ORAL Examination Questions and Answers: M.O.T First Class Part (B) For Certificate of Chief Engineer

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M.O.T First Class Part (B)

for Certificate of Chief Engineer
ORAL Examination
Questions and Answers
Compiled and revised by

Nyi Nyi Htwe (Chief Engineer)
Certificate of Chief Engineer Oral examination Questions and Answers revised by Nyi Nyi Htwe (Chief Engineer)
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CONTENT
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1. What is classification societies ? 13
2. What are IMO conventions ? 13
3. What is Statutory Survey ? 13
4. What are Statutory Certificates ? 13
5. What is classification Survey ? 13
6. Why Classification Societies sometimes issue the Statutory Certificate? 13
Difference between : Statutory Survey and Classification Survey: 14
7. What are periodical survey (or) Annual, Intermediate and Special survey ? 14
8. What is Flag State ? 14
9. What is Port State ? 14
10.How to prepare Port State Control? ( Before entering port ) 15
11.What is CMS ? 15
12.What items are covered by CMS ? 15
13. What items are not covered by CMS ? 15
14. What is IOPP and what contain ? 16
15. How to prepare the IOPP Survey ? 16
16. What is Oil Record Book ? 16
17. What are the MARPOL 73/78 Annexes? 17
18. What requirement of sludge tank ? 17
19. What is MARPOL 73/78 Annex IV and explain regulation ? 17
20. How to discharge overboard sewage from ship ? ( Sewage regulation ) 18
21. How to operate Biological Sewage Treatment Plant ? 19
22. What is Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD ? 19
23. What is Coliform Count ? 19
24. How do you prepare machinery survey ? ( M/E or G/E ) 19
25. What is Boiler Survey? 19
26. How to check IOPP certificate when C/E sign on ? 20
27. How to prepare electrical survey? 21
28. How will you prepare for Alternator survey? 21
29. What are the preparations for switchboard surveys? 21
30. Emergency Power and Associated Equipment Survey: 22
31. What is load line survey ? 22
32. Conditions of Freeboard Assignment: Why it is important? 22
33. What is free board ? 23
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34. What purpose of free board ? 23
35. What is the Air bottle survey ? 23
36. How to prepare entry into enclosed space ? 23
37. What difference between Explosimeler and Davy Safely Lamp? 24
38. What is the SOPEP ? What are SOPEP equipments ? 24
39. What are the SOPEP Requirements? 24
40. How to know water level in the boiler ? 25
41. How to maintain level indicator or level probe sensor ? 25
42. How to prepare Safety Equipment Survey ? 25
43. What is safety construction survey ? 26
44. How to itemized the survey ? 26
45. What is P&I club and purpose? 26
46. What are C/E duty at Maiden Voyage? 26
47. What are UMS safety requirements ? 26
48. What are causes of the out of stability ? How to prepare before loading ? 27
49. What is Primary Refrigerants? 28
50. What are the primary refrigerant properties ? 28
51. What is “ Critical temperature “ ? 28
52. How to Defrosting refrigeration Systems ? 28
53. Why LP Cut-off fitted? 28
54. What is MARPOL 73/78 ANNEX VI ? 28
55. How much limitation for emission the black smoke ? 28
56. What is the air pollution occur which not fossil fuel ? 29
57. What are serious air pollution causes occur due to fossil fuel? 29
58. What is Interim Certificate of Class ? 29
59. What is Confirmatory Survey? 29
60. How to claim for insurance about machinery damage? 29
61. What are SOLAS and MARPOL certificates ? 29
62. What are MARPOL documents ? 29
63. What is VIT ? 29
64. How many method for bearing clearance measurement ? 29
65. What may occur excess bearing clearance ? 29
66. What may occur less bearing clearance ? 29
67. What is Super charging ? 30
68. What is scavenging ? 31
69. What is 3 phase of scavenging ? 31
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70. What type of scavenging use under piston effect ? 31
71. What are loop scavenging requirements ? 31
72. What are advantage of under piston scavenging ? 31
73. What is turbo charging ? 31
74. How to be done Blower side Washing ? 32
75. How to be done Turbine side Washing ? 32
76. How to be done Dry Cleaning ? 32
77. What are Advantages of Solid Cleaning ? 32
78. How do you understand Turbocharger surging ? 32
79. Can you Explain causes of turbocharger surging ? 32
80. What is Static Balance Rotor ? 33
81. What is the Dynamic Balance Rotor ? 33
82. What will you do in case of T/C failure? 33
83. What are Function of Diffuser ? 33
84. What are Function of Inducer ? 33
85. What is function of Nozzle ring ? 33
86. Why Turbocharger surging occur ? 33
87. When you will change T/C bearing? 34
88. Can you explain Chain inspection ? 34
89. What limit of elongation should be tighten the chain? 34
90. How to adjust chain tension ? 35
91. What function of Foundation Chock ? 35
92. How to operate the starting air valve ? 35
93. How to occur Start Air Line Explosion ? 35
94. Explain Causes of Starting air line explosion ? 35
95. How to prevent the starting air line explosion ? 36
96. What safety devices fitted starting air line ? 36
97. Why LP Relief Valve opening ? 36
98. Why HP Relief Valve opening? 36
99. What is Free Air Delivery, FAD? 36
100. How to occur Exhaust trunk explosion / Fire ? 36
101. What is Furnace Blowback ? 37
102. What is L.E.L and H.E.L ? 37
103. How to maintain good M/E performance ? 37
104. What are the Difference between Plumber Block and Tunnel Bearing ? 37
105. What are Fuel Injection Valve requirements ? 37
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106. Why Centrifugal Pump is used in JCW system? 38
107. How to know cylinder oil consumption ? 38
108. What may effect excess cylinder lubrication ? 38
109. What may effect excess cylinder lubrication ? 38
110. Why timed lubrication is very difficult to obtain ? ( Why timed lubrication is little merits ? ) 38
111. What causes are cylinder liner wear ? 38
112. How to maintain minimum cylinder liner wear ? 39
113. Where is maximum wear ? Why ? 39
114. Where place is thicker place of liner ? 39
115. What is Scuffing ? 39
116. What is PMS ? 39
117. What advantages of PMS ? 40
118. What are the certificates onboard? 40
119. Why hydrogen fire occur where occur ? 40
120. Can you explain 4 type of fire detectors fitted on board ? 40
121. Explain one type of heat detector principle? 41
122. What are Fire Pumps requirements ? 41
123. What are Emergency fire pump requirements ? 41
124. What are Regulation for Portable fire extinguishers ? 42
125. What is International Shore Connection? 43
126. What is International Discharge Connection? ( What is standard discharge connection ? ) 43
127. How do you fight Cargo hold fire ? 43
128. What are sprinkler system requirements ? 43
129. What are advantages of sprinkler system? 43
130. What are SOLAS regulation for Inert Gas system ? 44
131. How to arrange CO2 room safety system? 44
132. How do you carried out regular maintenance of CO2 flooding system ? 44
133. What are CO2 Fix Installation Requirements ? 44
134. How to calculate require amount of CO2 discharge ? 44
135. What is Slow Turning ? 45
136. What are four type of Switch board ? 45
137. What are cylinder oil properties ? 45
138. How to occur the uptake fire ? 45
139. How to detect uptake fire ? 45
140. How to prevent the up take fire ? 46
141. How to Fight the uptake fire: 46
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142. How to occur the scavenge fire ? 46
143. How to detect Scavenge fire ? 46
144. How to fire the Scavenge fire ? 47
145. How to prevent the Scavenge fire ? 47
146. How to occur blow pass 4 stroke and 2 stroke ? 47
147. What are reversing interlocks? 47
148. How many Methods of reversing ? 48
149. Why ‘lost motion’ necessary on some engine? 48
150. Why ‘lost motion’ not necessary on some engine? 48
151. What are garbage and explain garbage regulation ? 48
152. What are advantage and disadvantage of brine cooling system ? 50
153. What are the causes of boiler corrosion ? 50
154. What is stress corrosion in boiler ? 50
155. What is governor ? 50
156. What is over speed governor ? 50
157. What is over speed trip of governor ? 50
158. What is Hydraulic Governors? 50
159. What is compensation of governor ? 51
160. What type of governor used on M/E and G/E and why ? 51
161. What is governor hunting ? 51
162. How to prepare cold weather protection ? 51
163. What is Hot corrosion ? 51
164. What is Cold corrosion ? 51
165. What is GRT ( Gross Tonnage )? 51
166. What is NRT ( Net Tonnage ) ? 51
167. What is Docking Plan ? 51
168. What is shear plan ? 52
169. How to prepare Deck cranes before arrival ? 52
170. Why crank case explosion occur ? 52
171. How to happen hot spot ? 52
172. How to prevent crank case explosion ? 53
173. How as a CE prevents Crankcase Explosion? 53
174. How to detect hot spot in the crank case ? 53
175. Oil Mist Detector: ( Function/ Purpose) 53
176. How to carried out regular maintenance for oil mist detector ? 53
177. What are requirement of crank case relief door ? 54
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178. How would you test crank case relief valve ? 54
179. Why M/E speed suddenly reduce ? What do you take action ? 54
180. How to prepare Dry Docking ? 54
181. How to occur L.O contamination with F.W and S.W ? 55
182. What is Viscosity ? 56
183. What is Viscosity index ? 56
184. What is Pour point ? 56
185. What is Flush point ? 56
186. What is ignition quality ? 56
187. What is Cetane number ? 56
188. What is Calorific value ? 57
189. What cause of high cetane nos.? 57
190. What cause of low cetane nos.? 57
191. What is Specific gravity ? What is relative density ? 57
192. What is TBN ? 57
193. What is TAN ? 57
194. What is Microbial degradation ? 57
195. What is Diode? 57
196. What is Thermionic? 57
197. What is Zener diode ? 57
198. How to know a zener diode good or not ? 57
199. What is First start arrangement ? 57
200. What function of thrust block and how to measure clearance ? 58
