Grade 10

ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition

ection Noun C

Grammar and Composition IV builds upon the grammar foundation established in previous years
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Grammar & and introduces new concepts to further enhance the students’ knowledge of basic grammar. In
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Grammar & Composition IV

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addition, this text emphasizes explanative writing by having students write essays, an extended
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definition, a process paper, a literary theme, critical book reviews, and a research paper.
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•• Optional (graded at teacher discretion):

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Added Enrichment Evaluation

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•• Paragraphs, summaries, outline

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•• English teaching transparencies •• Grammar quizzes  (20)

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•• Short reviews, limerick, haiku

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•• Review games •• Tests (8), 9-weeks exam (2)

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16788602 LANGUAGE SERIES
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Outline

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•• Semester exam, final exam •• Comparison and contrast

•• Compositions: •• Character sketch
•• Book reviews: full (2), oral (1)
•• Essay answer, paragraph  (1 each)
•• Theme paper on Julius Caesar
•• Research paper and author project  (1 each)

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Grammar •• Colons:
•• Capitalization: •• Before a list of items
•• Proper nouns and words formed from proper nouns: •• To introduce a formally announced statement or quotation
•• Particular persons, places, things: •• Between:
•• Political and economic organizations and alliances hhIndependent clauses when second clause further explains first one
•• Words referring to Deity and Holy Scripture •• Chapter and verse of Bible reference
•• Words from proper nouns •• Hour and minute of time reference
•• Common noun or adjective when part of proper name •• After salutation of a business letter
•• Titles of persons, titles of works •• Italics:
•• First word of every sentence •• For titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays, works of art,
•• Pronoun I and interjection O ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft
•• For words, letters, numbers referred to as such
•• First word of every line of poetry
•• For foreign words or phrases
•• Punctuation:
•• Hyphens:
•• End marks:
•• To divide a word at the end of line
•• Period for declarative sentences, abbreviations, indirect question,
and polite request •• In compound numbers
•• Question mark for interrogative sentences •• In fractions used as adjectives
•• Exclamation point for exclamatory sentences •• In prefixes before a proper noun or adjective
•• Commas: •• In compound adjectives before a noun
•• Before a coordinating conjunction joining two independent •• Quotation marks:
clauses •• In a direct quotation
•• To indicate: •• To enclose titles of short poems, songs, chapters, articles, and
•• Omissions or avoid possible misreading other parts of books or magazines
•• Nonessential elements in a sentence: •• To enclose a quoted passage of more than one paragraph: at the
••Appositive and appositive phrase beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the last paragraph
•• Apostrophes:
••Participial phrase
•• To form:
••Adjective and adverb clauses
•• Possessive case of nouns
••Direct address
•• Individual possession within a group
••Well, yes, no, or why
•• Possessive case of indefinite pronouns
••Parenthetical expressions
•• To show omissions from words
•• To set off introductory phrases or clauses
•• With s to form plurals of letters, numbers, signs, and words used as
•• In dates and addresses
words
•• After salutations and closings of letters
•• Dashes:
•• Semicolons:
•• After a series of words or phrases giving details about a statement
•• Between independent clauses:
that follows
•• If not using coordinating conjunction
•• To indicate an abrupt change or break in a sentence
•• Joined by:
•• To set off parenthetical elements or confidential comments
••Transitional words
••Coordinating conjunction if clauses already contain commas
•• Between items in a series if the items contain commas

Grammar & Composition cont. p. 145

144
 Grade 10
 RED indicates first introduction of content.
ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition  cont.
Grammar  cont. •• Nouns:
•• Parentheses: •• Recognizing nouns:
•• To enclose: •• Compound, common, proper, and collective
•• Parenthetical elements hhConcrete and abstract
•• Brief confirmatory information hhSubstantives

•• The sentence: •• Keeping agreement of subject and verb

•• Definition of sentence •• Recognizing and diagraming:
•• Kinds of sentences classified by purpose: declarative, imperative, •• Nouns as predicate nominatives, direct objects, indirect objects,
interrogative, exclamatory objects of prepositions, direct address
•• Recognizing subjects and verbs: complete subject, simple subject, •• Nouns as appositives
complete predicate, simple predicate, and verb phrase hhRecognizing and diagraming objective complements
•• Overcoming problems locating subjects and verbs: •• Using:
•• Finding: •• Parallelism
•• Subject in an inverted sentence: interrogative sentence, sen- •• Exact and vivid nouns
tence beginning with there or here •• Pronouns:
•• Subject of an imperative sentence •• Antecedents
hhSubject before its appositive •• Recognizing personal, interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite,
•• Verb phrase that is interrupted by other words compound, relative
•• Diagraming subjects and verbs •• Keeping agreement of verbs and indefinite pronoun subjects
•• Recognizing and diagraming compound subjects and verbs •• Making pronouns agree with their antecedents in number and in
•• Recognizing complements gender
•• Correcting fragments and run-on sentences: •• Nominative case:
•• Sentence structure: •• For subjects, predicate nominatives
•• Defining dependent and independent clauses •• For appositives of subjects, appositives of predicate nomina-
•• Recognizing and diagraming simple, compound, complex, and tives, appositives to subjects, and appositives to predicate
compound-complex sentences nominatives
•• Objective case:
•• Recognizing noun clauses used as subjects of independent
clauses •• For direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions
•• Sentence improvement: •• For appositives of direct objects, indirect objects, objects of
•• Conciseness, subordination, active voice, parallelism, clear pro- prepositions
noun reference •• For appositives to direct objects, indirect objects, objects of
•• Placement of modifiers prepositions
•• Possessive case
hhConsistency of subject, tense, or voice
•• Using correct case for who, whom, whoever, and whomever and
hhClear and effective diction
in incomplete clauses beginning with than or as
•• Parts of speech:
•• Avoid pronoun usage problems: double subject, possessive case
•• Recognizing eight parts of speech
before a gerund
•• Verbs:
•• Adjectives:
•• Recognizing action (transitive and intransitive), linking, and
•• Recognizing and diagraming adjectives: participles and proper
­helping verbs
adjectives and infinitives as adjectives
•• Distinguishing verbs from verbals: participles, gerunds, and
•• Distinguishing adjectives from nouns and pronouns
infinitives
•• Recognizing and diagraming predicate adjectives
•• Using:
•• Using and diagraming:
•• Principal parts of verbs
•• Prepositional and participial phrases as adjectives
•• Regular verb endings, irregular verbs
•• Infinitive phrases as adjectives
•• Using correct principal parts
•• Adjective clauses
•• Verb tenses:
•• Placing and punctuating adjective modifiers
•• Using progressive and emphatic forms
•• Using adjectives in comparison
•• When to use the tenses
•• Avoiding double comparison and double negatives
hhUsing logical verb tense sequence between clauses and between
•• Using exact and vivid adjectives
verbals and independent clause
•• Adverbs:
hhAvoiding unnecessary shifts in sentences: in subjects, verb tense,
voice of verbs •• Recognizing and diagraming adverbs
•• Active and passive voice •• Infinitives as adverbs
hhMood: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive
•• Distinguishing adverbs from adjectives
•• Avoid incorrect verb forms •• Using and diagraming:
•• Use troublesome verbs correctly and avoid verb usage errors •• Prepositional phrases as adverbs
•• Use exact and vivid verbs •• Infinitive phrases as adverbs
•• Adverb clauses

