoparticles
DOI: 10.5923/j.nn.20130303.04
Abstract NiO and CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method fro m n ickel n itrate and copper nitrate
respectively. For the synthesis processes, respective nitrate is used as precursor and ethanol is used as solvent. The obtained
gels were dried at 300℃. The dried gels of both the samples were mixed into 1:1 ratio and ground thoroughly. The pressed
pellet o f the mixture is subjected to calcinations at 500℃ in order to achieve NiO/ CuO nanocomposite. St ructural and optical
characterizat ions of the NiO/ CuO nanocomposite were investigated by using XRD and UV-Visib le spectrophotometer
respectively. The crystallite size in pure NiO was decreased fro m 20 n m to ~17 n m and the strain increased fro m 0.18% to
0.23% when the same formed nanocomposite with Cu O. Urbach energy estimated fro m UV-Vis ible spectra increased fro m
0.548 eV in pure NiO to 0.795 eV in NiO/ CuO nanocomposite. This indicates Cu O induced disorder in the NiO/Cu O
nanocomposite sample. Ou r study thus confirms that by making nanocomposite with CuO has influenced significantly on the
crystallite size and strain of NiO nanoparticles.
Keywords Nanoparticle, NiO, Nanocomposite, Sol-gel, UV-Vis ible Spectroscopy
nanoparticles show Bragg planes of (111), (200), (220), (311) It is also clearly seen fro m the figure that the absorption
and (222) fro m lower angle to h igher angles respectively coefficient tends to decrease exponentially as the wavelength
indicating the formation of fcc structures of bulk NiO[4]. increases like the case of pure NiO nanoparticles[4]. This
These planes of NiO are marked with *. The other XRD behaviour is typical for many semiconductors and can occur
peaks are matched and indexed well with the reported peaks for a variety of reasons, such as internal electric fields within
of Cu O nanoparticles[5]. The lattice parameter ( a ) of NiO the crystal, deformation of lattice due to strain caused by
nanoparticles in the present case is ~ 0.4173 n m wh ich is imperfection and inelastic scattering of charge carriers by
slightly smaller than that obtained for NiO nanoparticles phonons[7-9].
(0.4179 n m) without CuO inclusion. In order to see the effect
of CuO nanoparticles on the microstructural properties (like
2.2
size, strain etc.) of the NiO, we have estimated the average
crystallite size ( D ) and the strain ( ε ) present in NiO 2.0
sample fro m the full width at half maximu m (FW HM) of the
XRD peaks by using the follo wing equations[6]: 1.8
0.94λ 1.6
D= (1)
β cos θ 1.4
and
1.2
β cos θ
α
ε= (2)
4 1.0
where β is the FWHM, θ is the Bragg angle and λ is
0.8
the wavelength of Cu K radiation. The values of D
α
and ε estimated fro m XRD line width were about 17 n m 0.6
and 0.24 % respectively for the NiO/Cu O nanocomposites. 0.4
These values ( D and ε ) calculated for pure NiO were
found to be ~ 20 n m and 0.18 % respectively[4]. The present 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
study thus indicated that the lattice parameter and crystallite Wavelength (nm)
size are decreased and the strain is increased in NiO when it Figure 2. Variation of absorption coefficient of NiO/CuO nanocomposite
formed composite with CuO. This may be due to the as a function of wavelength
accumulat ion of CuO on the grain boundary of NiO which
inhibit the crystal growth and leads to strain generation in The optical band gap was extracted according to the
NiO grains. following relat ion[10]:
(-111)
B( hν − E g ) n
α= (3)
300 (111) hν
where hν is the incident photon energy, α is the
absorption coefficient, B is a materials dependent constant
250 *
and E g is the optical band gap. The value of n depends
on the nature of transition. Depending on whether the
Intensity (a.u.)
present case closely matches with the same of pure NiO semiconductors, Eu is a direct measure of
nanoparticles (3.54 eV[4]). Indirect band gap on the other
temperature-induced disorder and for amorphous or highly
hand decreased by 0.36 eV when the same is co mpared with
pure NiO nanoparticles[4]. The absorption coefficient at doped materials, Eu becomes larger because of the
lower photon energy usually follows the Urbach rule[12]: contributions from both thermal and structural disorders[14].
hν We estimated the Urbach energy from UV-Visib le spectra
α (hν ) = α 0 exp( ) (4)
for both pure NiO and for NiO/ CuO nanocomposite. Eu
Eu
increased fro m 0.548 eV in pure NiO to 0.795 eV in
where α 0 is the constant and Eu is the Urbach energy. It
NiO/ CuO nanocomposite. Th is indicates Cu O induced
has been reported that both static structural and dynamic disorder in the NiO/ CuO nanocomposite sample.
phonon disorder can be quantified through Eu [13]. It has
also been reported that for high quality crystalline
120
(a)
100
80
(αhν)2
60
40
20
0
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
E (eV)
3.2 (b)
2.8
2.4
2.0
(αhν)1/2
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
E (eV)
1
Figure 3. Variation of (αhν ) n vs. photon energy,
hν for NiO/CuO nanocomposite with (a) n =1/2 and (b) n = 2
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2013, 3(3): 52-55 55
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS [9] A. Sawaby, M .S. Selim, S.Y. M arzouk, M .A. M ostafa and A.
Hosny, Physica B 405, 3412 (2010).
The authors thank to Prof. N.C. M ishra, Utkal Un iversity,
[10] N.F. M ott, E.A. Davies, Electronic Processes in
Bhubaneswar for his encouragement and also for providing Non-Crystalline M aterials (Clarendon Press, Oxford,1979)
Laboratory facility to carry out this work. DST, Govt. of
India is acknowledged for proving XRD facility at Utkal [11] A.N. Banerjee and K.K. Chattopadhyay, in D. Depla and S.
University, Bhubaneswar under FIST p rogramme. M aheiu (Eds.), Reactive Sputter Deposition, Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg, 2008, p.465.
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Z.L. Wang, M . Swihart and P.N. Prasad, Nano lett. 6, 876 Chem. Solids 62, 747 (2001)
(2006).