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Oracle

Database 12c Release 2


New Features Overview

Roy F. Swonger
Vice President, Database Upgrade & Utilities
Oracle Server Technologies

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Safe Harbor Statement
The following is intended to outline our general product direction. It is intended for
information purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a
commitment to deliver any material, code, or functionality, and should not be relied upon
in making purchasing decisions. The development, release, and timing of any features or
functionality described for Oracle’s products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.

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Oracle Database 12c Release 2 Availability

• Available now
– On Premises
• Linux
• Solaris
• HP-UX
• AIX
• Windows
• Soon: zLinux
– Exadata Express Cloud Service
– Database Cloud Services
– Engineered Systems
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Oracle Database 12c Continuous Innovation
1990s 2000s 2010s
Client-Server Internet Cloud
Oracle 5, 6, 7, 8 Oracle 8i, 9i, 10g Oracle 11g, 12c
Scalability Row Level Locking, B-tree Indexes, Real Application Clusters, Exadata, Smart Flash, In-Memory DB,
Read Consistency, Parallel Server, Automatic Storage Management, IOTs Software-in-Silicon,
Shared Cursors, Shared Server Advanced Compression, Bitmap Indexes Native Database Sharding

Availability Transactions, Ref Integrity, Online Data Guard (Active), Recovery Manager, Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance, Edition
Backup, Point-in-Time Recovery Flashback, Clusterware, Online DDL, TAF Based Redefinition, App. Cont.

Analytics Partitions, Parallel SQL, Optimizer Analytic Function, Data Mining, OLAP, MVs SQL Pattern Match, R, Big Data Appl
Security Privileges, Roles, Auditing, Network Data Encrypt, Masking, Virtual Private DB, Label Real Application Security, DB Firewall,
Encryption, Views Security, DB Vault, Audit Vault, PKI Privilege Analysis, Redaction, Key Vault
Developers SQL, Views, PL/SQL, Triggers, LOBs, Java in DB, Native XML, Table Functions, .Net, Native JSON, REST Services, Node.js,
Object Types, Spatial, Text PHP, App Express, SQL Developer RDF Social Graph, Network Graph

Management Enterprise Manager, v$, wait event Diagnostics, Tuning, Testing, Lifecycle Packs MultiTenant, DB & Exa Cloud, DB Appl

Integration DB Links, 2PC, Replication, AQ GoldenGate, XA Transaction,External Table Big Data SQL, Big Data Analytics

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https://docs.oracle.com/database/122/NEWFT/toc.htm

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Performance
Performance Security Developers Management Availability Big Data Analytics

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What is Oracle Database In-Memory?
Buffer Cache New In-Memory
Format • Breakthrough: Dual Format
Database
• BOTH row and column
formats for same table
SALES SALES
Row Column • Simultaneously active and
Format Format transactionally consistent
• Analytics & reporting use new
in-memory Column format
SALES • OLTP uses proven row format

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In-Memory on Active Data Guard Standby
Month Year
In-Memory In-Memory
• Enables real-time analytics on
standby with no impact on
production database
• Makes productive use of standby
database resources
• Can place different data in-memory
Production Standby on standby versus production

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Faster In-Memory Joins
Example: Find total sales in outlet stores

Stores Sales • Join Group specifies columns used


Store ID is
join column to join tables
– Columns share compression dictionary
Store ID
Type

Amount
Store ID

Type=‘Outlet’ • Joins occur on dictionary rather


than data

Create Join Group store_sales_jg


(STORES (STORE_ID),SALES (STORE_ID);

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In-Memory JSON Queries
Pure In-Memory Columnar • Virtual columns from JSON
objects loaded into In-Memory
Virtual Columns
• Full JSON documents loaded using
a highly optimized In-Memory
Relational In-Memory In-Memory
binary format
Virtual Columns JSON Format
• Query operations on JSON
content automatically directed to
Relational Virtual JSON In-Memory
{ • Simple queries on virtual
columns
"Theater":"AMC 15",
"Movie":"Jurrasic World 3D",
"Time“:2015-11-26T18:45:00",
"Tickets":{
"Adults":2
• More complex JSON processing
}
} using in-memory binary format