Grammar & Composition cont. p. 146

145
 Grade 10
 RED indicates first introduction of content.
ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition  cont.
Grammar  cont. Composition
•• Correct placement of adverb modifiers •• Manuscript form: abbreviations, numbers, titles
•• Distinguishing dependent clauses: •• The library: Dewey Decimal System, Library of Congress Classifica-
•• Advanced technique to determine dependent clauses as noun, tion System, using the catalog and reference section
adjective, or adverb •• Introducing paragraphs (12):
•• Using: adverbs in comparison, exact and vivid adverbs •• Topic sentence
•• Prepositions: •• Summarizing sentence
•• Recognizing prepositions, prepositional phrases, and objects of •• Paragraph development:
prepositions •• By examples, incidents, and reasons
•• Distinguishing between prepositions and adverbs hhBy comparison and contrast and combination of methods
•• Using prepositions correctly •• Paragraph unity
•• Conjunctions: •• Paragraph coherence: chronological order, order of importance, tran-
•• Recognizing coordinating, correlative, and subordinating conjunctions sitional expressions, space order, pronoun reference, and repetition
•• Using parallel structure •• Outline (3):
•• Interjections: •• Topical and sentence outlines
•• Definition •• Format of outline
•• Punctuation with interjections •• Parallelism in an outline
•• Other parts of speech used as interjections •• Steps to preparing an outline
•• Diagraming interjections hhCritical book reviews:
•• Word study: hhPreparing:
•• Using the dictionary: hhWritten book reviews including outline, introduction, body,
hhKinds of dictionaries ­conclusion
hhSelecting a dictionary hhOral book reviews: written preparation and oral presentation

•• Using the dictionary •• Formal short essay:

•• Parts of the dictionary: •• Writing descriptions about persons, places, and things (6):
hhVariant spellings, pronunciation, parts of speech, inflected •• Steps: point of view, careful selection of details, arrangement of
forms, cross reference, sample contexts, idiom, etymologies, details, use of exact nouns and verbs
run-on entries, usage notes •• Formal full-length essay:
hhCapitalization, restrictive labels, scientific names, illustrations, hhInformative essay
synonyms and antonyms •• Personal essay
hhUsage and diction: •• Summaries
hhLevels of usage •• The Writing Process: plan, write, rewrite, edit
hhUsing correct diction •• Research paper:
hhUsing clear and effective diction •• Planning the paper: selecting subject, finding sources, writing bib-
hhGlossary of diction liography cards, making a preliminary outline, taking notes, writing
note cards, avoiding plagiarism
•• Writing the paper: introduction, body
•• Using parenthetical citations
•• Rewriting the paper: check organization, introduction, conclusion,
unity, coherence, and citations
•• Editing the paper: check each paragraph, sentence, word; capital-
ization and punctuation
•• Preparing works cited page
•• Typing the paper
•• Documentation for research paper
hhAuthor project
•• Improving writing style: correct a choppy or monotonous style
hhExtended definition
hhWriting about a process

146
 Grade 10

ENGLISH: Vocabulary, Spelling, Poetry

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Mastering the vocabulary and spelling words in Vocabulary, Spelling, Poetry IV will greatly help
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Vocabulary
VOCABULARY, SPELLING,P oetry IV

SPELLING students in their writing, speaking, and reading comprehension. Students memorize ten poems
w h os e

Poetry IV over the course of the year. This memory work will not only help students lay a foundation for
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future literature studies, but will also enrich their personal lives. In addition, students will learn
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how to solve analogy questions and how to analyze word meanings based on their prefixes,
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roots, and suffixes.

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16792402 LANGUAGE SERIES
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Added Enrichment Evaluation

•• Spelling and vocabulary: •• Each vocabulary word includes: •• Review games •• Spelling and vocabulary
•• Spelling words  (480) •• Pronunciation, etymology •• Vocabulary chart showing: quizzes:
•• Vocabulary words  (144) •• Part of speech, definition •• Prefixes (48), suffixes (48) •• Weekly  (20)
•• Spelling lists (24): •• Sample sentence •• Greek and Latin roots and •• Quarterly review  (1 each
•• Organized by spelling rules, •• Synonyms, antonyms meanings (100) 9 weeks; each counts as 2 quiz
suffixes, homonyms, compound •• Related forms of the word •• Guidelines for solving analogy grades)
words, and commonly •• Practice exercises (100), including: questions •• Poetry quizzes; written (8),
misspelled words •• Pretest over vocabulary words and •• Pronunciation key oral (2)
•• Vocabulary lists: their meanings •• Poetry: footnotes define and
•• Organized by word origin, •• Cumulative review of vocabulary explain unfamiliar words
prefixes and suffixes, and vivid words and definitions
and precise verbs

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Spelling & Vocabulary Skills Development •• Learn spelling rules:

hhMaster spelling lists including: •• Use i before e, except after c, or when sounded like long a
hhVocabulary
words and definitions •• Double a final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a
hhWords that follow the spelling rules
vowel
•• Change y to i when adding suffixes
hhSound-alike suffixes
•• Drop the silent e before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel
hhCommonly misspelled words
•• Learn exceptions to spelling rules
hhHomonyms
•• Learn the principle of assimilation
•• Use vocabulary words in proper context
•• Creating a compound word doesn’t change the spelling of the two
•• Memorize vocabulary definitions
parts
•• Be able to identify commonly misspelled words
•• Adding a prefix to a word doesn’t change the word’s spelling
•• Apply spelling and phonics concepts through daily teacher-directed
oral practice and independent written practice Poetry Skills Development
•• Learn to distinguish between homophones hhMemorize 10 lyrical poems
•• Learn practical spelling tips and suggestions by studying Keys to •• Develop appreciation of poetry
Good Spelling •• Lay foundation for future literature study
hhMaster 48 prefixes, 100 roots, and 48 suffixes
•• Perform in front of an audience
hhLearn more than 1,000 synonyms, antonyms, and related words for
•• Recite in unison
vocabulary words
•• Use appropriate expression and volume
hhAnalyze word meanings based on their prefixes, roots, and suffixes
•• Increase vocabulary
hhDevelop ability to solve analogy questions
•• Demonstrate comprehension of emotion and content
•• Develop a mental visualization of the poem
•• Discuss meaning and purpose of poems
•• Use proper observation of punctuation

147
 Grade 10

ENGLISH: Literature
anges
10

In previous years, students read mostly for enjoyment, but now they will learn about the makeup of
literature by studying a variety of literary terms and devices such as imagery and figurative language.
nner as to
fully and
B RYANT

nto the

While the first part of World Literature offers a background to the study of world literature, the second
Fourth Edition

of
part introduces works chronologically from the time of the ancient East to the Modern Age (twenti-
eth century). Students will read classics which reflect the thinking of each time period, such as Divine
H. J ONES

erson acts
RO WNING

Comedy, Moby Dick, Paradise Lost, Aesop’s Fables, and Foxe’s Book of Martyrs.
ory
ARISTOTLE

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
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Art appreciation is also an important part of the literature study in English 10. As the author uses words
to paint visual images in our minds, the artist uses his brush to paint a story. World Literature includes
paintings, sculptures, and architecture that reflect the themes of each unit.

Literary Value Added Enrichment Evaluation

•• 113 authors, including well-known writers such •• Footnotes define and explain unfamiliar words •• Comprehension quizzes  (25)
as e. e. cummings, Charles Dickens, John Donne, •• Comprehension and discussion questions after •• Homework reading quizzes  (22)
Homer, Martin Luther, and Isaac Watts selections •• Tests (8), 9-weeks exam (2)
•• Prose selections (49), poems (81), plays (2), and •• Character-building quotations and verses •• Semester exam, final exam
essays (10) •• Introductory paragraphs for interest and back-
ground information
•• Review games
•• Author biographies
•• Literary terms defined and explained throughout
and in a handy glossary  (121)

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Reading Skills Development Comprehension, Discussion, & Analysis

•• Develop skills in reading speed and comprehension
•• Further develop oral reading skills
•• Be able to identify significant quotations and the selections in which
they are featured
•• Increase vocabulary
hhFurther develop writing skills
hhLearn various literary forms: short story, essay, novel, narrative
poetry, and descriptive poetry
hhLearn meaning and use of literary terms and devices such as theme,
plot, imagery, figurative language, point of view, dramatic structure
and dénouement.
hhStudy the development of plot, theme, setting, and character(s) in
short stories, essays, and classical works of literature
Skills Development
•• Read entire works: Silas Marner and Julius Caesar
•• Study drama and learn about Elizabethan and Greek theaters
•• Develop proper discernment according to the truths of Scripture
•• Answer factual, interpretive, and inferential comprehension and
discussion questions
•• Improve ability to use deductive reasoning, understand cause and
effect, and draw conclusions
•• Build appreciation for good literature and a love of reading
•• Develop an understanding of people’s motives and feelings while
recognizing consequences of particular actions
hhLearn to analyze literature while studying selections
hhComprehend and appreciate the basic elements of a work of litera-
ture
hhLearn to appreciate the rhyme, rhythm, and figurative language of
poetry

