The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™

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IUCN 2008: T14519A97215090

Neofelis nebulosa, Clouded Leopard

Assessment by: Grassman, L., Lynam, A., Mohamad, S., Duckworth, J.W., Bora,
J., Wilcox, D., Ghimirey, Y., Reza, A. & Rahman, H.

View on www.iucnredlist.org

Citation: Grassman, L., Lynam, A., Mohamad, S., Duckworth, J.W., Bora, J., Wilcox, D., Ghimirey, Y.,
Reza, A. & Rahman, H. 2016. Neofelis nebulosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:
e.T14519A97215090. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

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Taxonomy
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae

Taxon Name:  Neofelis nebulosa (Griffith, 1821)

Common Name(s):
• English: Clouded Leopard
• French: Panthère longibande, Panthère Nébuleuse
• Spanish: Pantera del Himalaya, Pantera Longibanda, Pantera Nebulosa
Taxonomic Notes:
Classically considered a single species, the Clouded Leopard has recently been split into two species.
Based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA, microsatellites and morphology, Neofelis nebulosa is restricted
to mainland Southeast Asia, and N. diardi is found on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo (Buckley-
Beason et al. 2006, Kitchener et al. 2006, Wilting et al. 2007).

Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A2cd+3cd ver 3.1

Year Published: 2016

Date Assessed: January 20, 2016

Justification:
Clouded Leopard are less abundant range wide than when last accessed in 2007. Some range countries
have maintained status quo Clouded Leopard abundance, however, the majority of range countries have
experienced moderate declines, with serious declines noted for Myanmar, Viet Nam and China. The
causes of Clouded Leopard declines are attributed primarily to (1) direct exploitation, (2) range
fragmentation, and (3) reduction in habitat quality. Clouded Leopard exploitation for pelts is well
documented in several countries, including the infamous Tachilek market along the Thai–Myanmar
border. The frequency of Clouded Leopard parts available at market indicates increased pressure from
hunting (Oswell 2010). Ongoing deforestation in countries such as Myanmar and Cambodia is also
leading to increased fragmentation and reduction of optimal habitat for Clouded Leopard.

A reduction of at least 30% in the number of mature individuals over the last three generations (GL of 7
years [Pacifici et al. 2013] x 3 = 21 years, 1993–2014) is suspected due to direct exploitation and habitat
loss. The pattern of decline is not well understood given a lack of data on sub-population sizes and
trend, and the rate of decline has probably varied. In a small part of the range we assume Clouded
Leopard numbers to be roughly stable: Bhutan, Malaysia and Thailand, comprising roughly 12% of 2007
EOO and an assumed 12% of the 1993 population). We find it plausible that numbers in the remainder
of its range declined at a mean annual rate of at least 1.63%, resulting in a minimum population
reduction of 30% (a zero % decline in 12% of the population and a nearly 35% decline in the remaining
88%). As these threats are viewed as unlikely to cease and in some cases may not be reversible, an

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equivalent future decline is also suspected (a minimum future reduction in the number of mature
individuals of 30% from 2015–2036).

We take a precautionary attitude toward uncertainty in this assessment. We are certain of relatively
steep declines due to habitat loss and direct exploitation, however, the rate is not known and we
assume a threshold rate that meets the A criterion for Vulnerable. Generation length could be lower: for
example Yamada and Durrant (1989) reported that few Clouded Leopards in captivity were
reproductively successful after five (F) or six (M) years of age, but we suspect these are dated
observations given improvements in captive breeding. Also, generation length may be shortened in
declining wild populations if mortality results in reduced longevity. If a shorter GL is used, and if we did
not change our assumptions about the rate of decline, the suspected reduction would be less than 30%
thus qualifying the species as Near Threatened. However, because we are even more uncertain about
the total number of mature individuals than we are about the likelihood of decline, it is possible that
they could number less than 10,000, and the species could also qualify as Vulnerable under C1.

Previously Published Red List Assessments

2015 – Vulnerable (VU) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T14519A50656369.en

2008 – Vulnerable (VU) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14519A4440819.en

2002 – Vulnerable (VU)

1996 – Vulnerable (VU)

1994 – Vulnerable (V)

1990 – Vulnerable (V)

1988 – Vulnerable (V)

1986 – Vulnerable (V)

Geographic Range
Range Description:
The Clouded Leopard is found from the Himalayan foothills in Nepal through mainland Southeast Asia
into China (Nowell and Jackson 1996). The Clouded Leopard historically had a wide distribution in
China, south of the Yangtze, but recent records are few, habitat is fast disappearing, illegal hunting of
this species has been prolific and its current distribution in China is poorly known (Wozencraft et al.
2008, P. Riordan pers. comm.) Clouded leopard occurs in parts of southeast Bangladesh (or Chittagong
Hill Tracts (CHT)) in suitable mountainous habitat. The Clouded Leopard is extinct on the island of
Taiwan (Anon. 1996).