201. What is Axial Vibration? 58
202. Why Vibration Damper fitted on forward? 58
203. How many type of vibration damper ? 58
204. What causes may occur piston seizure ? 58
205. When you received bad fuel , what will you do ? 58
206. How to test L.O low pressure ? 59
207. Why inter cooler fitted in air compressor ? 59
208. Why Multistage Air Compressor is built? 59
209. Why air compressor need minimum and absolute lubrication in cylinder ? 59
210. What are requirements of air bottle ? 60
211. What Safety devices are fitted on Main Air Bottle ? 60
212. What is crash stop ? 60
213. Explain tail shaft survey ? 60
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214. How to with draw tail shaft ? 61
215. How to remove out Propeller ? 61
216. What is bulbous bow ? 61
217. What are the Purpose of bulbous bow ? 61
218. What is Duct Keel ? 61
219. What is collision bulkhead ? 61
220. What is Double bottom ? 61
221. What is DB tank ? 62
222. Why DB tanks are constructed ? 62
223. What is Camber ? 62
224. What is PPA ( Propelling Power Allowance ) ? 62
225. What is garboard strake ? 62
226. What is Unbalance rudder ? 62
227. What is Balance rudder ? 62
228. What is Semi-balance rudder ? 62
229. What is shear strake ? 62
230. What is bilge strake ? 62
231. What is sheer plan ? 62
232. How to operate Over load trip ? 62
233. What purpose of double wall pipes are used on high pressure line ? 63
234. How to know fuel high pressure pipe failure ? 63
235. What purpose of Thermostatic Expansion Valve ? ( TEV function ) 63
236. Why Equalizing Connection is fitted? 63
237. What is short circling ? 63
238. How to detect the refrigeration plant condenser tube leakage ? 64
239. What is residual magnetism ? 64
240. What is AVR ? 64
241. What are the AC motor starting methods ? 64
242. What is induction motor ? 64
243. How do you under stand (1) Atomizing (2) Penetration (3) Turbulence of flow ? 64
244. How do you know fuel oil contamination in the boiler water ? 64
245. How do you carried out fuel oil seen in boiler water ? 64
246. How to Occur boiler tubes leakage( or) failure ? 64
247. How to carried out boiler tubes leakage test ? 65
248. How to rectified boiler tube leakage ? ( Procedure ) 65
249. How to prevent the boiler tube failure ? 65
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250. How to set the boiler safety valve ? 65
251. How to set Accumulation of Pressure ? 66
252. What are difference between safety valve and relief valve? 66
253. Safety Valve on EGE and Economizer: 66
254. What Safety devices are fitted on Boiler ? 66
255. Explain Boiler Open-up Procedure ? 66
256. Why boiler water test carried out? 67
257. Why boiler water treatment carried out? 67
258. What Boiler Water Test should be carried out regularly ? 67
259. What is DP ? 67
260. Your ship already have been grounded and now clear What will you do ? 67
261. Explain Steering Gear regulation ? 67
262. What Safety devices are fitted on Steering Gear ? 68
263. What are purpose of buffer spring ? 68
264. How will you do Welding on Cast iron ? 68
265. What is electron beam welding ? 68
266. What instruction do you as a C/E of vessel pay attention regarding Welding Equipment handling ? 68
267. Why you measure crank shaft deflection ? 69
268. What causes will occur misalignment ? 69
269. Explain early injection ? 69
270. Explain late injection ? 69
271. What is Ignition Delay ? 70
272. What are ship standard spare parts ? 70
273. How do you precaution carried out plate type heat exchanger cleaning ? 70
274. What are advantage of plate type heat exchanger ? 70
275. Why L.O sample sent to shore lab ? 70
276. Where do you take L.O sample for analysis ? 70
277. How do you carried out L.O onboard test ? 71
278. What are the function of lubrication ? 71
279. How many type of lubrication ? 72
280. What is Non- Destructive Tests ? 72
281. What is Destructive Tests? 72
282. How do you know hull corrosion protection ? 73
283. What is Cathodic protection: 73
284. What is electrochemical corrosion and how to occur ? 73
285. When do you Hanging-up an engine unit ? 73
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286. What is Critical Speed ? 74
287. What is Economy Speed ? 74
288. What is Maximum continuous rating ? 74
289. What is Continuous service rating ? 74
290. What is Barr Speed ? 74
291. When you will change liner? 74
292. How to occur Ship Vibration ? 74
293. What are windlass requirements ? 74
294. What are Windlass safety devices ? 74
295. What is anchor safety devices ? 74
296. What is bow stopper ? 74
297. What are Winch Safety Devices ? 75
298. What Safety devices are fitted on Main Air Compressor ? 75
299. Engine cannot start why ? ( What are engine starting difficult ? ) 75
300. How to order bunker ? 76
301. C/E’s Responsibility during Bunkering: 76
302. How do you extinguish fire , If engine room fire at dry docking ? 77
303. How you check Stern tube Sealing in Dry dock? 77
304. What action to he taken when SW leaks into Stern tube oil system? 77
305. How to measure Stern Bearing Wear-down ? 78
306. How to minimize leakage ? 78
307. What is Secondary Refrigerant? 78
308. What is Preferential trip? 78
309. What is Essential load ? 78
310. What is non essential load ? 78
311. What requirement for Emergency Power Sources? 78
312. Rules for Emergency Power Sources: 79
313. What are Essential Services from Emergency Power Source ? 79
314. What are Emergency Switchboard Distribution ? 80
315. How do you carried out Emergency Generator and its maintenance ? 80
316. How do you start Emergency Generator Starting, when Black-out ? 80
317. How do you carried out Battery room inspection and maintenance ? 81
318. What are Battery Room Safety Arrangement ? 81
319. How do you carried out Emergency Lights Maintenance ? 81
320. What are the requirements for Navigation Light panel ? 81
321. Why AC is popular onboard ship? 81
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322. What are Difference between Synchronous Motor and Induction Motor ? 81
323. What are AC motor overload protections? 81
324. What are Difference between Circuit Breaker and Fuse ? 82
325. What is Single phasing ? 82
326. What will you do after Electrical Machine is flooded with SW ? 82
327. What is Short, open and grounded circuits ? 82
328. Why Megger Reading is taken? 82
329. How Insulation Resistance of a motor is tested? 82
330. What will you done if Excitation Loss? 82
331. How do you prevent excitation loss ? 82
332. Explain difference between Slip ring and Commutator ? 83
333. How many type of rotor ? 83
334. How do you know ACB ( Air Circuit Breaker ) tripped or not / Closed or Open ? 83
335. Why ACB does not Close on main switch board ? / What causes are not to close the ACB ? 83
336. What is earth lamp and how do you know earth fault in distribution system ? 83
337. Why earth lamp is fitted on MSB ? 83
338. Do you explain Exhaust valve burning ? 83
339. What causes may occur piston damage ? 83
340. What are the hardness properties of material ? 84
341. What actions to be taken by C/E when M/E breakdown, fire / explosion occurred ? 84
342. How do report as C/E damage report form ? 84
343. As a C/E, How do you hand over / take over duty ? 84
344. What are C/E’s Routine Works ? 84
345. What are C/E reports ? 85
346. What is Fire control plan and what contain ? 85
347. What are causes of Cracks on cylinder liner ? 85
348. What Safety devices are normally fitted on M/E ? 85
349. How to know Engine overload ? 85
350. What are the Causes of engine overload ? 86
351. Difference in Cylinder oil and System oil: 86
352. What Stresses in Crankshaft ? 86
353. What safety devices are normally fitted on crank shaft ? 86
354. What is EEBD ? 86
355. What causes occur the crank shaft damage ? 86
356. What advantage of Thin shell bearing ? 86
357. What causes are occur to bearing damage ? 87
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358. How do you prevent bearing damage ? 87
359. What associable problems of top end bearing and guide ? 87
360. How do you adjust belt tension ? 87
361. In the Oil Record Book , What mean Code ( Letter ) C , Item ( Number ) 11 ? 88
362. When that amendment been enforced ? 88
363. In the Oil Record Book , What mean Code ( Letter ) I ? 88
364. What should be recorded in code ( Letter ) I ? 88
365. As per your company’s I.S.M standard , How would you done deficiency ? 88
366. How much double bottom tanks or spaces ? 88
367. Do you know what the meaning of FCC ? 88
368. State one way how to minimize the effect of FCC in your bunker fuel ? 88
369. In accordance with MARPOL Annex VI , Regulation 14 and 18 , do you know the main concern ? 88
370. What is MARPOL Annex VI , Regulation 18 ? (or) How long should you keep BDN (Bunker Delivery Note) ?/ Why ? 88
371. What is GA plan ? 89
372. As a C/E , What will you do deck crane is break down ? 89
373. How do you understand Electro-hydraulic cylinder lubrication system? 89
374. What are the advantage and disadvantage of Electro-hydraulic cylinder lubrication system? 89
375. What is Water Based Local Application Fire-Fighting System for Machinery Space? 90
376. In the Oil Record Book , What mean PART III ? 90
377. How many Codes on PART III and What are they? 90
378. What is bunker survey? 90
379. What may occure FCC (Fuel Catalyctic Cracking) ? 90
380. How many amount of fuel oil should be kept for safe margin? 91
381. How to get cooling effect to turbocharger lubricating oil on each turbine and blower side ? 91
382. How many types of turbocharger lubricating system? 91
383. What is ISM? 91
384. What is Contingency plan? (or) Explain contingency plan and what are they? 91
385. What is ISPS Code? 91
386. How to prepare to achieves ISSC external audit? 92
387. What is SEEMP? 92
388. What is EEOI? 92
389. What is Energy Efficiency? 92
390. What is the objective for SEEMP? 92
391. What is CO2 emission unit? 92
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1. What is classification societies ?