148
 Grade 10

MATHEMATICS: Algebra 2
Algebra 2, building from a foundation of basic algebra, develops confidence in problem-solving
ALGEBRA 2
First Edition
strategies through application of in-depth algebraic skills. Students will gain thorough exposure
to algebraic techniques applied in many branches of mathematics. Concepts such as matrices,
linear programming, and hypothesis testing will pique student interest in mathematical applica-
tion. An increased understanding of algebraic concepts will result in thorough preparation for
further study in mathematics.
Algebra 2 builds from mathematical ideas to practical problem solving with applications in busi-
ness, science, sports, medicine, and statistics. Students will learn to analyze results and make
informed decisions for everyday life.
For this grade level, see also Geometry on p. 167.
Also available: Consumer Mathematics and Business Mathematics on Electives pp. 199-203.
Features: Evaluation:
•• Flexible pacing options in curriculum  •• Word problem review •• Quizzes (50)
•• Review exercises for every section (83) •• Quarter reviews (2) •• Tests (8)
•• Mid-chapter reviews (12) •• Semester Review •• Quarter Exams (2)
•• Chapter reviews (12) •• Final Review •• Semester Exam
•• Final Exam
 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Basic Algebra Polynomial Equations and Inequalities

•• Order of operations hhRational Zero Theorem
•• Algebraic properties hhFactor Theorem
•• Exponent properties hhRemainder Theorem
•• Negative exponents hhSynthetic Division
•• Words as Algebraic Expressions hhSolving a polynomial equation
•• Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials hhEquations of the quadratic form
•• Multiplication and Division of Polynomials hhInteger exponents
•• Special Cases of Multiplication hhRational exponents
•• Factoring Special forms hhNonlinear absolute value equations
•• Sum and Difference of Odd and Even Powers hhPolynomial Inequalities

•• Factoring by Grouping hhCritical number

hhRational inequalities
Equations and Inequalities
•• Equations in one variable Functions and The Cartesian Plane
•• Absolute value •• Two-variable linear equation
•• Literal •• Distance formula
•• Quadratic hhMidpoint formula
•• Zero Factor property •• Slope formula
•• Extracting the root •• Intercepts
•• Completing the square •• Graphing with slope and point
•• Quadratic formula •• Standard form
•• Discriminant •• Slope-intercept form
•• Rational •• Point-slope form
•• Cross-multiplication •• Parallel and Perpendicular lines
•• LCD •• Direct variation
•• Radical hhInverse variation
•• Inequalities •• Functions
hhInterval Notation hhVertical line test
•• Linear hhAlgebraic test
•• Compound •• Notation
•• Evaluation
•• Absolute Value
•• Domain
hhComplex numbers
hhRange
hhImaginary unit
hhTypes of functions
hhPowers of i
•• Quadratic
hhStandard form
•• Constant
hhArithmetic
•• Absolute value
hhQuadratic with complex solutions
Algebra 2 cont. p. 150
149
 Grade 10
 RED indicates first introduction of content.
MATHEMATICS: Algebra 2  cont.
•• Types of functions cont. hhExpanding logarithmic expressions
•• Radical hhCondensing logarithmic expressions
•• Rational hhChange of base formula
hhCombination of Functions hhSolving exponential and logarithmic equations
hhComposition of Functions hhInverse properties, exponentiation, taking logarithm of both sides
hhTranslational Graphing hhApplication of logarithms
hhParent function hhBacteria growth, Interest formula, Newton’s law of cooling, Sound
hhStandard graphing form level
hhRigid and Nonrigid Transformations
•• Parabola Vertex Formula
Trigonometry
•• Angle properties
System of Equations and Inequalities •• Classification of angles
•• Intersecting, parallel, and coincident lines •• Sum of angles
•• Substitution method, Elimination method •• Right triangle properties
hhParameter hhRight triangle setup
hhThree-variable linear systems hhSimilar polygons
hhElementary row-operations •• Trigonometric functions
•• Two-variable inequalities hhUsing calculator

hhSystem of two-variable inequalities hhInverse

hhIntersection hhReciprocal

hhUnbounded, bounded hhRadian

hhBoundary line hhSpecial triangle

hhLinear programming hh30°-60°-90° triangle

hhObjective function hh45°-45°-90° triangle

hhConstraints hhAngles on the Cartesian plane

hhFeasible solution hhReference angle

hhReference triangle
Matrices hhCoterminal angles
hhDefinition hhASTC
hhParts and types of matrices hhTrigonometric Equations
hhArithmetic with matrices
hhUnit Circle
hhMatrix multiplication
hhIdentity matrix Sequences, Series, and Counting
hhInverse matrix hhArithmetic Sequences
hhElementary row operations hhSeries
hhGaussian elimination hhSummation notation
hhAugmented matrix hhSeries formulas: constant, consecutive integers, consecutive
hhTriangular form squares
hhGauss-Jordan elimination hhMathematical induction

hhDiagonal form hhGeometric Sequences

hhDeterminants hhConverging, Diverging

hhDiagonal hhFinite Geometric Series

hhAntidiagonal hhInfinite Geometric Series

hhCramer’s rule hhCounting

hhMatrix inversion hhPermutation

hhSolving by matrix inversion hhCombination

hhBinomial Theorem
hhAdjugate matrix

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Probability

hhRelative frequency
hhFinding inverse of a function
•• Mutually and non-mutually exclusive events
hhOne-to-one function
•• Probability of multiple events
hhHorizontal line test
•• Independent and dependent events
hhEvaluating exponential functions
hhFrequency distribution
hhTranslational graphing of exponential functions
hhRelativefrequency distribution
hhLogarithmic functions
hhProbability density function
hhCommon logarithmic function
hhUniform probability distribution
hhNatural logarithmic function
hhGeometric probability
hhConverting between exponential and logarithmic form
hhProperties of logarithms

Algebra 2 cont. p. 151

150
 Grade 10
 RED indicates first introduction of content.
MATHEMATICS: Algebra 2  cont.
Statistics hhStandard deviation
•• Descriptive and inferential statistics hhVariance

•• Measures of center hhNormal distribution

•• Mean, median, mode hhStandard normal distribution
•• Measure of dispersion hhCalculating z-score

•• Range hhSampling Distribution

hhMean deviation hhCentral Limit Theorem

hhHypothesis Testing

HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: World History

10

World History and Cultures is written and taught from the Christian perspective. Basic to this
perspective is the conviction that God is the Creator of the universe and the Controller of history.
Because the focal point of history is the birth of Christ, World History and Cultures takes the view
that all history is either pointing toward the birth of Christ or looking back to it. Students study how
God used events before the birth of Christ to prepare the world for His coming. Then, after His birth,
they trace the impact of Christianity on the events of world history.
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11570301 The Christian perspective of World History and Cultures helps students see the sovereign hand of
God in history, as well as the consequences of man’s choices. The Providence of God has guided his-
tory for His glory. Yet each person is free to choose whether to obey God and be used by Him, or to
disobey and suffer the consequences. Thus world history also illustrates the truth of Proverbs 14:34:
“Righteousness exalteth a nation: but sin is a reproach to any people.”