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In-Memory Fast-Start
In-Memory
• IM column format persisted to storage
Buffer Cache Column Store • In-Memory column store contents
checkpointed to secure file lob on
populate
• When DB restarts, population is faster
as population process reads the
DBFILE1 SALES
TABLESPACE
DBFILE2 column format directly from storage
Index Table
Table
Table FAST START
Fast Start
Data • Faster restore (2-5x) of column store
TABLESPACE
since no need to reformat data
Index

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Index Compression High
• New Index High compression enables
further compression of indexes
• Significant space savings for index heavy
1.8X applications (i.e. OLTP)
Index Usage Statistics
• Index compression can also result in I/O
• Track index usage
with no overhead
improvements as a higher proportion of
4.6X
index can be cached
• Views provide
1.2 TB 679 GB 270 GB usage histograms
and access
No Low High
Compression Compression Compression

10,000 Indexes

13% Improvement in workload throughput (for low compression)

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Security

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Online Tablespace Encryption
• Online encryption of existing database
tablespace files
‒ SQL> alter tablespace <tbs>
encryption encrypt;
‒ Storage overhead is 2x the largest file of tbs

• Full encryption of SYSTEM, SYSAUX, and


UNDO tables (internal database
Acme 10 1/2/16
Acme 3 1/3/16
Acme 5 1/5/16
SALES
TABLESPACE
DF11233 U*1
$5Ha1qui %H1
HSKQ112 A14
structures)
Acme 12 1/7/16 FASqw34 £$1

• Offline tablespace encryption


Acme 4 1/8/16 DF@£!1ah HH!
Acme 2 1/9/16 HCM DA45S& DD1
TABLESPACE

– No storage overhead
– 11.2.0.4 and 12.1.0.2 back port available
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New in 12.2 Database Vault Simulation Mode
Log Violations Without Blocking SQL

Realm and Command


Rules Simulation Mode
Rules ENFORCED

HR APP

Create Index

DBA
SIMULATION LOG
HR SCHEMA

Integrated Production Activate New


Development Production
Test Test Profile

Create DV profile Regression testing Devops/Patching Trusted path factors


Protected Objects Authorized Users Authorized Tasks IPs, Users, Modules

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Key Vault - Hybrid Cloud Key Management
Users

OKV END OKV END OKV END


POINT POINT POINT

Applications GATEWAY
Oracle Cloud

Users On-Premises

SSH TUNNEL
OKV END
POINT

Alerts !
OKV END
POINT
Applications Reports
OKV END
POINT

Key Vault

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Developers

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Core Database Improvements

CREATE TABLE
Sales_Data_For_Online_Transactions
(Transaction_Identifier NUMBER(6),
Date_Of_Sales_Transaction DATE,
Gross_Value_of_Transaction NUMBER(3,2),
. . .

Case insensitive database Long Identifiers Globalization Support


support • Object Names for tables, columns • AL32UTF8 is the default database
• Collation can be declared on a etc. can now be 128 bytes in character set
schema, table or column level length
• Unicode 7.0 support
• Accent-insensitive is also • Allows for more expressive
supported naming of objects

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More 12.2 SQL innovations

• Enhanced LISTAGG
• Band joins
• Real-time materialized views
• Approximate Query Processing

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New in 12.2 Approximate Query Processing
Not every query requires a completely accurate result

• 12.1.0.2 APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT • Approximate functions used without any


application changes
• 12.2.0.1 adds APPROX_PERCENTILE,
APPROX_MEDIAN – Queries automatically re-written to use
approximate functions
– Find the value for a given percentile, e.g. what
– approx_for_aggregation = TRUE
is the amount sold that represents the 90%
percentile of all sales
– 6-13X faster with error typically < 1%
• Store approximate aggregates in
materialized views with query rewrite
• Accuracy and error rate reporting for – Not previously possible to use MV’s with
approximate aggregation functions distinct and percentile aggregates

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Oracle Database 12c as a Document Store
12.2 JSON DataGuide – Automatic Schema Inference

Table containing JSON DataGuide Table enhanced with


JSON documents virtual columns
SQL> desc MOVIE_TICKETS SQL> desc MOVIE_TICKETS
NAME TYPE NAME TYPE
--------------------- ----------- DBMS_JSON.AddVC( --------------------- -----------
BOOKING_ID RAW(16) “MOVIE_TICKETS”, BOOKING_ID RAW(16)
BOOKING_TIME TIMESTAMP(6) “BOOKING_DETAILS”); BOOKING_TIME TIMESTAMP(6)
BOOKING_DETAILS VARCHAR2(4000) BOOKING_DETAILS VARCHAR2(4000)
BOOKING_DETAILS$Movie VARCHAR2(16)
BOOKING_DETAILS$Theater VARCHAR2(16)
BOOKING_DETAILS$Adults NUMBER
{ BOOKING_DETAILS$Time VARCHAR2(32)
"Theater":"AMC 15",
"Movie":"Jurrasic World 3D",
"Time“:2015-11-26T18:45:00",
"Tickets":{
"Adults":2
}
}