They are third party independent bodies.
2. What are IMO conventions ?

1. International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea. SOLAS 1974
2. International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships. MARPOL l973/78
3. International Convention on Standard of Training, Certification and Watch Keeping for Seafarers. STCW 1978 as 2010
Manila amendment
4. International Convention on Load Line. ILL 66
5. International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ship. 1969.
6. Convention or the International Regulation for Prevention of Collision at Sea. COLARG 72
7. International Convention for Safety Container. CSS 1972
8. Merchant shipping (minimum standard) Convention. ILO l976
9. Maritime Labour Convention 2006. MLC 2006
3. What is Statutory Survey ?

Statutory Survey
» Carried out by Administration regarding the safety of the ship, sea worthiness and pollution, in accordance with
national and international rules.
» Issued a certificate, this is essential to the ship’s ability to trade.
» If Statutory Survey is not certified, the ship can be detained.
4. What are Statutory Certificates ?

1. Certificate of Registry
2. International Tonnage Certificate
3. International Load Line Certificate
4. International Load Line Exemption Certificate
5. Certificates for Master, Officers and Ratings
6. Derating or Derating Exemption Certificate
7. International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate
8. International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate
9. International Safety Management Certificate, SMC
10. International Ship Security Certificate, ISSC
11. Cargo Ship Safety Construction Certificate, SAFCON
12. Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate, SEC
13. Cargo Ship Safety Radio Certificate
14. Exemption Certificates for SAFCON, SEC and Radio Certificate
15. International Pollution Prevention Certificate for the Carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk. [NLS Certificate]
16. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk [Chemical Tanker]
17. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk [Gas Carrier]
5. What is classification Survey ?

Carried out by Classification Surveyor, to ensure that the ship has both structural and mechanical fitness,
for intended voyage, in accordance with the class requirements.
- Annual survey of hull and machinery.
- Special Survey of hull and machinery: the first special survey becomes due 4 years after the date of built. Special
Survey can be extended up to 5 years if not completed at one time. [S/S 4+1 year.]
- Continuous Survey or running survey of hull and machinery.
6. Why Classification Societies sometimes issue the Statutory Certificate?

» Sometimes Administration delegates the authority, to the Classification Society to inspect and issue Certificates, on their
behalf, regarding statutory requirements.
Difference between : Statutory Survey and Classification Survey:
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Statutory survey
» Statutory surveys are carried out by administration according to international and national rules & regulations.
» Statutory surveys are not assessing or measuring something for a client.
» Statutory survey will inspect something against a set of standard or law.
» On completion of this survey, the ship is issued with a certificate, which is essential to the ship’s ability to trade.
Class survey
» Class survey is carried out by class surveyor according to class requirement.
» Class survey is sometime witness and recognize to assessing or measuring something for a client.
» Class cannot go to the ship unless requested by the owner, or unless the ship is detained by the Port State Control.
7. What are periodical survey (or) Annual, Intermediate and Special survey ?
Periodical Survey:
» Mainly consists of Annual Survey and Special Survey.
Annual Survey (machinery):

» Each year +/- 3 month annual date.
» General inspection of conditions of the whole machinery and equipment.
» Main and auxiliary machinery are generally examined, and placed in satisfactory running condition.
» If necessary, some of the machinery or parts are to be opened-up for the surveyor to examine.
Intermediate Survey (machinery):

» Due at 2 1/2 year from the date of initial survey.
» It will be carried out together with 2nd or 3rd annual survey.
Special Surveys (machinery):

» Every 4 year ( + 1year extension )
» Thorough Inspection of the whole machinery and equipment.
» Including open-up inspection of machinery and equipment, their performance tests and inspection of electrical
installation.
» Main and auxiliary machinery are subjected to Special Survey, at intervals and similar to those for special surveys of the
hull, i.e. every 4 years, same time at each Special Survey.
1. All openings to sea, including sanitary and all overboard discharges cocks and valves to be examined internally and
externally.
2. Fastenings to the shell plating are to be renewed, if surveyor recommends.
3. Pumps and pumping systems including valves, cocks, pipes and strainers are to be examined.
4. Shafts, except propeller shaft, bearings and line shafts to be examined.
5. Foundations of main and auxiliary machinery to be examined.
6. Cylinders, cylinder heads, valves and gears, fuel pumps, scavenging pumps, superchargers, pistons, crossheads,
connecting rods, crankshaft, clutch, reversing gears, air compressors, intercoolers, and
such other items covered by CMS system.
8. What is Flag State ?

» The country of ship registry which government body is call flag state (Administration).
» The duty of flag state is ensure a ship which entitled to fly it flag to be safely constructed, equipped, properly
maintenance as per regulations developed by IMO.
» After the flag state survey issued statutory certificates under the surveyor satisfaction.
9. What is Port State ?

» The authorize organization from port of ship stay .
» To inspected and ensure to ship compliance regarding the safety , pollution control , manning and maintenance followed
IMO convention of :
» SOLAS (1974 ) ,
» International convention of load line (1966) ,
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» International convention for prevention of collision at sea (1972) ,

» MARPOL ( 73/78 ) , STCW (1978 and 2010) Manila amended ,
» ILO convention (1976 ) and MLC (2006).
10. How to prepare Port State Control? ( Before entering port )

To be prepared and checked validity certificates of :
» IOPP , ISPP Certificate
» Load Line Certificate
» SOLAS Certificates
» STCW Certificates
To be prepared and checked up to date recorded on :
» Oil record book
» C/E log book
» Incinerator record book
» Garbage record book, are kept ready.
» All Safety Equipments prepared for testing and inspection. Such as LSA & FFE .
» MARPOL Equipment prepared for testing and inspection, such as: -
- OWS operation and alarm test.
- Incinerator tested and kept ready for demonstration, and alarm test
- Sewage Treatment Plant, in good order, and dose chemicals.
- Tank top near OWS and Bilge Pumping Station kept clean.
- Bilge overboard discharge valve, tightly closed and kept under lock and key.
- Update and attach ORB, with photocopies of MARPOL Certificates, original Oil Disposal Receipts, and Dirty Oil and
Sludge Piping Diagram.
11. What is CMS ?

Continuous Machinery Survey
» Approximately 20% of the surveyable machinery items shall be examined each year.
» Completion of circle implies that all essential machinery parts have been examined within a previous 5 years.
12. What items are covered by CMS ?

Items covered by CMS:
1. Main propulsion machinery, steam turbine.
2. Power transmission and main shafting.
3. Auxiliary engine.
4. Air compressors, air receiver and blowers.
5. CW, FO, LO, feed water, condensate, bilge, ballast and fire pumps, etc:
6. Condenser and feed water heaters, coolers, oil heaters, and evaporators.
7. Fuel tanks (more than 1 m3), cargo oil pumping installation.
8. Deck machinery.
9. Steering gear including operational test and checking of relief valve setting.
10. Reduction gears; to check the gear teeth, pinions, etc.
11. Other items of machinery and equipment, which the Society considers to be covered by CMS.
13. What items are not covered by CMS ?