Added Enrichment Evaluation

•• Special feature boxes (56): •• Reading quizzes  (30)
•• Provide a framework for understanding the concepts in history •• Review quizzes  (40)
•• Explore language and writing through the ages •• Geography map projects  (8; each counts as quiz grade)
•• Give insight to the people and events of history •• Current events  (32; each counts as quiz grade)
•• Maps correlating to text  (84) •• Tests (8), 9-weeks exam (2)
•• Semester exam, final exam

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Foundations for Studying History •• Rise of Islam: Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, and Mohammed
•• Creation versus evolution •• Middle East (c. 1800 B.C.–A.D. 700s)
•• Capital punishment •• Missionary efforts:
•• Beginning of languages, nations, and races: Nimrod and Babel hhIon-Keith Falconer and Samuel Zwemer
•• Other Asian cultures (c. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1800s):
Asia and Africa: The Beginning of Civilization •• India: Indus River, Hinduism, caste system, and Buddhism
•• Cradle of Civilization: Fertile Crescent and Mesopotamia •• Ancient Chinese dynasties
(c. 2300–1800 B.C.): hhChinese language
•• Sumer: •• Japan: Shinto religion
•• Cuneiform, culture, civilization, education, architecture, trade, •• Egypt—Gift of the Nile (c. 2300 B.C.–A.D. 1700s):
society, religion •• History and language: Herodotus and the Rosetta Stone
hhMathematics, government
hhReligion: Book of the Dead
hhSettlements: Eridu, Uruk, Ur
hhThebes
hhGolden Age of Ur, Epic of Gilgamesh
•• Old, Middle, and New Kingdom
•• Middle East (c. 1800 B.C.–A.D. 700s):
•• Other African cultures (c. 2300 B.C.–A.D. 1700s):
•• Old Babylonian Empire:
hhLand of Phut and Cush
•• Hammurabi and the law
•• Ethiopia:
hhPlace-value notation, Babylonian Genesis
•• Kingdom of Aksum and Ethiopian Orthodox Church:
•• Hittite Empire
hhPiankhi, Ebed-melech
•• Assyrian Empire: Tiglath-pileser I, Nineveh
•• Early Christianity in North Africa: Simon of Cyrene, Tertullian,
•• New Babylonian Empire: Nebuchadnezzar and Daniel
­Clement of Alexandria, Athanasius, and Augustine
•• Persian Empire: Cyrus the Great, Darius I, and Xerxes I •• Other empires and kingdoms:
•• Israel: Patriarchs, Exodus, Moses, Decalogue, theocracy, David, •• Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Kongo:
and Divided Kingdom
hhMansa Musa and King Ewuare
hhHebrew and Arabic language

Consumer Mathematics cont. p. 152

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 RED indicates first introduction of content.
HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: World History  cont.
Europe: Beginnings of Western Civilization •• Charlemagne’s empire:
•• Greece (c. 2000–30 B.C.): hhDivision: Lothar, Charles, Louis
•• Minoans and Mycenaeans •• Lorraine
•• Civilization: Homer, Greek gods, city-states, Olympics •• Saxons
•• Greco-Persian Wars: hhSalians, Hohenstaufens
hhIonian Revolt, Battle of Plataea hhInvestiture Controversy
•• Types of government hhDecline of the papacy: Babylonian Captivity of the papacy and the

hhDraco’s Code
Great Schism
•• Medieval culture (c. A.D. 500–1500):
hhCourt of Areopagus
•• Feudal society and chivalry
hhPeisistratus and Cleisthenes
•• Crusades:
•• Sparta and Athens: Peloponnesian War
•• Check and balance results
•• Macedonia:
hhBernard of Clairvaux, Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus
•• Alexander the Great
hhPre-Reformation Europe
hhBattle of Ipsus
•• Universities and scholasticism:
•• Classical Greece:
•• Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham
•• Writing and philosophy
hhTrivium and quadrivium, scholasticism
hhHellenic Age, education and architecture, art and science
•• Forerunners of the Reformation:
•• Hellenistic Age:
•• John Wycliffe, Roger Bacon, and John Huss
hhStoics and Epicureans
hhGerhard Groote and Savonarola
hhLanguage of the New Testament: Koine Greek
•• Italian Renaissance:
•• Rome (c. 753 B.C.–A.D. 476):
•• Humanism
•• Early people:
hhPetrarch, Boccaccio, Giotto
•• Latins, Etruscans, Magna Graecia, Carthage, and Gauls
•• Johann Gutenberg: Gutenberg Bible
hhItalis
•• Rise of modern nations (c. 850–1300):
Europe: Beginnings of Western Civilization  cont. •• Ancient Britain: Stonehenge, Celts, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and
hhSociety: family, religion, education, and government Beowulf
•• Punic Wars: •• Alfred the Great
•• Hannibal and Scipio •• Norman Conquest:
hhBattle of Cannae hhCharter of Liberties and Exchequer

hhCivil Wars: reforms of Gracchi •• Plantagenet kings:

•• Pax Romana hhEleanor of Aquitaine, House of Lords, and House of Commons
•• Emperors: •• Hundred Years’ War, Wars of the Roses
•• Claudian, Flavian, “Five Good Emperors,” “Barracks Emperors,” •• Feudal France:
Diocletian •• Hugh Capet and Estates-General
hhHadrian’s wall hhHouse of Valois
•• Christian emperor: Constantine I •• Spain:
•• Fall of Rome: •• Moorish culture, the Reconquista, Spanish Inquisition
hhRomulus Augustulus hhEl Cid, Antonio de Nebrija
hhLegacy of Rome: language, literature, law •• Portugal:
•• Early church history (A.D. 30–476): •• Prince Henry
•• Apostolic church: the New and Old Testaments hhAlfonso Henriques
hhPersecuted and imperial church hhAge of Exploration
•• Byzantine Empire (c. A.D. 324–1453): •• Native civilizations: Arawaks, Mayas, Incas, and Aztecs
hhAge of Justinian: Hagia Sophia, Justinian Code, and Theodora •• France: Northwest Passage
hhFall of Byzantium
hhByzantine contributions: Eastern Orthodox, Greek liturgy,
The Reformation Era: The Modern Age Begins
Byzantine text •• Protestant Reformation (c. 1517–1600):
•• Renaissance in Germany, England, and France:
The Middle Ages: From the Ancient to the Modern hhJohann Reuchlin, Philipp Melanchthon, John Colet, Thomas
•• Dark Ages (c. A.D. 500–1500): Moore
•• Church of Rome: •• Martin Luther:
•• Petrine Theory, Pope Leo I, Gregory I •• Charles V, Edict of Worms, popular education
hhPatrick of Ireland
•• Doctrine of Romanism
•• Other teachings: John Wycliffe, Vulgate, Peter Waldo, Council of
Toulouse

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 RED indicates first introduction of content.
HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: World History  cont.
hhKatharina von Bora •• Agricultural advancements: better use of land and tools
•• Switzerland: •• Industrial Revolution: Enclosure Movement and domestic and
•• Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, Conrad Grebel, Anabaptists ­factory system
hhGuillaume Farel •• Transportation and communications:
•• Post-Reformation Europe (c. 1517–1650): hhGuglielmo Marconi
hhAugsburg Confession hhScience: Dalton, Faraday, Kelvin, Maxwell, Curie, Jenner
•• Counter-Reformation: •• United States’ rise to power: capitalism and the Spanish-American
•• The Inquisition, Loyola War
•• Blessings of capitalism: John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J. P.
hhThe Index, Council of Trent
•• Reformation in the Netherlands: Council of Blood and William the Morgan, philanthropy, and Adam Smith
Silent •• Victorian Era: England’s Age of Progress (1837–1901):
•• English Reformation: •• Great English statesmen: William Pitt the Younger and Sir Robert
•• Tudor rulers, Spanish Armada Peel
•• Victorian England: William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli
hhAct of Supremacy, Lady Jane Grey
•• China and Japan missions:
•• Scottish Reformation: Mary Stuart vs. John Knox
hhTreaty of Amity and Commerce, Neesima
•• Reformation in France: Huguenots and St. Bartholomew’s Day Mas-
•• Christianity and charity
sacre
•• Thirty Years’ War: hhBritish imperialism:

•• Peace of Westphalia •• Crimean War and British North America Act

hhCount of Tilly, Albrecht Wallenstein
hhBattle of Lützen, results of Thirty Years’ War
•• Post-Reformation science and culture (c. 1517–1800):
•• Founders and progress of modern science
•• Classics: music and art
The Age of Ideas: Revolution, Revival, and Reform
•• France—road to revolution (c. 1640–1815):
hhAge of Absolutism: War of the Spanish Succession
•• Enlightenment:
hhDiderot
hhReasons for the revolution: religious, economic, and social turmoil
•• French Revolution
•• India: Sepoy Rebellion, William Carey and Amy Carmichael
•• Victorian Era: England’s Age of Progress (1837–1901) cont.:
•• Africa:
•• David Livingstone, Robert Moffat, and Samuel Adjai Crowther
hhKhama
•• South Africa:
•• Afrikaners and Boer War
hhCecil Rhodes, Paul Kruger, Louis Botha
hhBeginning of Britain’s decline: Charles Darwin, Thomas Henry
Huxley, Christian Socialists, Fabian Society, utilitarians, and modern-
ism
•• Unbelief and revolution in 19th-century Europe (c. 1800–1900):
hhGerman philosophy and liberal Christianity: romanticism, idealism,

•• Reign of Terror: relativism, dialectic thinking, “Higher Criticism,” modernists, and

•• Atheism, deism Darwinism
•• Age of Metternich
hhDirectory
•• Revolutions of the 1830s: France, Belgium, and Central Europe
•• Tyranny of Napoleon: Continental System, Battles of Leipzig and
Waterloo •• Revolutions of 1848: Louis Napoleon, Austria, and German states
•• England and America: quest for freedom (c. 1600–1800): •• Franco-Prussian War:
•• James I: Puritans, Separatists, KJV, Jamestown, and Plymouth •• Otto von Bismarck and Wilhelm II
hhThird French Republic
hhNational Covenant, Long Parliament, Grand Remonstrance
•• English Civil War: hhRise of modern socialism

•• Oliver Cromwell
Twentieth Century: A World at War
hhRump Parliament, Battle of Marston Moor, Battle of Naseby, Treaty •• World War I (1914–1918):
of Dover
•• Road to war: spiritual decay
•• Glorious Revolution
•• Fronts:
•• Pietism in Germany:
•• Eastern, western, Balkans, and Italian
•• Philipp Spener
hhPétain, von Ludendorff
hhCount von Zinzendorf
•• Bolshevik Revolution
•• Great Awakening in America: Jonathan Edwards and George
•• American involvement:
Whitefield
•• Lusitania and the Zimmermann Note
hhAge of Reason: John Locke and David Hume
hhWeimar Republic
•• Wesleyan Revival: John and Charles Wesley
hhProvidence of God in History
•• Rise of modern missions:
•• Aftermath of war: Wilson’s Fourteen Points, Treaty of V
­ ersailles,
•• William Carey and Adoniram Judson
and League of Nations
hhJohn Howard
•• Rise of Communism (1848–1939):
•• French and Indian War
•• Roots of Communism: Karl Marx, dialectical materialism, bour-
•• American War for Independence
geoisie, proletariat, Frederich Engels, Communist M
­ anifesto, Das
•• Age of Industry (c. 1760–1900): Kapital
•• Protestant work ethic •• Early Russian history of the czars
World History cont. p. 154
153
 Grade 10
 RED indicates first introduction of content.
HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: World History  cont.
•• Bolshevik Revolution: Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Red Guards, hhAsia:
Cheka hhConflicts in Israel, Lebanon, Iran, and Iraq
•• Lenin’s Russia: •• Conflict in India
•• Third International, new economic policy, USSR •• Africa
hhCentral Committee •• Vietnam War:
•• Stalin’s Russia: Five-Year Plan, collectivization, genocide hhNgo Dinh Diem
hhWhy Communism Kills hhNuclear freeze movement
hhTwentieth-century liberalism (c. 1900–1940): •• Space Age
hhDefining liberalism and conservatism •• Rise of conservatism in the West
hhLiberal pseudo-sciences and philosophies •• Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan, Falkland Islands,
hhLiberalism in education versus traditional education Reagan Doctrine, SDI:
hhReligious liberalism: modernism, social gospel, and hhKAL 007, Chernobyl
ecumenism •• Changes in Eastern Europe: perestroika, glasnost, Berlin Wall falls,
hhChristian witness Poland, Hungary
hhLiberalism and conservatism in the arts •• Tiananmen Square Massacre
•• Rise of globalism (c. 1990s–present):
Twentieth Century: A World at War  cont. •• Persian Gulf War
•• Prosperity of the Twenties: Paris Peace Pact
•• Rise of Islamic terrorism: 9/11 attacks and Bush Doctrine
•• Great Depression: easy credit, risky investment, and government
hhPakistan and Kashmir
involvement
•• Changes in Western Europe:
•• World War II (1939–1945):
•• Gordon Brown, Jacques Chirac, Angela Merkel
•• Ideologies and dictatorships
hhMaastricht Treaty
•• Aggressors on the march:
•• Eastern Europe: Bosnia, Slobodan Milosevic, Kosovo, Dayton Peace
hhMunich Pact, Siegfried and Maginot Lines
Accords
•• European Theater:
•• Russia after the Cold War:
•• Battle of Britain, Winston Churchill, and Erwin Rommel
•• Boris Yeltsin, Dmitri Medvedev
hhInvasion of Scandinavia
hhChechnya
•• Invasion of Russia
hhNorth Korea: Kim Jong Un
•• American involvement:
•• New leaders in African nations
•• Neutrality Act, Lend-Lease Act, Pearl Harbor, and D-Day
•• Cuba and Raul Castro
hhPanay Incident
hhSouth America: Daniel Ortega
•• European Theater: Operation Torch, Italian Campaign
hhCanada: Pierre Trudeau, Kim Campbell
•• Key battles in the Pacific Theater:
hhUnited States: GATT
•• Bataan Death March, Doolittle’s raid, Midway, Coral Sea, Guam,
•• Asia and the Pacific:
Saipan, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and kamikazes
•• Japan
hhBattle of the Java Sea, Guadalcanal, the Aleutians, the Gilberts,
hhTaiwan and Lee Teng-hui
the Marianas
hhSouth Korea and Kim Young Sam
•• Manhattan Project:
•• Southeast Asia
hhFermi, Teller, Oppenheimer
•• Israel and the PLO:
•• Holocaust
•• Road map for peace
hhAftermath: wartime conferences
hhOperation Defensive Shield
•• Cold War Era (c. 1945–1989):
hhIntelligent Design
hhForming, framework, and failure of the UN
•• Bioethics
•• Communist subversion: Rosenbergs, Klaus Fuchs, and
Joseph P. McCarthy •• Environmentalism and globalism
•• Response of the West:
Geography
•• Truman Doctrine, containment, Marshall Plan, and NATO
•• Geography projects (8) featuring maps, both physical and political:
hhWarsaw Pact
•• The World
•• Fall of Nationalist China: Chiang Kai-shek, George C. M­ arshall, and •• The Middle East
Taiwan
•• Asia
•• Communist China:
•• Africa
•• Mao Tse-tung, cultural revolution, Red Guards
•• Europe
hhFive-Year Plan
•• North America
•• Korean War:
•• South America
•• MacArthur vs. containment
•• Australia and New Zealand
hhInchon
•• International changes: Prayer Time
•• Communist Cuba •• Learn to pray for our nation and for government officials
hhSouth America: Isabel Perón and Salvador Allende

154
 Grade 10

SCIENCE: Biology
Biology: God’s Living Creation deals with one of the most fascinating subjects known to man. Students
Biology
Biology God’s Living Creation

Fourth Edition

begin with a combination of field, text, and lab work to take a closer look at plants. They will use the
God’s Living Creation
microscope and dissections as they study the Creator’s provision for plants and animals. A detailed
study of the anatomy and physiology of the human body will lead students to understand that they are
“fearfully and wonderfully made.”
®

Students will look deeper into the micro-cosmos as they learn some of man’s latest discoveries about
´3mm!ߨ
19777701 the most complicated structure in all of creation: the living cell. They will see the intricate detail that
God has built into living things and His master plan for transmitting information within an organism and
from one generation of organisms to the next. Students will also understand just how far man still has
to go to gain a complete understanding of God’s living creation.