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Oracle SODA
Simple Oracle Document Access
• JSON Document APIs for REST and Java
• Leverages native 12.2 database JSON features

• Allows developers to combine the ease of use of


document development and relational
JSON
• SQL analytics can be used on JSON documents

• Full PL/SQL API

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New Oracle .NET Support
• Oracle Public Cloud
– .NET Compute
– Visual Studio deployment tools for Oracle Public Cloud
• Application Continuity for unplanned database outages
• Sharding
• Database Resident Connection Pooling
• Offline Schema Compare in Visual Studio

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LiveSQL.oracle.com – Free
• SQL scratch pad in the Oracle Cloud
• Free service launched Oct 2015 @ OOW
• Google searchable SQL syntax
• Customers can save and share SQL examples
• Planned integration w/ Oracle documentation

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Manageability

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Consolidation & Isolation at Scale

• PDBs per container increased from Pricing Retail


252 to 4,096
• Memory resource prioritization in
addition to CPU and I/O
• PDB Hot Cloning, Refresh, Relocate Multitenant Container

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Limiting the number of PDBs for Single Tenant
SQL> alter system set max_pdbs=1 scope=both;
System altered.

SQL> create pluggable database PDB2 admin user adm identified by adm
2> file_name_convert=('/oradata/CDB2/pdbseed', '/oradata/CDB2/pdb2');

Pluggable database created.

SQL> create pluggable database PDB3 admin user adm identified by adm
2> file_name_convert=('/oradata/CDB2/pdbseed', '/oradata/CDB2/pdb3');

create pluggable database PDB3 admin user adm identified by adm


file_name_convert=('/oradata/CDB2/pdbseed', '/oradata/CDB2/pdb3')
*ERROR at line 1:ORA-65010: maximum number of pluggable databases
created

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Flashback Pluggable Database
• Requirement: Local Undo configured
• How to?
– SQL> alter session set container=PDB1;
– SQL> create restore point GRP guarantee flashback database;
– <…do something …>
– SQL> shutdown immediate
– SQL> flashback pluggable database PDB1 to restore point GRP;
– SQL> alter pluggable database PDB1 open resetlogs; *
– SQL> drop restore point GRP;

• Shared Undo? Yes, with RMAN only recovering into an auxiliary instance
– RMAN> flashback pluggable database PDB1 to SCN 411010;

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Cold Cloning of PDBs in Oracle 12.1.0
Source PDB - Read Only

DataFile1 DataFile2 DataFile1 DataFile2

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HOT Cloning of PDBs in Oracle 12.2.0
Legend P P P P P
Uncommitted block P P P P - Source PDB remains open for read and write
changed in interval P P P - Read and copy in parallel
Block changed in interval
P Committed in interval
P P P
- On-going operations imply a “dirty read”
Uncommitted redo - Some data changes not included in initial file copy
Undo written in interval Ship and apply redo to catch up with source
P
Committed in interval
Redo Log -
- Apply undo to rollback uncommitted transactions

P P P P P P P P

P P P P P P

P P P P

P P P P

P P P P P P P P P P
P P

P P

P P P P P P

P P P P P P P P

P P P P

P P P P P P

DataFile1 Undo DataFile2 DataFile1 Undo DataFile2

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PDB Refresh Snap Clone

Snap Clone
Oracle Cloud
CRM CRM Dev1 CRM Dev2
• PDB Hot Clone Cloned version no longer in sync

– Online test master instantiation


• PDB Refresh
– Incremental refresh of clone with latest Only changes copied and applied
Developers

data
Pricing Retail CRM
Changes made to database

TIME
On-Premises
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PDB Relocate
CRM HR
• PDB Hot Clone
– Online test master instantiation
• PDB Refresh
– Incremental refresh of clone with latest Oracle Cloud
data
Pricing Retail CRM
• PDB Relocate
– Relocate with minimal downtime