Items not covered by CMS:
1. Propeller and shaft.
2. Sea valves below load water line.
3. Boiler, EGE.
4. Cargo handling gears
5. Measurement of crankshaft deflections for ME.
6. Measurement of clearance at the aft end of stern tube.
7. Items of machinery and equipment, which are not required open-up inspection at Periodical Surveys, e.g. foundation
bolts, refer installation, electrical installation, incinerators, etc.
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8. Performance tests, pressure tests required at Periodical Surveys.

9. Machinery and equipment of small capacity or low frequency operation, e.g. emergency air compressor, hand pump for
bilge, FO tanks less than 1 m3
10. Machinery and equipment of special type or newly developed type.
Other items which the society considers not to be included in CMS system.
14. What is IOPP and what contain ?

» IOPP mean International Oil Pollution Prevention and issued after Survey is carried out by Administration, in accordance
with International Convention for Oil Pollution Prevention. Validity is 5 years.
15. How to prepare the IOPP Survey ?

Validity of the IOPP certificate checked.
1. Proper entry of ORB and, sludge disposal receipts to shore facilities attached to ORB.
2. Calculate the sludge formation, and compared with 1% of voyage fuel consumption.
3. Incinerating time, incinerated waste oil amount, remainder of waste oil in waste oil tank should be reasonable.
4. Incinerator kept ready for demonstration, such as heating of waste oil tank, alarms, control and functional test, done prior
to survey.
5. OWS in good order, it’s piping free from oil leaks, overboard valve from OWS locked in closed position. If possible, one
section of discharge pipe removed and free from oil residues.
6. ODM checked for 15-ppm alarm and automatic stopping.
7. High-level alarms of sludge tank, waste oil tank and bilge holding tank checked.
8. Spare filter for OWS must be kept onboard.
USCG Notice posted near OWS and bilge pumping out station.
16. What is Oil Record Book ?

» According to MARPOL 73/78 regulation Oil Record Book have Part 1 ( For machinery space operation ) and Part 2 ( For
oil tanker and ballast operation )
» For Cargo ship, 400 GRT & above: ORB Part I.
» For Tanker, 150 GRT & above: ORB Part I & ORB Part II.
Oil Record Book: ( Part I ) , For All Ship.

» Operations involving oil and oily mixtures recorded in ORB.
» Dates, geographical position, quantity, tank identification, and duration of operation entered.
» Port State Authority may take copies of entries, and if so requested, the master is required to state that it is a
true copy.
» ORB retained onboard for 3 years after date of last entry.
To be recorded:
1. Ballasting and cleaning of fuel oil tanks. (Code a.)
2. Discharge of dirty ballast or cleaning water from oil fuel tanks. (b.)
3. Disposal of oil residues (sludge). (c.)
4. Non-automatic discharge overboard or disposal otherwise, of bilge water accumulated in machinery spaces (d.)
5. Automatic discharge overboard or disposal otherwise, of bilge water accumulated in machinery spaces (e.) (e.g. transfer
of bilge water to slop tank) (Identify tank)
6. Conditions of ODM and Control System. (f.)
7. Accidental or other exceptional discharge of oil. (g.)
8. Bunkering of fuel or bulk of LO. (h.)
9. Additional operational procedures and general remarks. (1.)
Oil Record Book: ( Part II ) , For Oil Tanker.

To be recorded:
1. Loading and unloading of oil cargo.
2. Internal transfer of oil cargo during voyage.
3. Cleaning of cargo tanks.
4. Crude Oil Washing (COW System only)
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5. Ballasting of cargo tanks.

6. Ballasting of Segregated Clean Ballast Tanks. (CBT Tanker only)
7. Discharge of dirty ballast.
8. Discharge of clean ballast contained in cargo tanks.
9. Discharge of ballast from Segregated CBTs. (CBT Tankers only)
10. Discharge of water from Slop Tanks into the sea.
11. Condition of ODM and Control System.
12. Accidental or other exceptional discharge of oil.
13. Additional operational procedures and general remarks.
14. Loading of ballast water. (Tankers engaged in specific trades)
15. Re-al1ocation of ballast water within the ship. (do)
16. Ballast water discharged to reception facilities. (do)
17. What are the MARPOL 73/78 Annexes?

Annex I. Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil.
Annex II. Regulation for control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substance in bulk carrying by sea.
Annex III. Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substance carrying by sea in package form.
Annex IV. Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by Sewage.
Annex V. Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from ship.
Annex VI. Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by emission from the combustion of fossil fuel .
. Pollution prevention by ballast water from one ecological zone to another.

( Only preparation stage but other country enforce. Not amendment stage for IMO contractive governments. )
According to MARPOL regulation , How to discharge oily bilge to overboard ?

Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures, prohibited except when all the following conditions are satisfied:
For oil tanker:
[150 gross tonnage and above.]
1. Tanker is outside Special Areas.
2. More than 50 NM from nearest land.
3. Proceeding en-route.
4. Instantaneous rate of oil discharge does not exceed 30 litres per NM.
5. Total quantity of oil discharged does not exceed;
-1/15,000 of total quantity of particular cargo for exiting tankers, and
-1/30,000 of total quantity of particular cargo, for new tankers.
6. Tanker has in operation, an ODM and Control system, and Slop tank Arrangement.
For cargo ship

[400 gross tonnage and above.]
1. The ship is outside Special Areas.
2. More than 12 NM from nearest land
3. Proceeding en-route.
4. Oil content of the effluent is less than 15 PPM.
5. The ship has in operation, an ODM and Control system, Oily Water Separating Equipment and Oil Filtering Equipment.
For within Special Areas: [for Annex: I.] Such as:
1. Mediterranean Sea
2. Baltic Sea
3. Black Sea
4. Red Sea
5. Persian Gulf Area
6. Gulf of Aden
7. Antarctic Area
a) Bilge water does not originate from cargo pump room. (on oil tankers)
b) Bilge water is not mixed with oil cargo residues. (on oil tankers)
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c) Ship is proceeding en-route.

d) Oil content of effluent without dilution does not exceed 15 PPM.
e) The ship has in operation Oil Filtering Equipment with an automatic 15 PPM Stopping Device.
18. What requirement of sludge tank ?

1. Capacity must be minimum.
1% of used HFO for 30 days (or)
½ % of used DO for 30 days.
2. Sufficient manholes to reach all parts of tank.
3. Adequate heating arrangement.
4. No direct connection between sludge tank discharge piping and overboard discharge piping.
5. Fitted with designated pump, having suitable capacity and discharge head.
6. Fitted with standard discharge connection.
7. Fitted with high-level alarm.
8. Sounding pipe with self closing weighted cock.
Sludge Tank Capacity requirements

For ship, which does not carry ballast water in oil fuel tank, minimum sludge tank capacity should be calculated as:
V1 = KCD m3
Where K = 0.01 for ship, where HO is purified for ME (i.e. 1%){ MARPOL consolidated edition 2011 }
K = 0005 for ships using DO or HO, which does not require purification before use (i.e. ½ %)
C = Daily fuel oil consumption.
D = Maximum period of voyage between ports (in days).
In absence of precise data, a figure of 30 days should be used.
Note: Sludge Tank Capacity (min) = 0.01 or 1% of used HFO for 30 days. [or]
0.005 or ½ % of used DO for 30 days.
When such ship carry ballast water in fuel oil tanks, minimum sludge tank capacity as:
V2 = V1 + K2 B m3
Where K2 = 0.01 for HFO bunker oil tanks

K2 = 0005 for DO bunker oil tanks
B = Capacity of ballast water tank
19. What is MARPOL 73/78 Annex IV and explain regulation ?

1. MARPOL 73/78 Annex IV is “ Regulation for prevention of pollution by sewage from ship “
2. The regulation is effective all ship 200 GRT and above with minimum 10 person of crew .
3. According to regulation , The ship must have approved type of sewage treatment plant or holding tank with sufficient
capacity.
4. The outlet of sewage must not visible floating particle and not to discolored the surrounding water .
5. Sewage can be discharge from ship if
1. Necessary for safety of ship and lives ,
2. Damage to the ship or its equipment with reasonable precaution
3. Discharging sewage must not be instantaneously
4. Should be discharge with moderate rate while ship proceeding with minimum 4 knot in her enroute.
5. Discharging liquid is mixed with the waste and the waste water have difference discharge condition , it is
applied to jurisdiction of the state.
20. How to discharge overboard sewage from ship ? ( Sewage regulation )

Sewage Disposal Area:
Treated Sewage: Can be discharged, but not visible, floating nor discolored the
surrounding water.
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Comminuted and Disinfected: Can be dischar1ged beyond 4 mile.
Sewage stored in Holding Tanks: Can be discharged beyond 12 miles, at moderate rate, en-route, 4
knots.
Untreated Sewage: Can be discharged beyond 12 miles.
21. How to operate Biological Sewage Treatment Plant ?