Added Enrichment Evaluation

•• Feature articles with information about God’s design, provision, •• Reading quizzes  (16)
and the wonders of His creation  (65) •• Review quizzes  (36)
•• Laboratory exercises  (25) •• Science project  (counts as 4 quiz grades and 1 test grade)
•• Application and Critical Thinking questions for every chapter •• Tests (8), 9-weeks exam (2)
•• Semester exam, final exam

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Botany hhWater pressure and wilting

•• Angiosperms: •• Flowers, fruits, and seeds:
•• Introduction to biology: definition and major fields of study •• Flower parts:
•• Parts of a green plant: flowers, leaves, stems, roots •• Sepals, petals, stamen, pistil
•• Nitrogen cycle hhComplete and incomplete flowers
•• Families of angiosperms: hhMonoecious vs. dioecious
•• Composite, mint, parsley, rose, pea, lily hhFactors affecting flowering: photoperiodism

hhMustard, nightshade, cashew •• Development of fruits and seeds: pollination, fertilization

•• Monocots and dicots: •• Formation, types, and function of fruits:
•• Types of angiosperms: characteristics of monocots and dicots hhSimple, aggregate, and multiple fruits

•• Grasses: •• Seed dispersal

•• Cereal crops •• Structure of seeds: parts of the embryo, germination
hhTurf grasses, other grasses •• Stems and roots:
•• Broadleaf trees: •• External structure of woody stems:
•• Observing trees, characteristics of trees •• Buds, scales, bud-scale scars, growth
hhGuide to familiar American broadleaf trees by groups—bark, hhBundle scars

leaves, fruits, and crown shapes are pictured and explained •• Internal structure of woody stems:
•• Leaves: •• Bark, pith
hhSystems and organs in plants •• Wood:
•• External structure of leaves: •• Heartwood, sapwood, annual rings
•• Leaf shapes hhTracheids
•• Parts of a leaf: hhHerbaceous stems: dicots and monocots

hhStipule •• Vegetative reproduction:

•• Simple and compound leaves hhAsexual reproduction, cutting, layering, grafting, budding, cultur-
•• Arrangement of leaves on stems: ing
•• Nodes, opposite, alternate, whorled, and rosette •• Special stems: bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons, tendrils, tubers,
•• Phototropism thorns
hhPlant hormones
hhThree types of plant tissues: structural, vascular, and meristematic
•• Root systems:
•• Structure of leaves:
•• Taproots, fibrous roots
hhEpidermis, mesophyll
•• Structure:
•• Veins, parts of plant cells
•• Root hairs, root cortex
•• Photosynthesis:
hhEpidermis, central vascular cylinder
hhThylakoids, light and dark reactions
•• Primary and secondary growth
•• Products of photosynthesis
•• Root’s absorption and transportation of water:
hhFactors that influence photosynthesis
•• Diffusion, osmosis, capillarity
•• Fall coloration of leaves and special leaves:
hhSap stream
•• Leaf pigments, a ­ bscission layer
hhCellulase
Biology cont. p. 156
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 Grade 10
 RED indicates first introduction of content.
SCIENCE: Biology  cont.
Botany  cont. •• Structure:
•• Variety in the world of plants: hhDiaphysis, epiphysis, medullary cavity
•• Classification: hhTissues

•• Linnaeus, John Ray •• Bone growth and development:

•• Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, scientific hhMaintenance

name •• Nutrition
hhDomains, phylogeny •• Exercise:
•• Conifers and other gymnosperms: hhWolff’s law
•• Characteristics and reproduction of conifers, cycads, and ginkgo hhConstruction
trees •• Fracture and repair
•• Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails: •• Joints:
•• Spores hhSynovial fluid
hhStructures and life cycle of ferns; alternation of generations •• Ligaments, types of joints, problems with joints
•• Club mosses, horsetails •• Muscles:
hhLycopodium •• Types
•• Mosses and liverworts: hhSpecific muscles for moving different parts of the body
•• Structures of moss •• Structure of skeletal muscles:
hhUses, types and life cycle of mosses hhFascia, tendons, fibers, and neuromuscular junction; muscle
•• Liverwort characteristics c­ ontrol
•• Algae: •• Muscles and exercise: hypertrophy, atrophy, red and white fibers
•• Characteristics •• The nervous system:
•• Green algae: •• Divisions of the nervous system:
hhDesmids •• Central nervous system:
•• Brown algae: hhGlial cells, gray and white matter, myelin, ganglia, plexus,

hhGulfweed ­poliomyelitis
•• Yellow, red, and blue-green algae •• Peripheral nervous system:
hhDinoflagellates hhMixed nerves

•• Fungi: •• Autonomic nervous system

•• Importance hhNerves: median nerve, Schwann cells, multiple sclerosis

•• Club fungi: •• How neurons work:

hhRust life cycle hhAction potential

•• Molds: •• Synapse, neurotransmitter

hhParasitic molds hhInhibitors

•• Sac fungi •• Parkinson’s disease

hhSlime molds
•• Reflex action:
•• Lichens hhReflex arc
•• Parts of the brain:
Human Anatomy & Physiology •• Cerebrum:
•• Fearfully and wonderfully made: •• Hemispheres
•• Wonders of the human body: the crown of God’s creation hhCorpus callosum
•• Introduction to body cavities: •• Cerebral cortex, lobes, cerebral palsy
hhCranial, spinal •• Cerebellum:
•• Thoracic, abdominal •• Location
•• Body systems: introduction to eleven systems hhStructure
hhHomeostasis and feedback mechanisms •• Function, purpose
•• Tissues: •• Brain stem: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, reticular forma-
•• Four main types tion
•• Tissue fluids •• Limbic system:
hhMembranes: four main types •• Thalamus, hypothalamus
•• Cells hhHippocampus, amygdala
hhMatrix •• The mind and the brain:
•• Vestigial organs: brief discussion hhBehaviorism
•• Bones and muscles: •• Neurological health:
hhDetailed discussion of axial skeleton •• Caring for the nervous system:
hhDetailed discussion of appendicular skeleton hhREM sleep
•• Bones: •• Importance of avoiding alcohol:
•• Classification hhNeuritis

Biology cont. p. 157

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 Grade 10
 RED indicates first introduction of content.
SCIENCE: Biology  cont.
Human Anatomy & Physiology  cont. hhIntrinsic factor
•• Injuries to the nervous system: hhCardiac and pyloric sphincters
hhSciatica
•• The liver and pancreas in digestion:
•• Stroke, concussion, amnesia, coma •• Bile, gallbladder
•• Neurological diseases: hhBile salts, emulsification, common bile duct

•• Tetanus, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy •• Pancreatic juice

•• Dementia: hhSodium bicarbonate production by the pancreas

hhAcute confusion, senile dementia •• Small intestine:

•• Arteriosclerotic dementia •• Primary organ of digestion and absorption
•• Senses: •• Divisions of the small intestine
hhSomatic vs. special senses •• Villi
•• Skin sensations hhMicrovilli, lacteal

•• Chemical senses (taste and smell): •• Insulin, glucagon

hhTaste bud structure hhUrea

hhPrimary odors •• Large intestine: function and structure

•• Hearing: hhDivisions of the large intestine

hhMalleus, incus, stapes •• Gastrointestinal disorders:

hhTinnitus
•• Food poisoning
•• Vision: hhDyspepsia

•• Protection of the eye: socket, eyelid, lacrimal glands •• Ulcers, ­effects of alcohol
hhEye movement hhConstipation, diarrhea

•• Eye structure and function: •• Dysentery, colon cancer

•• Sclera •• Circulation and respiration:
•• Uvea: •• Blood: cardiovascular system, arteries, veins, capillaries
hhChoroid, ciliary body •• Composition of blood:
••Iris, pupil •• Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets:
•• Retina: hhPlasma proteins, circulatory shock

hhFovea hhRed blood cell production, leukemia

hhStructure and function of rod and cone cells; rhodopsin; color hhBlood types: antigens, ABO blood group, universal donors and

vision, persistence of vision ­recipients, Rh blood group

hhBlind spot
•• Design of the heart:
hhAqueous humor, vitreous humor
•• Structure:
•• Lens hhLayers, valves, and skeleton