On-Premises
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Application Container

• PDBs share application objects


– Code, metadata and data
• Further simplifies management
– Apply updates to application container
• Suitable for SaaS-like applications

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Availability

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Oracle Sharding – An Elastic Database Architecture
• Horizontal partitioning of data
across up to 1000 independent A single logical DB sharded into N physical Databases

Oracle Databases (shards)


Server A Server B Server N
• Shared-nothing hardware
architecture
• Data is partitioned using a sharding A B E F … …
key (e.g. account_id)
C D G H … …
• Clients pass shard key to connection pool
Partitions Partitions Partitions
• Connection is routed to the correct shard
Shard01: Shard02: Shardnn:
Table 1 Table 1 Table 1

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Oracle Database Sharding – Benefits
Linear Scalability Extreme Availability Geographic Distribution

… …

… …

Add shards online to increase Shared-nothing hardware User defined data placement for
database size and throughput. architecture. Fault of one shard performance, availability, DR or to
Online split and rebalance. has no impact on others. meet regulatory requirements.

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Real Application Clusters Enhancements
RAC Reader Nodes ASM Flex Disk Groups
Flex Diskgroup
• Operations to be targeted
• RAC Reader Nodes utilize Leaf nodes DB DB DB
File
1 File
2 File
3 against all files in a database
starting with 12.2 Flex Cluster 1
File 1
File 1
File
2
File 2
File 2
File
3 3 3 • Shadow copies (“split mirrors”)
• Leaf nodes are loosely coupled and File
4 for testing / reporting
typically do not directly access storage

Oracle Database 12c Rapid Home Provisioning


Autonomous Health • Manage existing 11.2 and 12.1
Framework deployments
• Grid Infrastructure: provision, scale,
• Discovers Potential Issues and Notifies
patch, upgrade
with Corrective Actions
• Scale clusters and RAC databases
• Preserves Database and Server
Availability and Performance

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Data Guard Enhancements
• NOLOGGING for DWH • Multi-instance redo apply (MIRA)
Performance - Apply Rate Apply Rate
• Multiple observers Alpha testing Mounted Open (MB/sec)
(MB/sec)
• Diagnostic and Tuning Pack OLTP baseline – 160 150
single node
• Oracle In-Memory on ADG instances OLTP using 8 nodes 1,680 1,510
– INMEMORY_SIZE parameter
Batch baseline – 1170 640
• Compare blocks single node
Batch using 8 nodes 4,620 4,380
– For example on primary:
• SQL> exec
SYS.DBMS_DBCOMP.DBCOMP(‘1’,’BlockCompare’,:retval); • Rolling upgrades:
• Generates 2 files:
BlockCompare_dgmainb_1 and BlockCompare_dgmainc_d_1 – Support for all data types but one (NT)
– Supports all object types
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More Online Operations
• Online table move
• DBMS_REDEFINITION – alter table HR.JOBS move ONLINE
storage ( initial 20k next 40k
– Restart in case of failure available minextents 2 maxextents 20
• SQL> select BASE_TABLE_NAME, pctincrease 0 ) tablespace HR_TBS;
INTERIM_OBJECT_NAME, OPERATION,
STATUS, RESTARTABLE, ACTION from
DBA_REDEFINITION_STATUS;
• Convert table into partitioned table
– alter table EMPLOYEES_CONVERT modify
– Thus no need to redo the entire op partition by range (EMPLOYEE_ID)
interval (100)
– Rollback available (partition P1 values less than (100),
– New V$ONLINE_REDEF for online partition P2 values less than (500))
ONLINE
monitoring update indexes (IDX1_SAL LOCAL, IDX2_EMPID
– Support for BFILE global partition by range (EMPLOYEE_ID)
(partition IP1 values less than
(MAXVALUE)));

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Big Data

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Oracle Big Data Platform
Access with any language
REST Java node.js SQL Python R Scala

Machine Analysis of any type


SQL Spark Graph Spatial
Learning

Data of any type

Any data source

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Fast SQL access for Relational, Hadoop and NoSQL
Using Oracle Big Data SQL

• Unified SQL language for all data sources


– With full power of Oracle SQL
• Massively parallel, distributed query processing
– Local processing using ‘Smart Scan’ technology
Big Data SQL
– Scalable joins between data sources
• Secure data access
– Redaction and row-based security on all data sources