1. The unit is divided into 3 compartments: Aeration Chamber, Settling Chamber and Chlorinator.
2. Sewage enters Aeration Tank through soil inlet, and retained for about 24 hours and thoroughly mixed and aerated by
aerators located at the bottom of the tank.
3. Aerobic bacteria and micro-organisms breakdown the organic waste and produce new bacteria cell,
4. Air, which provides oxygen for bacteria and micro-organisms, is supplied by Rotary Blowers to aerators.
5. The mixture is replaced by incoming sewage into Settling Tank, after passing through coarse screen.
6. All solids are precipitated in Settling Tank as Activated Sludge, which are then returned to Aeration Tank by airlift, and
mixed with incoming raw sewage.
7. Clean liquid is displaced into Chlorinator, where remaining bacteria are killed.
8. Discharge of harmless effluent from Collecting Tank is controlled by Float Switch connected to Discharge Pump.
Important Equipment:
1. Two Rotary Blowers
2. Two Discharge Pumps.
3. Safety Valve at Aeration Blower.
4. High water level activating switch.
5. Low water level activating switch.
6. High water level alarm.
22. What is Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD ?

Amount of Oxygen in PPM taken by Bacteria Incubation Process 5 day at 20’C with well oxygenated water.
23. What is Coliform Count ?

» Coliform is the name given to bacteria group, found in intestine.
» Not normally, harmful, but can cause Dysentery, Typhoid and Gastro-enteritis.
» Coliform Count checks effectiveness of disinfections.
» Carried-out on effluent sample and incubating it for 24 ~ 48 hours at 35ºC.
» Coliform Bacteria count: 200/100 mlt. [Maximum]
24. How do you prepare machinery survey ? ( M/E or G/E )

1. Discuss with master about the survey item not effected to ship schedule.
2. Prepare necessary Documents , Drawings , Special tools.
3. Check spare parts for concerning survey item .
4. Invite Surveyor through agent.
5. Immobilization request to be granted from port authority ( In port )
6. Correct instruction to 2/E regarding :
7. Beware the safety of personnel working period.
8. Properly dismantle the part of survey item.
9. Take care and handle the dismantled part .
10. Clearance and require measurements to be submitted to surveyor.
11. After surveyor satisfactory , boxed up properly and maintain normal condition.
25. What is Boiler Survey?

Every boiler of working pressure 3.5 bar and heating surface area 4.65 m2 and above must be subjected to survey by
concerning Class society.
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Survey interval:
DNV & LLOYDS: Every 2-years interval until 8 years old, and every 1-year interval after 8 years old.
GL: Every 2 ½ years interval until 10 years old and every 1-year interval after 10 years old.
When the surveying boiler to be through examined internally and externally. If found necessary , hydraulic pressure test ,
thickness gauging and non – destructive test to boiler metal could be conducted.
Survey items :
1. All mountings to be opened up and surveyed.
2. Fuel oil burning system , valves and piping system
3. Pressure gauge and water level indicators
4. Safety valves
5. Collision chocks , seating stools and stay bolts to be examined.
6. Safety devices fitted on boiler and alarm test.
Annual Boiler Survey includes:

1. Hydraulic testing (1.25 x approved working pressure for not more than 10 minutes).
2. Pressure testing of main steam piping at 15% in excess of approved working pressure for not more than 10 minutes.
3. Internal inspection, hammer test to furnace, stays bolts, fire and stay tubes, brickwork, baffles and casing.
4. Inspection of alarm and control system, fuel system, feed system, all steam piping and lagging arrangement, foundation
and chocking system.
5. Checking of pressure gauge and water level gauges.
6. Testing of safety valves to blow off at the pressure not greater than 3% above w.p.
7. After 10 years old or at any time, if surveyor demands, drill test near the water line should be done to determine actual
thickness of boiler shell If found necessary, lower working pressure may be reassigned.
At 4 years interval:
In addition to above Annual inspection procedure, all valves on boiler required to open-up and inspected, every 4 years at the
time of Annual Survey, or at the next regular dry docking period thereafter.
Preparation for survey:

1. Shut down the boiler and gradually cold down.
2. All steam valves tight shut
3. Carry out bottom blow down properly
4. When the boiler pressure in near to ATM pressure , open the boiler vent valve , sight glass drain cock , salinometer cock
to prevent the vacuum effect.
5. Lift the safety valve by easing gear
6. Top man door open first and when open bottom man hole use the crow bar and stand clear away because hot water
may left inside.
7. When boiler cold enough , Clean water and firesides.
8. All of the boiler mountings to be overhauled and displayed for survey.
9. Gags or clamps must be prepared for safety valves.
10. Boiler must be filled with water at a temperature not more than 38 C for fire tube boiler and not more than 82 C for
water tube boiler.
11. Drip pan placed under all burners.
12. Tank top and bilges cleaned.
13. Pump for pressure test to be kept ready.
14. Blanks must be installed at steam valves and water level gauge.
26. How to check IOPP certificate when C/E sign on ?

To check the validity of certificate.
2. Check the ORB up to date recording.
3. Visual inspection of plants in good Order.
4. Check 15-ppm alarm and automatic stopping device.
5. Check spare filter element, at least one number.
6. Waste oil tank and capacity.
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7. Compare fuel consumption and sludge formation.

8. Incinerator capacity and workability.
27. How to prepare electrical survey?

» Electrical equipment survey including inspection and testing at 4 years interval.
» Such a survey is prescribed, under the rules and regulations for the classification of ship.
To inspect and prepare following survey items generally apply to all ships before survey .
1. Generators and governors.
2. Circuit breakers
3. Switchboard and fittings (main and emergency switchboard, distributor switchboard).
4. Cables
5. Insulation resistance
6. Motors and Starters
7. Emergency power equipment
8. Parts of steering gear
9. Navigation light indicator
For UMS operation:

1. Alarms associated with M/E, A/E, lubricating and cooling, tested for correct operation.
2. Electrical circuits from various sensors such as pressure switch, flow switch, level switch, temperature switch, tested.
3. Action of auto-shut down for ME and AE auto-starting up of stand-by units, tested.
4. Auto starting of emergency generator, demonstrated.
5. UMS requirements demand that a stand-by main generator automatically started on loss of duty generator within 45 sec.
6. Bilge level alarm together with automatic bilge pumping, action.
7. Main and stand-by electric power supply to overall alarms and monitoring system inspected and tested.
8. Complete inspection and test of fire detection and alarm system.
9. ME control will function correctly and tested from bridge position, room and emergency position alongside
an engine.
For Tankers / Gas Carrier:

Electrical equipment in hazardous area is surveyed every year, during each docking Survey and Annual Survey,
28. How will you prepare for Alternator survey?

Alternator Survey:
Required conditions for Surveyor:
» Main and emergency generators are cleaned.
» Show stable operation when run in parallel with other generator.
» Generator windings on stator and rotor must be free of dust, rust, oil and moisture. Carbon brush and it spring tension to
check.
» Visual check made for any obvious deterioration, abrasion, and cracking of insulation around winding coils in stator.
» The insulation lest to earth and between stator phase windings is done while the machine is still hot after running on load.
» Air gap between stator and rotor checked to ensure that pedestal bearings are in good condition,
29. What are the preparations for switchboard surveys?

Switchboard Survey:
Thorough cleaning internally and externally at switchboard, when all generators are stopped and their prime movers locked off.
1. Main bus bar and their connections checked for tightness.
2. Bus bar supports, checked for damage due to insulation material.
3. Overheating signs at connection junctions, due to loose joint.
4. Internal wiring securely fixed.
5. Cable entries at switchboard bottom, sealed with non-flammable material.
6. Earth bar, securely bonded to both frame and to the ship hull.
7. Hinged panel door bonded with an earth strap to main switchboard frame.
8. Insulation resistance of each terminal measured.
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9. Voltmeters, Watt meters and Ammeters calibrated and tested.