•• Defective vision: •• Blood flow:

•• Nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, night blindness •• Through the heart
hhPresbyopia, colorblindness hhTo the heart

hhGlaucoma hhDetailed structure and function of cardiac muscle, electrical

•• Nutrition and digestion: system, heart beats

hhTypes, symptoms, and treatment of heart failure
•• Nutrients and energy:
•• Circulation of blood:
•• Calories, metabolism
•• Arteries, veins, and capillaries:
hhObesity
hhStructure of blood vessels
•• Macronutrients
•• Atherosclerosis
•• Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
hhBranches of systemic circulation
•• Micronutrients
•• Pulmonary circulation
•• Vitamins, minerals and water:
•• Blood pressure and pulse
••Coenzymes
•• Cardiovascular health: leading cause of death
••Edema
•• Anatomy and function of respiratory system:
•• Beginning of the digestive system:
hhTypes of respiration: external, internal, and cellular
•• Alimentary canal, digestion, enzymes, glands
•• Organs of respiration:
•• Oral cavity:
hhNasal meatuses
hhPalate, bolus, papillae
•• Throat structures
hhWisdom tooth, impacted, mastication
•• Trachea, bronchi
•• Esophagus: peristalsis, epiglottis
•• Lungs:
•• Stomach and intestines:
••Bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma
•• Stomach structure and function:
••Pleural membrane:
hhHunger contractions
hhPleurisy
•• Gastric juice, hydrochloric acid, chyme
•• Diaphragm

Biology cont. p. 158

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 Grade 10
 RED indicates first introduction of content.
SCIENCE: Biology  cont.
Human Anatomy & Physiology  cont. •• Bacteria:
•• The breathing process: •• Structure:
hhRole of intercostal muscles hhPlasmids

hhControl by the medulla oblongata hhTypes, variations and shapes, reproduction

•• Lung capacity: hhDisease:

••Vital capacity hhGerm concept of disease, Koch’s postulates

hhTidal volume hhPathogenic activity
•• Respiratory diseases: •• Viruses:
•• Common cold, influenza, tuberculosis, emphysema, lung cancer hhReplication, diseases
hhCystic fibrosis
•• Protozoa, fungi, parasites
•• Integumentary, excretory, endocrine, and reproductive systems: •• How infectious diseases are spread:
hhIntroduction: body’s design for maintaining homeostasis hhDroplet infection, carrier
•• Integumentary system: •• Vector, sexually transmitted diseases
•• Purpose hhIncubation

•• Structure: •• Preventing the spread of disease: epidemic, vaccination

hhPsoriasis, keratin in skin, skin pigments
•• Immune system:
•• Tanning, sunburn •• Overview, white blood cells
hhHair structure hhHistamine, interferon
•• Sebaceous glands •• Antibodies
hhDetails of sweat glands hhSpecific vs. nonspecific defenses
•• Excretory system: hhTable of white blood cell types
•• Kidneys: •• Lymphatic system:
hhFunction, regulation, structures, failure, dialysis
•• Lymph, vessels, ducts, nodes
•• Endocrine system: hhStructure and function of lymph nodes

hhEndocrine vs. exocrine glands

•• Other organs
•• Hormones: •• Other defenses: skin barrier, mucous membranes, lysozymes,
hhHormone receptors
fever, microorganisms of digestion
•• Acquired immunity, innate immunity
•• Pituitary gland:
•• Immune deficiency diseases (HIV, AIDS)
•• Hypothalmus, somatotropin
•• Medical defenses against disease:
hhDisorders: pituitary gigantism, pituitary dwarfism, acromegaly
hhImmune therapy, serums
hhGonadotropins
•• Chemotherapy, antibiotics
•• Thyroid and parathyroid glands:
•• Prevention: nutrition, rest, exercise
•• Thyroxine
•• Thyroid disorders: Life Sciences: Methodology & Philosophy
hhCretinism, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism •• Natural history and scientific investigation:
••Simple goiter •• Natural history through the ages:
•• Pancreas (endocrine function): islets of Langerhans, insulin, •• Bible beginnings, Hebrews
­glucagon, diabetes mellitus •• Greeks:
•• Adrenal glands: epinephrine, steroid hormones, cortisol,
hhAnaximander, Plato, Aristotle
aldosterone
•• Romans:
•• Pineal gland: melatonin
hhPliny, Galen
•• Reproductive system
•• Ancient science vs. the Bible
hhGametes
•• Middle Ages:
•• Gonads:
hhNestorians
•• Endocrine function: adolescence, puberty, secondary sex char-
•• Modern science: Protestant Reformation, advances in biological
acteristics
­sciences, microscopy, cell theory
hhMajor organs
•• Biology and scientific investigation:
•• Prenatal development
•• Scripture and scientific investigation, scientific method
hhGestation, trimesters, primary germ layers, chorion, digestive
•• Repudiation of spontaneous generation, law of biogenesis
tube, neural plate, labor
•• Limitations of science
•• Sexual morality
•• Scientism
•• Disease and the body’s immune system:
•• Evolution—a retreat from science:
•• Introduction: disease, microbes, pathogen, infectious and noninfec-
tious, acute, chronic •• Science and faith: great founders of science believed in God and
•• Noninfectious diseases: degenerative, immunological, hormonal, creation
congenital and genetic, nutritional, harmful substances, cancer •• Rejecting the truth:
•• Infectious diseases: •• Darwin and Lyell, natural selection
•• Communicable and noncommunicable hhEffects of naturalism

Biology cont. p. 159

158
 Grade 10
 RED indicates first introduction of content.
SCIENCE: Biology  cont.
Life Sciences: Methodology & Philosophy  cont. Zoology
•• Paleontology: •• Mammals:
•• Evidence against evolution, speciation, macroevolution, fossils •• Characteristics of animals, vertebrates, and mammals:
•• Transitional forms and lack thereof •• Mobility, diversity, symmetry
•• Punctuated equilibrium hypothesis •• Types of mammal reproduction
•• Geologic column, radiometric dating, Cambrian explosion •• 18 mammal orders: discussed with representative animals
•• Coelacanth, Archaeopteryx, horse series hhExtinct mammals
•• Hominid fossils, Neanderthal, Cro-Magnon •• Birds:
•• Biological evidence against evolution: •• Feathered vertebrates:
•• Impossible transitional forms: •• Characteristics for flight
hhBat wings, avian respiratory system •• Backyard and roadside birds
•• Homology •• Groups of birds:
•• Molecular biology: design and complexity •• Perching, birds of prey, swimming and wading, game, tropical,
•• Genetics: limited variety, mutations flightless
•• Natural selection and genetic variety: hhExtinct birds
•• Peppered moth •• Avian anatomy and physiology:
•• Pesticide-resistant insects, antibiotic-resistant bacteria •• Feathers, skeletal and muscular systems
hhBacterial proliferation hhNervous system: brain, senses