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Big Data Innovations
Partitioned External Tables

SALES TABLE (external) • External tables can be partitioned


SQL using any partitioning technique
• Partition pruning and basic
UK Partition Germany Partition USA Partition partition
maintenance(add/drop/exchange)

Hive Partition Hive Partition HIVE Partition

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Analytics

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Oracle Partitioning in Oracle Database 12.2
Over a decade of development and better than ever before
Core functionality Performance Manageability
Oracle 10g R2 and Earlier Range partitioning, Static partition pruning, Basic maintenance: ADD, DROP, EXCHANGE, MERGE
Local and global Range indexing, Partition-wise joins, Global index maintenance,
Hash partitioning, Dynamic partition pruning, Local Index maintenance,
Range-Hash partitioning, Fast partition SPLIT, Fast DROP TABLE
List partitioning, Multi-dimensional pruning
Range-List partitioning,
Global Hash indexing,
1M partitions per table

Oracle 11g Virtual column based partitioning,


More composite choices,
“AND” pruning Interval partitioning,
Partition Advisor,
Reference partitioning, Incremental stats management,
Hash-* partitioning, Multi-branch execution (aka table or-expansion)
Expanded Reference partitioning

Oracle 12c R1 Interval-Reference partitioning Partition Maintenance on multiple partitions, Online partition MOVE,
Asynchronous global index maintenance Cascading TRUNCATE,
Partial indexing,

Oracle 12c R2 Auto-list partitioning, Online partition maintenance operations, Filtered partition maintenance
Multi-column list partitioning, Online table conversion to partitioned operations,
Interval subpartitioning, table, Read only partitions,
Partitioned external tables Reduced cursor invalidations for DDL’s Create table for exchange

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Auto-List Partitioning

BMW BMW Audi BMW Audi Mercedes

• Partitions are created automatically as data arrives


– Extension to LIST partitioning
– Every distinct partition key value will be stored in separate partition
– Full functionality of LIST partitioning is preserved
– Convert existing LIST partitioning to new AUTO
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Analytic Views
• Moves business logic (Aggregations,
Hierarchies, Calculations) back into
database
• Simple SQL for complex analytic queries
– no joins or GROUP-BY clauses necessary
– navigate through hierarchies without re-
defining calculations
• Works on top of existing tables
– no persistent storage

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Property Graph
• Massively-Scalable Graph Database
– Scales to trillions of edges
• Memory-based Graph Analytics
– More than 35 graph analysis algorithms
• Simple Standard interfaces
– SQL, Java
– Tinkerpop: Blueprints, Gremlin, Rexster START
– Groovy, Python

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Oracle Database 12c Continuous Innovation
1990s 2000s 2010s
Client-Server Internet Cloud
Oracle 5, 6, 7, 8 Oracle 8i, 9i, 10g Oracle 11g, 12c
Scalability Row Level Locking, B-tree Indexes, Real Application Clusters, Exadata, Smart Flash, In-Memory DB,
Read Consistency, Parallel Server, Automatic Storage Management, IOTs Software-in-Silicon,
Shared Cursors, Shared Server Advanced Compression, Bitmap Indexes Native Database Sharding

Availability Transactions, Ref Integrity, Online Data Guard (Active), Recovery Manager, Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance, Edition
Backup, Point-in-Time Recovery Flashback, Clusterware, Online DDL, TAF Based Redefinition, App. Cont.

Analytics Partitions, Parallel SQL, Optimizer Analytic Function, Data Mining, OLAP, MVs SQL Pattern Match, R, Big Data Appl
Security Privileges, Roles, Auditing, Network Data Encrypt, Masking, Virtual Private DB, Label Real Application Security, DB Firewall,
Encryption, Views Security, DB Vault, Audit Vault, PKI Privilege Analysis, Redaction, Key Vault
Developers SQL, Views, PL/SQL, Triggers, LOBs, Java in DB, Native XML, Table Functions, .Net, Native JSON, REST Services, Node.js,
Object Types, Spatial, Text PHP, App Express, SQL Developer RDF Social Graph, Network Graph

Management Enterprise Manager, v$, wait event Diagnostics, Tuning, Testing, Lifecycle Packs MultiTenant, DB & Exa Cloud, DB Appl

Integration DB Links, 2PC, Replication, AQ GoldenGate, XA Transaction,External Table Big Data SQL, Big Data Analytics

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