10. All trips tested [Safety devices].
11. Synchronizing test [load sharing] demonstrated.
12. Earth lamps checked.
13. Automatic circuit breakers (ACB) and Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) tested.
30. Emergency Power and Associated Equipment Survey:

1. Emergency generator started manually and automatically.
2. Electrical supplies from emergency switchboard, checked for their proper voltage, ampere and frequency.
3. Correct functioning of emergency lighting, fire pump, and other electrical equipment.
4. Electrical interlocking arrangement between main and emergency switchboard checked.
5. Emergency battery installation and its charging rectifier checked.
6. Keep battery environment dry and well ventilated, battery tops cleaned, electrolyte at proper level and have correct value
of specific gravity by checking with hydrometer.
7. Battery charging equipment checked for dirt, overheating, loose connection and correct functioning of indicator
instruments.
8. Battery locker ventilation arrangements should be checked.
Insulation Resistance Survey

1. Survey will require a list; which shows the results of recent insulation tests on all 440V and 110V main circuits.
2. The list should also indicate the test date, weather condition, hot or humid etc. together with any comment relevant to the
test conditions such as machine is hot or cold.
Navigation light indicator survey:

1. Surveyor will ensure that Navigation light indicator operates correctly and has appropriate alarm.
2. Broken wire or lamp can be simulated by pulling appropriate fuse.
3. Power source for navigation lights must be duplicated [usually alternate power supply being used from Emergency
Switchboard].
4. Changeover facility for power source, to be checked,
5. Although the actual light fitting for Navigation is part of Safety Equipment Survey, the Electrical Survey will naturally
include a check on the supply cables to the Navigation lights.
31. What is load line survey ?

Load Line Survey:
1. Main purpose of Load Line Survey is, to examine that the ship construction complies with Requirements of Convention.
2. Carried out as first Survey when a new ship is completed.
Requirements can be grouped into 4 categories:
i. Structural Strength.
ii. Watertight Integrity.
iii. Stability.
iv. Crew Quarter Protection.
3. During this survey freeboard arrangement and conditions of assignment, are made in accordance with International
Regulations and Documentation.
4. After thorough inspection, Load Line Certificate is issued, and its validity is 5 years, subjected to Annual Survey.
32. Conditions of Freeboard Assignment: Why it is important?

1. Efficient means of protection must be provided for all openings to hull and superstructure, for protection of crew in heavy
weather, and for rapid freeing of water from weather deck.
2. Condition of Assignment must be maintained, at all times in satisfactory condition.
3. Annual Inspection to be made by assigning authorities, to ensure that, they have been maintained in satisfactory
condition for continued validity of Load Line Certificate.
Preparation for Load Line / Annual Survey:

Ship Officers/Engineers should ensure, the following items are in efficient condition, prior to the Classification Society
Surveyor’s arrival on board.
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1. Load line marks, verified with existing Load line Certificate.

2. Coamings and closing appliances of exposed hatchways, hatchways within superstructures, to be examined.
3. Holding-down clips bolts are in good order, packing and seats are watertight.
4. Watertight steel hatch covers are to be hose-tested (pressure not less than 2 kg/cm2 from a distance of 1.5m with ½”
bore jet) for water-tightness.
5. Spring-loaded battening-down wedges between covers and holding down cleats, to be in good working condition.
6. Exposed engine casing and their openings, fiddly openings, E/R skylights and their closing appliances, to be checked
and tested E/R skylight to be able to close from remote position.
7. Test Ventilators, check all flap levers are free, and locking pins are in place and secured by chain to ventilation casing.
8. Check air pipes and their closing means, flame traps for fuel oil tank’s air pipes, are in order.
9. Watertight doors and closing arrangements to be checked.
10. Scuppers and their discharge pipe and valves below the freeboard deck, checked for corrosion/wastage.
11. Gangways and cargo ports below freeboard or superstructure deck, to be checked.
12. General condition of hull, as far as could be seen.
33. What is free board ?

Free board is vertical distance from summer load line to top of the freeboard deck measured at ship side amidship.
34. What purpose of free board ?

1. To ensure can not be loaded beyond her strength .
2. To provide adequate reserve buoyancy
3. To keep enough deck high enable the crews to navigate and all weather condition .
35. What is the Air bottle survey ?

1. As per Flag State Regulation, every compressed-gas vessels are surveyed at an interval of 5 years.
2. Air bottle to be stripped down of all mountings and fittings for overhaul and survey.
3. Superficial examination internally and externally for surface condition such as corrosion and mechanical damage.
4. After cleaning, further internal examination is done for pitting corrosion, corrosion fatigue cracking laminations,
indentations and localized bulging.[Cleaning is done by wire brushing, scraping, and rumbling (steel ball type) and shot-
blasting and boiling out to temperature not exceeding 300 C. Toxic or inflammable agents must never be used.]
5. If surveyor request , Hydro-stretch Test is to be done.
6. Volumetric stretch of vessel is measured on a gauge.
7. Bottles should be surveyed and mountings to be overhauled at every 2-years, along with the CMS, within
5 year interval.
8. After surveying and surveyor satisfaction to be issued certificate.
36. How to prepare entry into enclosed space ?

1. If enclose space is an oil tank , Before opening the tanks contents in the tank to be empty by any mean such as
transfer to other tank or sent to shore facilities .
2. First degree of cleaning to be carried out by crude oil washing system , butter worth system etc..
3. Cleaning procedure to be followed by MARPOL ANNEX I .
4. Ensure the tank Inlet ? Outlet Valves , Open vent valve.
5. Open the man hole and forced ventilation at least 24 hr . Minimum air change 2 ~ 3 time but 10 ~ 20 time for
dangerous space.
6. Gas freeing to be measured and test Toxic gas , explosive gas and oxygen content .
7. All of the procedures to be followed by “ Entry into enclose space check list “
8. If the test result are satisfactory condition , to be issued “ Entry into enclose space permit “ signed by master and valid
only for one day.
9. During the entry , Continuous ventilation and test the oxygen deficiency and toxicity.
10. One man standby at entrance with communication aid , Breathing apparatus , Portable fire extinguisher to be kept
stand by.
11. Life line should be put onto entry man and make agreement for emergency signal.
12. have adequate illumination.
13. No naked light to be used. Spark proof torch to be brought in and No smoking allowed.
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If the enclose space is not oil tank or other .

14. Open the man hole and forced ventilation at least 24 hr . Minimum air change 2 ~ 3 time but 10 ~ 20 time for
dangerous space.
15. Gas freeing to be measured and test Toxic gas , explosive gas and oxygen content .
16. All of the procedures to be followed by “ Entry into enclose space check list “
17. If the test result are satisfactory condition , to be issued “ Entry into enclose space permit “ signed by master and valid
only for one day.
18. During the entry , Continuous ventilation and test the oxygen deficiency and toxicity.
19. One man standby at entrance with communication aid , Breathing apparatus , Portable fire extinguisher to be kept
stand by.
20. Life line should be put onto entry man and make agreement for emergency signal.
21. have adequate illumination.
22. No naked light to be used. Spark proof torch to be brought in.
23. No smoking allowed .
37. What difference between Explosimeler and Davy Safely Lamp?
Explosimeter Davy Safety Lamp

1 Can measure and detect Explosive Level Can detect Oz deficiency in confined spaces
2 Used on Tankers Used on Cargo ship
3 Can detect from outside of tank Necessary to bring into the tank
4 Detect and measure % of LEL. (Above60% of LEL, it is The lamp cannot burn if O2 is < 16%
unsafe to enter).
5 ‘0’ calibration must be done. Flame adjusting is necessary.
38. What is the SOPEP ? What are SOPEP equipments ?

SOPEP mean “ Ship board Oil Pollution Emergency Plan “Every oil tanker of 150GRT and above, and every ship of 400GRT
and above, shall carry onboard a Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan,. MARPOL Consolidated edition 2011 ,
Regulation - 37 .
The plan shall consist at least of:

1. Procedures to be followed by Master or person in charge of the Ship who immediately should be reported an oil
pollution incident as fastest communication.
2. List of authorities or person to be contacted, in the event of oil pollution incident.
3. Detailed description of actions to be taken immediately by persons onboard, to reduce or control the discharge of oil.
4. Procedures and point of contact onboard, for co-ordinating shipboard action with local authorities in combating the
pollution.
39. What are the SOPEP Requirements?

Oil spill kit inside Oil spill Locker:
Can be grouped into: (1) Solvent (2) Absorbent (3) Cleaning (4) Plugging material
1. OSD 200 litres
2. Goggle 10 pairs.
3. Boots 10 pairs.
4. Nitrile gloves 10 pairs.
5. Sawdust and cotton rags.
6. Oil seals 30 nos.
7. Oil cushions 40 nos.
8. Oil scoop (non-spark) 1 no.
9. Deep pan shovel (non-spark) 1 no.
10. Disposable bags 10 nos.
11. 29 ft3 Container 2 nos.
12. Bucket (non-spark) 1 no.
13. Brooms 6 nos.
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14. Scupper plugs

15. Cement for plugging
16. Submersible pump (Wilden)
17. Bilge and Ballast Piping Diagram.
18. Fuel and LO system Piping Diagram.
19. HO responsible address.
20. Port Authority Address.
21. Agent Address.
40. How to know water level in the boiler ?

1. By mean of water level gauge glass , normally 2 Nos are fitted .
2. Igema Remote Water Level indicator .
41. How to maintain level indicator or level probe sensor ?

