REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

As this study focused on the effectiveness of using Pili Pulp Oil as an insect Repellent and
moisturizer, a research from UPLB- Biotech through the project of grant of PEF peace and equity
foundation to OPTA- Organic producers and Trade Association(2006) found out that Pili pulp oil has
beta-carotene, a known vitamin A source. It contains a high level of carotenoids that has long been
known to be an efficient quencher of singlet oxygen and as such as effective as an antioxidants;
Phytosterol are well studied and pharmacological studies have shown that they cause a fall in the
absorption of cholesterol by competing with and cause an inverse of bile secretion; Tocopherol (Vitamin
E) are in retarding lipid oxidation in food products. A major fatty acids in Pili Pulp Oil are Palmitic
(23.89%), Palmetoleic (4.65%), Stearic(2.63%), Oleic(60.76%) and Linoleic Acid(6.61%)

A study of Cumulative Irritations effect to Human using Cleansing Lotion containing tamarind
fruit pulp extract(2007) by Jarupa Viyoch, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk, Prateep Warnnissorn wherein the
results obtained from the visual scoring scale indicated no irritation signs and symptoms of test product.
Mean differences of transepidermal water loss and erythema values between test product and de-
ionized water and between test and placebo products were not statistically significant. These findings
indicate a preliminary safety evidence of their developed cleansing lotion containing the natural AHAs
and can be used as cumulative evidence for supporting the future home use study of this product in
human.

A research about Reviewing Efficacy, development and testing of Plant-based insect

Repellents( 2011) by Sarah J. Moore and Marta Feirrera Maia, Plant-based repellents have been used for
generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes.
Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable
resource for the development of new natural products. Recently, commercial repellent products
containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing popularity among consumers, as these are
commonly perceived as “safe” in comparison to long-established synthetic repellents although this is
sometimes a misconception. To date insufficient studies have followed standard WHO Pesticide
Evaluation Scheme guidelines for repellent testing. There is a need for further standardized studies in
order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as
well as good consumer safety. 

Another studies about Insect Repellent in title “Medicinal Plants Used as Insecticide and Insect
Repellent in Traditional Iranian Medicine”(2016) by Kowsar, aimed of this study was to review the
insecticidal or insect repellent activity of certain medicinal plants described in TIM. This study confirmed
the Iranian traditional medicine claims of the insecticidal and insect repellent activity of certain plants.
Further pharmacological and clinical studies are recommended to evaluate the overall efficacy and
possible mechanisms underlying these herbs.

A research of Thomas A. Verschut and Mikael A. Carreson about “Scaling the interactive effects of
attractive and repellent odours for insect search behaviour”(2019) where they want to uunderstand
how insects respond to this complexity of cues is crucial for understanding consumer-resource
interactions, but also to develop novel tools to control harmful pests. Some of their findings are: The
behavioural response depends on the ratio between attractants and repellents; The response to phenol,
rather supported the repellent-threshold hypothesis, where aversion only occurs above a threshold
concentration of the repellent due to overshadowing of the attractant; And that the different responses
may be connected to the localization of receptors, as receptors detecting phenol are located on the
maxillary palps whereas receptors detecting the other odorants are located on the antennae.
Also, a study about “Novel organic repellent for leaf-cutting ants: tea tree oil and its potential
use as a management tool”(2019) by M. Buteler, A. M. Alma, and Patricia C. Fernandez, they conclude
that tea tree oil has been found to be repellent to certain insect pests, so this study aimed at identifying
the effect of tea tree on foraging behaviour in Acromyrmex spp. ants in laboratory as well as in field
trials. In laboratory bioassays, a repellent dose response effect of tea tree oil was observed, where
concentrations of 0.0001 to 0.1% tea tree did not affect ant behaviour, but concentrations of 1 and 10%
repelled ants. In the laboratory, the repellent effect of tea tree was lost after four days and its effect on
ant behaviour was evident only at very short distances (less than 1 cm). In the field, ants avoided
walking through filter papers treated with tea tree at 1% placed on the foraging trails, and food
resources surrounded by tea tree at 1% were not collected. Tea tree is a potent short term leaf-cutting
ant repellent and attractive food sources could be protected from leaf-cutting ants attack by this oil. 

REFERENCE:

https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S11

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6078994_Cleansing_lotion_containing_tamarind_fruit_pulp
_extract_II_Study_of_cumulative_irritation_effects_in_human

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