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LESSON 2
Parameters of TL
DC Resistance AC Resistance
𝐿
𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 𝜌 𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 𝐾 𝑅𝐷𝐶
𝐴
Where:
1+ √1+ 𝐹 2
𝐾= 2
𝐹 = 0.0105 𝑑2 𝑓 − − − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟
SKIN EFFECT - tendency of the current to move outward the surface of conductor
Depends :
1. Nature of materials
2. Diameter of wire
3. Frequency
4. Shape of wire
Note: Skin effect is negligible when the supply frequency is low ( less than 50 Hz) and conductor
diameter is less than 1.0 cm
L = series inductance of the line
D = distance between conductors
Series Inductance of the line , L r’= self Geometric Mean Distance of solid
conductor
−7 𝐷 𝐻
For 1Ø Solid lines : 𝐿 = 2 𝑥 10 ln ′ 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 r’ = r e-1/4
𝑟 𝑚
r = radius of conductor
Ds = self Geometric Mean Distance of solid
𝐷 𝐻 conductor or Geometric Mean Radius(GMR)
For 3Ø lines : 𝐿 = 2 𝑥 10−7 ln 𝑒𝑞 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐷𝑠 𝑚 of conductor
Deq = equivalent spacing of conductor or
Geometric Mean Distance ( GMD) conductors
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Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE
TRANSPOSITION -- is the alternating of position of each phase of the line at regular interval to
balance the inductance and the capacitance of the line
For Bundled Conductors --it reduces the reactance of the line and effect of CORONA.
2 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
3 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
4 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝐻
𝐿 = 2 𝑥 10−7 ln 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐷𝑠 𝑏 𝑚
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Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE
Conductor A Conductor B
1.5 m
1.5
𝐿 = 4 𝑋 10−4 ln = 2.219327 𝑥 10−3 𝐻/𝑘𝑚
5.854 𝑥 10−3
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝐿 = 22.19327 𝑥 10−4 𝐻/𝑘𝑚
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋 𝑓 𝐿 = 2 𝜋 𝑥 50 𝑥 22.19327 𝑥 10−4
𝑋𝐿 = 0.69722 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
Example : The Figure shown below on arrangement of conductors for single phase supply,
the current being equally divided between conductors x and x’ and between y and y’ . If
the diameter of each conductor is 8mm. Find the inductance per km of the line.
20 𝑐𝑚 100 𝑐𝑚 20 𝑐𝑚
𝑥 𝑥′ 𝑦 𝑦′
Conductor X Conductor Y
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Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE
1.1915 𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4 𝑥 10−4 ln = 1.5462 𝑥 10−3 = 1.5462 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
0.02496 𝑘𝑚
Example : Two conductors of a single phase line , each of 1 cm diameter are arranged in a
vertical plane with one conductor mounted 1 m above the other . A second identical
conductor is mounted at the same height as the first and spaced horizontally 30 cm apart
from it. The upper and lower conductors are connected in parallel. Determine the
inductance per km of the resulting double circuit.
Dab = 30 cm = 0.3 m
100 𝑐𝑚 Daa’ = Da’a = 100cm = 1 m
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Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE
𝐷𝑚 𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4 𝑥 10−4 ln
𝐷𝑠 𝑘𝑚
4
𝐷𝑚 = √𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏 ′ 𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑎 = 0.5596 𝑚
4
𝐷𝑠 = √𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑎′𝑎′ = 0.06240 𝑚
𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 3.5871 𝑥 10−3
𝑘𝑚
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚 = 3.5871 𝑚𝐻
Example : A three phase transmission line 100 km long has its conductors of 0.60cm diameter
spaced at the corners of an equilateral triangle of 100 cm side . The arrangement is as shown
below . Find the inductance per phase of the system.
100cm 100cm
B C
100cm
𝐷 𝐻
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐿𝐴 = 2 𝑥 10−4 ln 𝑟′ 𝑘𝑚
= 1.2118 𝑥 10−3 𝐻/𝑘𝑚
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Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE
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Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE
𝐷𝑚 𝐻
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚 = 2 𝑥 10−4 ln = 5.286 𝑥 10−4 = 0.5286 𝑚𝐻
𝐷𝑠 𝑘𝑚
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