The Clouded Leopards of Sumatra and Borneo are considered a separate species Neofelis diardi
(Buckley-Beason et al. 2006, Kitchener et al. 2006, Eizirik et al. submitted), the Sundaland Clouded
Leopard. Clouded Leopards do not occur on Java.

Country Occurrence:
Native: Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia

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(Peninsular Malaysia); Myanmar; Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam

Regionally extinct: Taiwan, Province of China

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Distribution Map
Neofelis nebulosa

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Population
The Clouded Leopard is most strongly associated with primary tropical forest which is rapidly
disappearing across its range (Hunter 2011, Nowell and Jackson 1996), and Clouded Leopard skins have
been observed in large numbers in illegal wildlife trade in Southeast Asia (Nowell 2007). Increasing use
of camera traps has helped to better document its distribution and recent research efforts should help
improve understanding of its population status (Grassman et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2007).
Current Population Trend:  Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

The Clouded Leopard is intermediate in size between large and small cats, with wild females from
Thailand weighing 11.5 (Austin and Tewes 1999) to 13.5 kg (Grassman et al. 2005), and males 16
(Grassman et al. 2005) to 18 kg (Austin and Tewes 1999). Its coat is patterned with distinctive large
cloud shaped markings, its canines are exceptionally elongated, as is its tail - for a large cat, the Clouded
Leopard is highly arboreal (Sunquist and Sunquist 2002). They are strongly associated with forest
habitat, particularly primary evergreen tropical rainforest, but there are also records from dry and
deciduous forest, as well as secondary and logged forests. They have been recorded in the Himalayas up
to 2,500 m and possibly as high as 3,000 m. Less frequently, they have been found in grassland and
scrub, dry tropical forests and mangrove swamps (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Radio-tracking studies in
Thailand have showed a preference for forest over more open habitats (Austin et al. 2007, Grassman et
al. 2005).

A study in Thailand's Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary found that Clouded Leopards preyed upon a variety
of arboreal and terrestrial prey, including Hog Deer, Slow Loris, Bush-tailed Porcupine, Malayan Pangolin
and Indochinese Ground Squirrel (Grassman et al. 2005). Other observations include mainly primate
prey, but also Muntjac and Argus Pheasant (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Clouded Leopards are primarily
nocturnal, with crepuscular activity peaks (Grassman et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2007).

Two radio-telemetry studies in different parks in Thailand found that adult male and female Clouded
Leopards had similar home range sizes between 30-40 km² in size (95% fixed kernel estimators), with
smaller intensively used core areas of 3-5 km² (Grassman et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2007). While both
studies found substantial home range overlap between males and females, as is typical of most felids,
Grassman et al. (2005) also found that the ranges of their two radio-collared males overlapped by a
significant amount (39%). Although both studies found similar home ranges, clouded leopards in Phu
Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary travelled approximately twice the average daily distance (average 2 km) than
Clouded Leopards in Khao Yai National Park (Grassman et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2007).

Clouded Leopards may occur at higher densities when densities of the larger cats, Tigers and Leopards,
are lower (Lynam et al. 2001, Grassman et al. 2005, Rao et al. 2005).

Systems:  Terrestrial

Use and Trade

Clouded Leopard exploitation for pelts are well documented in several countries, including the infamous
Tachilek market along the Thai–Myanmar border. The frequency of Clouded Leopard parts available at

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market indicates increased pressure from hunting (Oswell 2010). Data from Tachilek on the
Myanmar–Thailand border (19 surveys, 1991–2013) and Mong La on the Myanmar–China border (7
surveys, 2001–2014) show that the most common species in trade was the Clouded Leopard Neofelis
nebulosa (482 individuals; observed in 22/24 surveys. However, the trade of cat parts from Myanmar
into Thailand has diminished and reaffirms the role of China in the trade of cats out of Myanmar
(Nijman and Shepherd 2015).

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

Clouded Leopards prefer closed forest (Grassman et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2007), and their habitat in
Southeast Asia is undergoing the world's fastest deforestation rate (1.2-1.3% a year since 1990: FAO
2007).