•• Embryonic recapitulation •• Food and digestion:

hhWhy evolution cannot be properly called a science hhIntestine, cloaca, bursa of Fabricus

hhThreat of evolution to modern science hhExcretory system

•• Circulatory system:
Ecology hhNucleated red blood cells
•• Introduction of basic terms: ecology, habitat, biotic and abiotic fac- hhDetails of respiratory system
tors •• Family life of birds:
•• Levels of ecology: biosphere, biomes, ecosystems, community,
•• Migration, courtship
­population, organism
hhMating and fertilization
hhEcological stability
•• Egg, nesting, incubation
•• Influences in the ecosystem: biodiversity, carrying capacity, types of
hhCare of young
abiotic and biotic factors
•• Reptiles and amphibians:
•• Nutritional relationships in an ecosystem:
•• Reptiles:
•• Producers and consumers, trophic level, food chain, food web,
niches •• Cold-blooded, similar traits
hhEnergy flow, pyramid diagrams
•• Lizards: habitat, sizes, poisonous lizards, colorful, detached tails
•• Special nutritional relationships: and other defenses, and eating habits
•• Snakes:
•• Symbiosis, predation, competition
•• Sizes, methods of locomotion, scaly skin
hhAmensalism
•• Sense organs:
•• Neutralism
hhScale-covered eyes, hearing (quadrate bone)
hhHerbivory
•• Nutrient cycles: ••Smell: Jacobson’s organ
•• Hydrologic, atmospheric, sedimentary cycles •• Design for feeding, groups of snakes, venom, snakebite treat-
ment
hhCarbon-oxygen, phosphorous cycles
•• Turtles:
•• Major biomes:
•• Reptiles with shells
•• Tundra, northern coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest
•• Characteristics:
•• Grassland, desert, tropical rain forest
hhTympanic and nictitating membranes
•• Aquatic biomes:
•• Groups
•• Freshwater
•• Crocodilians
•• Marine:
•• Tuatara: parietal eye
hhEstuary
•• Dinosaurs and similar creatures: extinct reptiles, types and char-
•• Ecological succession and man’s role:
acteristics
hhPrimary succession, secondary succession
•• Amphibians:
•• Dominion and stewardship
•• Vertebrates with a double life:
•• Characteristics:
hhThree-chambered heart

Biology cont. p. 160

159
 Grade 10
 RED indicates first introduction of content.
SCIENCE: Biology  cont.
Zoology  cont. •• Flatworms and roundworms:
•• Frogs and toads: •• Platyhelminths:
hhColoring hhAnatomy of planarians, flukes, and tapeworms
••Toxic skin secretions •• Nematodes:
hhExternal fertilization hhFilaria, hookworm, trichina, ascaris
••Development and metamorphosis •• Protozoa:
hhAnatomy: head, oral cavity, body systems •• Flagellates:
•• Salamanders: •• Euglena:
••Reproduction and metamorphosis: hhPellicle, binary fission
hhSpermatophore, paedomorphosis •• Trypanosome
••Sizes; notable salamanders •• Sarcodines:
•• Caecilians •• Amoeba
•• Fish: hhForaminifera, radiolarla
•• Bony fish: •• Ciliates: paramecia, other ciliates
•• Abundance and importance •• Sporozoans
hhDetailed study of anatomy and physiology Cellular & Molecular Biology
•• Cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, and chimaeras; lampreys, hagfish
•• Cytology—design and function of cells:
•• Arthropods:
•• Variety and complexity of cells:
•• Common characteristics, classes
•• Discovery of cells
•• Insects:
hhVariety in cells, complexity of cells
•• Life cycle of insects
•• Design of cells:
hhGrasshopper anatomy and physiology hhDetails of cell structure and organelles
•• Orders of insects and their economic significance: 8 of the more
hhLife and work of cells:
than 25 orders are taught
hhMaintaining life, photosynthesis and cellular respiration
•• Insects and man
hhMembrane transport, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell movement,
hhGenetic control cilia and flagella
•• Arachnids:
hhCell cycle and mitosis, chromosomes, cell death
•• Spiders:
•• Heredity: continuity of life:
•• External anatomy
•• God’s provision for the continuity of life:
hhInternal anatomy, reproduction •• Heredity, genes
•• Harvestmen, scorpions, mites, and ticks
hhDifferentiation, sexual reproduction, meiosis
•• Centipedes and millipedes
hhClassical genetics:
•• Crustaceans:
hhMendel’s experiments, law of dominance, genotype and pheno-
hhAnatomy and life cycle of crayfish type
•• Other crustaceans hhPunnett squares, hybrids and hybridization, law of segregation
hhExtinct arthropods hhIncomplete dominance, law of independent assortment, linkage
•• Other invertebrates: hhSutton’s hypothesis
•• Mollusks: hhMorgan’s research, sex chromosomes, sex-linked traits
•• General characteristics hhHuman genetics:
•• Bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods hhDominant gene inheritance, codominance
•• Enchinoderms: hhMultiple allele inheritance
•• Starfish anatomy hhPleiotropy and polygenic inheritance
hhRotifers: parthenogenic hhSex-linked disorders, genetic advances, eugenics
•• Coelenterates and porifera: •• DNA—regulation of life:
•• Coelenterates: hollow-intestined invertebrates, polyp, medusa, •• DNA:
hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals •• Deoxyribonucleic acid
•• Porifera (sponges):
hhWatson and Crick, storage as chromatin
hhAnatomy and physiology hhStructure of RNA and DNA, bases, base pairing
•• Annelids:
•• Activities of DNA:
•• Earthworms:
hhCentral dogma of molecular biology, DNA replication, telomeres
•• Characteristics and anatomy and physiology
hhTranscription, mRNA, translation, rRNA, tRNA
hhSea worms hhNoncoding DNA, intron, exon, small RNA
•• Leeches
hhGenetic engineering, cloning
•• Mutations

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 Grade 10

BIBLE: Bible Doctrines

Christians need to know what they believe and why they believe it so they can Evaluation
be built up in their faith and equipped to present their beliefs intelligently and •• Verses:
effectively to others. Bible Doctrines for Today is written as a practical, personal •• Verse quizzes  (28)
study designed to reach both the head and the heart of the student. It covers all •• 9-weeks verses exams  (2)
major doctrines: the Bible, God, Christ, the Holy Spirit, man, salvation, the Church,
•• Semester verses exam  (1)
angels, and end times. Important terms and definitions of these doctrines will be
•• Final verses exam  (1)
explained, illustrated, and applied to the student’s life. Many memory verses are
correlated with the text to confirm the doctrinal truths being presented. •• Content:
•• Quiz on the books of the Bible  (1)
•• Quizzes  (8)
•• 9-weeks exams  (2)
•• Semester exam  (1)
•• Final content exam  (1)

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Lessons  137 hhEschatology—doctrine of last things:

hhVarious biblical doctrines such as: Bibliology (18 lessons), Theology (16), hhThe rapture of the church
Christology (12), Pneumatology (6), Anthropology (9), Soteri-ology (11), hhJudgment Seat of Christ for the saved
Ecclesiology (8), Angelology (9), and Eschatology (18) hhTribulation on earth
hhBibliology—doctrine of the Bible: hhChrist’s second coming to earth and millennial reign
hhRevelation and inspiration of the Scriptures hhGreat White Throne Judgment for the lost
hhAuthenticity, credibility, and canonicity of the Scriptures hhPersonal eschatology
hhTheology—doctrine of God: hhReality of heaven and hell
hhArguments for His existence
hhAttributes, sovereignty, nature, and names of God
Music  90 songs
•• Hymns of the faith, gospel songs, choruses, holiday songs
hhHis work of Creation and providence
hhChristology—doctrine of Christ: Memory Work
hhNames and nature of Jesus Christ •• Passages  (32 containing 94 verses)
hhSignificance of Christ’s supernatural life •• Salvation  (5)
•• Humiliation, crucifixion, resurrection, and exaltation of Jesus Christ •• The authenticity of the Scriptures  (6)
hhPneumatology—doctrine of the Holy Spirit: •• The Man of sorrows  (6)
hhHoly Spirit’s past and present work •• Being wise  (3)
hhGifts and graces of the Holy Spirit •• Being of one mind  (4)
hhBlasphemy against the Holy Spirit •• Preeminence of Christ  (4)
hhAnthropology—doctrine of man: •• The Everlasting and All-Knowing God  (10)
•• Origin of man and sin on earth •• Praises to God  (3)
hhSeriousness of sin •• Serving with gladness  (5)
hhSoteriology—doctrine of salvation: •• Books of the Bible
hhNecessity of and faith for salvation
hhJustification, sanctification, and adoption Prayer Time
hhBlessings and assurance of salvation •• Learn to pray for each other, our nation, those in authority over us
hhEcclesiology—doctrine of the church:
hhOrganization, ordinance, and mission of the church
hhAngelology—doctrine of angels:
hhNames and titles of specific angels
hhSatan: his present and future position

161