1. Level probe sensor container to be Clean , drain out and flush –up with F.W regularly .
2. Connection pipe to be cleaned and drain out regularly to avoid the differential pressure transmitter choke.
3. Accuracy and sensitively to be check frequently .
42. How to prepare Safety Equipment Survey ?

» Every cargo ship of 500 GRT and above need Safety equipment certificate , carried out by Flag state surveyor and
issued safety equipment certificate after surveying the vessel according to requirement of SOLAS Convention . Validity
is 2 years and annual inspection of ± 3 months.
» Safety Equipment Survey, consists of inspection and demonstration:
1. Fire fighting appliance, FFA
2. Life saving appliance, LSA
3. Navigation equipment
4. Vessel documentation
5. Safety devices fitted on board and alarm system
To prepare under care of Chief Engineer .

1. Beware of certificate due date and arrange to held at convenient port not to over due.
2. Prepare necessary certificates and documents concern with survey .
3. Check and complete C/E log entries for inspection , testing and maintenance done for survey items.
4. All safety items and equipments must be check and test before survey. If any defect were found rectify in time.
5. Operation procedures for LSA and FFE to be ported where necessary .
6. Organize the ship crew to be fully under stand and familiar with operation of all safety equipments.
7. Practice to all crew to be smart and alert for demonstrations of all safety equipments.
8. To arrange safe guarded , good lighting arrangement and cleanliness in E/R working spaces.
Responsibility of C/E:
1. All portable and semi-portable fire extinguishers fixed installation prepare and kept in good working order.
2. Fire detection monitoring and alarm system prepare and kept in good working order.
3. Fireman’s outfit Breathing apparatus and EEBD prepare and kept in good working order.
4. Emergency fire pump, main fire pump prepare and fire main line kept in good working order.
5. Emergency stop switches, remote quick closing valves, skylight, watertight doors prepare and kept in good working
order.
6. Emergency generator and lighting system , emergency air compressor prepare and kept in good working order.
7. Escape ways in E/R prepare and kept in good working order.
8. Emergency lighting , lifeboat engines and launching system illumination , pilot boarding area master station and power
sources prepare and kept in good working order.
9. Steering gear and communication system prepare and kept in good working order.
10. Ship internal communication system and general alarm prepare and kept in good working order.
11. Safety guarded and good lighting arrangement in E/R working spaces.
12. Navigation light and power source for navigational aids kept in good working order..
13. Safety and alarm system for main and auxiliary machinery including boiler .
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14. All the items required by SOLAS must be prepared.
Some government’s administrators publish check list for surveys. This is an essential tool for preparing for a survey, so that one
surveyor should be able to complete the survey in ½ day.
43. What is safety construction survey ?

Cargo ship safety construction survey is carried out 500 GRT and above by flag state surveyor . Issue the certificate after
survey and under satisfaction of surveyor . Validity is 5 years.
Survey items are :
1. Ship’s structure , including fire protection.
2. External examination of ship bottom
3. Electrical installations system
4. Steering gear
5. Pressure vessel and fitting
6. Main and Auxiliary machineries
44. How to itemized the survey ?

1. Classification survey
2. Statutory survey
3. Survey requested by owner , chatterer
45. What is P&I club and purpose?

Protecting and Indemnity Association [P&I Club]: This is a P&I Club or Mutual Insurance Club or Small Damage Club.
1. A Mutual Insurance Company, belonging to ship owners, which insures the damages relative to the ship, which are not
covered by Insurance Policy.
Protecting:
1. Loss of life and personal injury.
2. Hospital, medical and funeral expanses arising from injury claim.
3. Sickness and repatriation.
4. Cargo damage due to improper navigation.
5. Oil pollution.
6. Collision damage, etc.
Indemnity
1. Claim in respect of wrong delivery of cargo.
2. Ship’s liability to cargo, after collision, not covered by policy.
3. Fine or penalty imposed as a result of custom law, health regulations and immigration law including-smuggling.
46. What are C/E duty at Maiden Voyage?

1. Run as per trial results.
2. Check all machinery working properly or not, as per specification.
3. Check FO, LO and Cylinder Oil consumption, at proposed speed.
4. Test-run Bilge, Ballast pumps, FWG and OWS.
5. Check Stern tube L.0 consumption and leakage to be detected
6. Test Steering Gear.
7. All spare gears checked.
8. Check Safety and Emergency Arrangements (Emergency Fire Pump, Emergency Generator, Skylight Door, Tunnel
Watertight Door).
9. ME running in as per instruction. [Running-in oil (cylinder oil) contains grinding powder].
10. Clean filters and strainers frequently.
47. What are UMS safety requirements ?

Every ship shall be provided with documentary evidence of its fitness, to operate with periodically unattended machinery space.
Safety requirement of UMS can be grouped:

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1. Fire precaution.
2. Protection against flooding.
3. Control of propulsion from Navigation Bridge.
4. Communication.
5. Alarm system.
6. Safety system.
7. Special requirement for machinery, boiler and electrical installation.
1) Fire Precaution:
Detection and alarm system must be provided for:
1. Boiler air supply casing and uptake.
2. In scavenge space of main engine.
3. Crankcase of internal combustion engine of more than 2250 kW.
2) Protection against flooding:

1. High level alarm of bilge well.
2. Bilge pump should be automatically started. Detector and alarm provided for long run or frequent starting of bilge
pump.
3. Bilge injection system, sea inlet valves etc. should be controlled remotely.
3) Control of propulsion from Navigation Bridge:

1. Pitch of the propeller shall be controlled by bridge, in any condition, by single controller including protection for
engine overloading.
2. An emergency stopping device on bridge for ME.
3. Orders from bridge, indicated in Control Room and engine side control.
4. Engine must be locally controlled in emergency case.
5. No. of starts for ME must be limited, and alarm provided for low starting air pressure.
6. Failure of control system, shown by indicator alarm.
7. Indicators on bridge fitted for, propeller speed, direction and pitch angle [for CPP].
4) Communication:
Reliable vocal communication provided between C/R, ME control position, Bridge and duty engineer’s cabin.
5) Alarm system:
Alarms should be provided to indicate any fault:
1. Audible and visual alarms in ER and Control Room.
2. Connections provided to Engineers’ public room and each Engineer’s cabin through selector switch.
3. Audible and visual alarms fitted on bridge for necessary items, which are required Officer’s attention.
4. Alarm system shall have automatic changeover to stand-by power supply, in case of main power failure.
5. Alarm shall be able to indicate more than one fault at the same time.
6. After an alarm is acknowledged, visual indicator must be remained until the fault is corrected. After correction, alarm
should be reset to normal automatic operation.
6) Safety system:
1. Auto-shut down of boiler and machinery if serious malfunction occurs, and alarm must be given.
2. Shut down of propulsion machinery shall not be activated, except in very dangerous cases.
3. If overriding system is provided for ME, protection for inadvertent operation must be fitted. Visual indicator fitted to
indicate, when overriding has been activated.
48. What are causes of the out of stability ? How to prepare before loading ?
Out of stability are :
1. Improper loaded condition resulting trim , list and effect to GM ( Meta centric high ). Initial GM should be 0.5 mtr.
(for tanker Initial GM 0.15 mtr as per MARPOL 73/78 Regulation, Annex I )
2. Improper storage of fuel oil , ballast water and fresh water .
3. Collision , grounding and fire .
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4. Free surface effect due to partially filled oil or water in the any tanks.
Prepare before loading :

1. To maintain and correct approval trim and draft of loading port.
2. If necessary , to be filled up all empty tank which especially ballast tanks and wing tank.
3. If fuel oil , lub oil and F.W will bunker or receive at loading port correctly receive in storage tanks with correct sounding and
capacity. They are not effect to trim , list and initial GM .
4. If necessary for regarding the vessel stability , to be discussed with Master and Chief officer such as ballasting ,
transferring F.O etc.,
49. What is Primary Refrigerants?

 Mostly volatile liquids and employed inside direct expansion closed system.
 Evaporate at low temperature and at reasonable pressure.
 Condense at SW temperature at reasonable pressure.
50. What are the primary refrigerant properties ?

1. Low boiling point.
2. Low specific heat.
3. High coefficient of performance
4. High latent heat for vapor and vapor state.
5. High critical temperature.
6. Moderate condensing pressure.
7. Moderate suction pressure.
8. Chemical stable.
9. Miscible with lubricant.
10. Non toxic , non-explosive, non- solvent , non- corrosion , non- flammable.
11. Easy to detect.
12. World wide available.
13. Environmentally safe.
51. What is “ Critical temperature “ ?

It is impossible to liquefied the refrigerant above the critical temperature, regardless of pressure.
52. How to Defrosting refrigeration Systems ?