The Clouded Leopard is hunted for the illegal wildlife trade – large numbers of skins have been seen in
market surveys, and there is also trade in bones for medicines, meat for exotic dishes and live animals
for the pet trade (Hunter 2011). Wild animals are likely to be the primary source, but there is also some
illegal trade from captive animals (Nowell 2007). Clouded Leopard exploitation for pelts are well
documented in several countries, including the infamous Tachilek market along the Thai–Myanmar
border. The frequency of Clouded Leopard parts available at market indicates increased pressure from
hunting (Oswell 2010). Data from Tachilek on the Myanmar–Thailand border (19 surveys, 1991–2013)
and Mong La on the Myanmar–China border (seven surveys, 2001–2014) show that the most common
species in trade was the Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa (482 individuals, observed in 22/24 surveys.
However, the trade of cat parts from Myanmar into Thailand has diminished and reaffirms the role of
China in the trade of cats out of Myanmar (Nijman and Shepherd 2015).

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

Included on CITES Appendix I and protected by national legislation over most of its range (Nowell and
Jackson 1996). Hunting is banned in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Thailand, and Viet Nam; hunting regulations apply in Lao PDR, and there is no legal protection outside of
protected areas in Bhutan (Nowell and Jackson 1996). It occurs in many protected areas, although direct
exploitation, range fragmentation, and reduction in habitat quality have caused Clouded Leopard
declines in some countries such as Myanmar, Viet Nam, China and Bangladesh.

Credits
Assessor(s): Grassman, L., Lynam, A., Mohamad, S., Duckworth, J.W., Bora, J., Wilcox, D.,
Ghimirey, Y., Reza, A. & Rahman, H.

Reviewer(s): Nowell, K., Hunter, L., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Lanz, T. & Breitenmoser, U.

Contributor(s): Crouthers, R., Brook, S.M., Hendrie, D., Riordan, P., Rasphone, A., Wang, S.W.,
Dhakal, M., Sanderson, J. & Mallon, D.

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Bibliography
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(Accessed: 30 June 2016).

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Leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, Reveals Two Species. Current Biology 16: 2377-2383.

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Nowell,K. 2007. Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating
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Oswell, A. 2010. The Big Cat Trade in Myanmar and Thailand. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Bangkok.

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Sunquist, M. and Sunquist, F. 2002. Wild Cats of the World. University of Chicago Press.

Wilting A., Buckley-Beason, V.A., Feldhaar, H., Gadau, J., O’Brien, S.J. and Linsenmair, S.E. 2007. Clouded
leopard phylogeny revisited: support for species and subspecies recognition. Frontiers in Zoology 4: 15.

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Citation
Grassman, L., Lynam, A., Mohamad, S., Duckworth, J.W., Bora, J., Wilcox, D., Ghimirey, Y., Reza, A. &
Rahman, H. 2016. Neofelis nebulosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:
e.T14519A97215090. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

Disclaimer
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External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.

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 Appendix

Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Major
Habitat Season Suitability
Importance?

1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry - Suitable Yes

1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland - Suitable Yes

1. Forest -> 1.7. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above - Marginal -

High Tide Level

1. Forest -> 1.8. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp - Marginal -

1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane - Suitable Yes

3. Shrubland -> 3.5. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry - Marginal -

3. Shrubland -> 3.6. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist - Marginal -

3. Shrubland -> 3.7. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude - Marginal -

Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score

1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1. Ongoing - - -

Housing & urban areas
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.2. Ongoing - - -

Commercial & industrial areas
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Ongoing - - -

perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.1. Shifting
agriculture
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Ongoing - - -

perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder
farming
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Ongoing - - -

perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry
farming
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion

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 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp Ongoing - - -

plantations -> 2.2.1. Small-holder plantations
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming Ongoing - - -

& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or
farming
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping Ongoing - - -

terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping Ongoing - - -

terrestrial animals -> 5.1.2. Unintentional effects
(species is not the target)
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood Ongoing - - -

harvesting -> 5.3.5. Motivation
Unknown/Unrecorded
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.2. War, civil Ongoing - - -

unrest & military exercises
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance

Conservation Actions in Place

(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place

In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning

Action Recovery plan: Unknown

Systematic monitoring scheme: Unknown

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

Area based regional management plan: Unknown

In-Place Species Management

Harvest management plan: No

Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes

In-Place Education

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 Conservation Actions in Place
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Unknown

Included in international legislation: Yes

Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes

Conservation Actions Needed

(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions Needed

1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection

1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection

2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management

3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction

3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.2. Benign introduction

4. Education & awareness -> 4.2. Training

4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.1. International level

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level

Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy

1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology

1. Research -> 1.5. Threats

1. Research -> 1.6. Actions

2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan

3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

3. Monitoring -> 3.3. Trade trends

Additional Data Fields

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 Distribution
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 6172455

Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Yes

Lower elevation limit (m): 0

Upper elevation limit (m): 3000

Population
Population severely fragmented: Yes

Habitats and Ecology

Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes

Generation Length (years): 7

Movement patterns: Not a Migrant

Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)

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The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International;
Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of
Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™