Review Related Literature and Study

Plants traditionally used as mosquito repellents

and the implication for their use in vector control.
Type: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Review, Journal Article
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.024

Abstract
Numerous plants with insect repelling properties are native to the tropics where they are
produced for a wide range of medicinal purposes. In Thailand, these native plant species
have a history of use for personal protection against biting insects. From our investigation we
identified 37 plant species within 14 plant families that showed some mosquito repellent
properties. Of these, 9 plant species were characterized using an excito-repellency test
system against several Thai mosquito species. Results from these studies revealed that five
essential oils extracted from plants demonstrated promising insect repellent activity. These
active ingredients show promise for further development into formulations that may serve as
alternatives to DEET or possibly be used as natural bio-pesticides to kill mosquitoes.

Plant based products: use and development as

repellents against mosquitoes: A review.
Type: Review, Journal Article
DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.03.002

Abstract
Global warming and deforestation have resulted in the relocation of many living creatures
including insects during the recent years. This has affected the population balance of
disease vectors including mosquitoes resulting in outbreaks. Traditionally, mankind has been
using plants as means of protection from the mosquitoes which are considered to be
environment friendly unlike the synthetic chemicals that cause major risk to human health
and the ecosystem. Researchers explored mainly, essential oils and traditional plants using
different testing methodologies to find out repellent molecules effective against mosquitoes
which is the main focus of this review. Among the promising plant species, Eucalyptus spp.,
Ocimum(basil) spp. and Cymbopogon (lemongrass)spp. are the most cited. Data of
repellency produced from the bioassay systems is difficult to quantify because of different
parameters, testing system and standards of material used against mosquitoes. Mainly, the
human forearm based bioassays have been used with different sizes of treatment area in the
laboratory and the results have not been tested in the field conditions for residual activity. In
addition, effectiveness of essential oils and their protection time can be increased by using
vanillin as synergist and formulation techniques like microencapsulation and nanoemulsion.
There is a need to develop an alternate in vitro bioassay system that can address the
problems of uniformity of the results.

Repellent activity of essential oils: a review

Type: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Review, Journal Article
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.048

Abstract
Currently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control insects and arthropods raises several
concerns related to environment and human health. An alternative is to use natural products
that possess good efficacy and are environmentally friendly. Among those chemicals,
essential oils from plants belonging to several species have been extensively tested to
assess their repellent properties as a valuable natural resource. The essential oils whose
repellent activities have been demonstrated, as well as the importance of the synergistic
effects among their components are the main focus of this review. Essential oils are volatile
mixtures of hydrocarbons with a diversity of functional groups, and their repellent activity has
been linked to the presence of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. However, in some cases,
these chemicals can work synergistically, improving their effectiveness. In addition, the use
of other natural products in the mixture, such as vanillin, could increase the protection time,
potentiating the repellent effect of some essential oils. Among the plant families with
promising essential oils used as repellents, Cymbopogon spp., Ocimum spp. and Eucalyptus
spp. are the most cited. Individual compounds present in these mixtures with high repellent
activity include alpha-pinene, limonene, citronellol, citronellal, camphor and thymol. Finally,
although from an economical point of view synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used
as repellents than essential oils, these natural products have the potential to provide
efficient, and safer repellents for humans and the environment.
 Natural Insect Repellent Vinegar and Herbs
Gumble,Morag(2016,January 14) natural insect-repellent-vinegar and herbs.
https://ourpermaculturelife.com/natural-insect-repellent-vinegar-and-herbs/

The researchers are looking for the most natural, non-toxic and environmentally-
friendly options. This extends to the researchers choice of insects repellent and bite
soothing. The researchers want the students to be always safe and not be bothered biting
by insects. The researchers want to study this kind of product for those person who have a
very sensitive skin.
The mosquitoes are the main insect target that the researchers will repel, the researchers
not only consider the discomfort of bites from the mosquitoes but this insect can carry life
threatening illness like dengue.

Investigatory Project (Natural Mosquito repellent

)
Investigatory Project (Natural Mosquito Repellent). (2016, Apr 05). Retrieved
from https://studymoose.com/investigatory-project-natural-mosquito-repellent-essay

Mosquito coil is a Mosquito-repelling incense, it is usually shaped spiral. The coil is usually
held at the center of the spiral, suspending it in the air, or wedge by two pieces of fireproof
nettings to allow continuous smouldering. Burning usually begins in the outer end of the
spiral and progresses slowly towards the center of the spiral, producing a mosquito
repellent smoke. A typical mosquito coil can measure around 15 cm in diameter.
Apple cider vinegar is fermented juice from crushed apples. Like apple juice, it probably contains
some pectin; vitamins B1, B2, and B6; biotin; folic acid; niacin; pantothenic acid; and vitamin C. It
also contains small amounts of the minerals sodium, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, iron, and
magnesium.

Parsley is an excellent of vitamin K and Vitamin C as well as a good source of vitamin A, folate and
iron. Parsley's volatile oil components include myristicin, limonene, eugenol and alpha-thujene. Its
flavonoids include apiin, apigenin, crisoeriol and luteolin.