 Water wash defrosting
 Hot gas defrosting
 Electric defrosting
 Manual shut down defrosting
 Warm brine defrosting
53. Why LP Cut-off fitted?

Fitted as safety control and it protect against due to vacuum effect:
1. Extreme compression ratio.
2. Freezing up of Evaporator.
3. Entrance of air and water vapor resulting from LP side leakage.
54. What is MARPOL 73/78 ANNEX VI ?

MARPOL Annex VI is “ International regulation for prevention of pollution by emission from combustion of fossil fuel “
55. How much limitation for emission the black smoke ?

According to the regulation the emission from black smoke from ship
Must not come out continuously longer than 4 min:
If emission is short , total amount of time must be 3 min: in every 20 min: period.
Not more than 10 min: in total amount of time for any 2 hr period.
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56. What is the air pollution occur which not fossil fuel ?
Annex VI ( Regulation 12) Chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC ) which containing the refrigerant used onboard .
57. What are serious air pollution causes occur due to fossil fuel?
They are 1) Nitrogen oxide and 2) Sulphur oxide
Nitrogen compound and sulphur compound are normally present in the onboard used fuel oil. Therefore to prevent , reduce and
control either both compound in fuel oil or emission .
According to MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Regulation 13 (For Nitrogen oxide) and Regulation 14 (For sulphur oxide) to be reduce
and control the emission of Sulphur oxide and Nitrogen oxide are following ,
Regulation 13( For Nitrogen oxide )

The regulation shall apply to each diesel engine of 130 KW at January , 2000. ( But not effect to emergency generator , Life
boat engine , etc.., )
Weight of Nox emission are (i) 17.0 g/KW h for engine speed up to 130 rpm .
(ii) 45.0 X n-0.2 g/KW h where n is engine speed 130 ~ 2000 rpm.
(iii) 9.8 g/KW h engine speed above 2000 rpm
Regulation 14 ( For Sulphur oxide )

Sulphur content of any fuel used onboard shall not exceed 3.5% m/m. (after 01st January, 2012), 0.5% m/m
(after 10th January, 2020)
Sulphur-oxide Emission does not exceed (Sox) 1.0% m/m in the Emission Control Area (SECA ). (after 01st July, 2010) , 0.10%
m/m (after 01st January, 2015)
Total emission of sulphur from ship for Exhaust gas cleaning system of M/E and A/Es 6.0 g Sox/KW h or less.
58. What is Interim Certificate of Class ?

1. Class Surveyor will issue the Certificate, when repairs have been completed to the Surveyor satisfaction.
2. This Certificate enables the vessel to remain in class, until the next full survey due.
3. Validity is until next survey due.
59. What is Confirmatory Survey?

1. When any machinery and equipment, allowed to be surveyed by C/E, were opened-up and examined by C/E at sea,
Confirmatory Survey of these items must be done by the Class Surveyor at next port of call, or the first port of
opportunity.
2. During this survey show the followings to Class Surveyor:
a) Relevant entries in logbook.
b) Two copies of statement, signed by C/E.
c) Description of items surveyed by C/E.
d) Spare parts replaced.
e) All photos for evidence.
If the surveyor does not satisfied, he has the right to open up the item for inspection. If he satisfy, he will issue Interim
Certificate of class.
60. How to claim for insurance about machinery damage?

Items necessary to submit to Superintendent Engineer are:
 C/E damage report.
 Log abstracts.
 Damage report form for insurance claim.
 Class surveyor recommendation.
 Repair bills endorsed by Underwriter Surveyor
61. What are SOLAS and MARPOL certificates ?

SOLAS Certificates:
1. Passenger Ship Safety Certificate
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MARPOL Certificates:
1. International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate, IOPP
2. International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate, ISPP
3. Certificate of Insurance or other financial security in respect of civil liability for oil pollution damage.
4. International Pollution Prevention Certificate for the Carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk.
[NLS Certificate]
5. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (Chemical Tanker)
6. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk (Gas Carrier )
62. What are MARPOL documents ?

1. Oil record book
2. Garbage record book.
3. Noxious Liquid Substances cargo record book.
4. Ship board Oil Pollution Emergency Plan.
5. Garbage plan.
6. Noxious Liquid Substances pollution prevention plan.
7. Manifest for dangerous cargo.
63. What is VIT ?

VIT mean Variable Injection Timing .
1. Load-dependent start of fuel injection control system.
2. VIT mechanism automatically change the fuel injection timing, according to load, to get maximum combustion pressure
(Pmax) at engine load between 85%~ 100%.
3. Reduction in SFOC is about 2.0 gm / bhp / hr at 85% engine load.
4. VIT fuel pump incorporates variable injection timing with optimized fuel economy, at part load.
5. Expansion Ratio is increased.
64. How many method for bearing clearance measurement ?

1. By Bridge gauge and depth gauge to measure the bearing wear down.
2. By thickness gauge ( Feller Gauge ) to measure the bearing clearance.
3. By dial gauge.
4. By taking the lead reading.
5. By maker supply special measurement tool such as plastic strips or bearing clearance measuring set.
65. What may occur excess bearing clearance ?

1. May cause over loading on corresponding bearing at every up ward stroke .
2. Striking bearing and tend to bearing failure.
3. L.O pressure will decrease and tend to bearing failure.
4. Connecting bolts fracture due to bottom end bearing excess clearance .
5. Main bearing and crank shaft will failure due to main bearing excess clearance.
66. What may occur less bearing clearance ?

1. Bearing wiping and failure .
2. Hot sport and tend to crank case explosion .
3. Damage to other parts such as crank pin , journal pin .
67. What is Super charging ?

It is a process of increasing the weight of charge air by increasing the density of the charge thus more fuel can burnt and more
power out put can be obtained.
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68. What is scavenging ?

It is the process of removing burned gases in the cylinder by mean of incoming charge air .
69. What is 3 phase of scavenging ?

a) Exhausting being when exhaust port or valve open.
b) Scavenging being when scavenge port open.
c) Recharging.
70. What type of scavenging use under piston effect ?

Loop scavenging use the series or parallel under piston valves.
71. What are loop scavenging requirements ?

Inlet port are angled for swirling effect.
Long piston skirt or exhaust timing valve to prevent the scavenge air leak to exhaust.
72. What are advantage of under piston scavenging ?

1. No exhaust valve driven mechanism
2. Save the energy being no exhaust valve driving mechanism
3. Assist tangential swirl and ensure complete evacuation of remaining exhaust gas.
4. Can get require scavenge air pressure without electrical power source and saved electrical power .
5. Increase the mechanical efficiency.
6. Being no exhaust valve driven mechanism save the energy loss.
73. What is turbo charging ?

It is a process of fresh air supply into the cylinder under pressure through air cooler by mean of exhaust gas driven
turbocharger.
There are two type of turbo charging system a) Constant pressure system , b) Purse system
Constant pressure system:
1. Exhaust gases enter into large common manifold and led to turbocharger with constant pressure and
temperature.
2. But gas flow will be steady and at constant pressure.
Pulse pressure system:
1. Makes full use of high pressure and temperature of exhaust gases during blow down period.
2. Exhaust gases leave the cylinders at high velocity, as pressure energy is effectively converted to kinetic energy to create
pressure pulse in exhaust pipe.
3. Exhaust pipe, so constructed in small diameter, is quickly pressurized and boosted up to form pressure pulse or wave.
4. Pressure waves reach to turbine nozzles and further expansion takes place.
Advantage of constant pressure system

1. High energy at turbine efficiency due to smooth energy transfer from steady exhaust energy.
2. Simple exhaust manifold design not require grouping
3. Good performance at high load
4. Reduction of SFOC
Disadvantage of constant pressure system

1. Poor turbocharger acceleration
2. Poor efficiency at low load and part load
3. Poor response at sudden change load
4. Low energy available for turbine
5. Require any scavenging assistance for low load and maneuvering
Advantage of purse system

1. Good turbocharger acceleration
2. Good efficiency at low load and part load
3. Good response at sudden change load
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4. High energy available for turbine due to pulsating pressure wave

5. Not require any scavenging assistance for low load and maneuvering
Disadvantage of pulse system

1. Complex exhaust manifold design
2. Being direct connection with exhaust port to turbocharger , pieces of broken piston ring may be damage to turbocharger
3. Not suitable for reverse flow scavenging engine.
74. How to be done Blower side Washing ?

1. Cleaning effects by mechanical breakaway of deposits.
2. ME at normal full load speed.
3. Fixed quantity of FW ( as per T/C instruction ) is injected air stream by compressed air, before compressor.
4. Open air cooler drain and scavenge drains.
75. How to be done Turbine side Washing ?

1. Cleaning effects by mechanical breakaway of deposits .
2. Normally carried out when the sea is calm.
3. ME speed to be reduced, with permission from Bridge.
4. Reduce ME speed avoiding critical speed.
5. Exhaust gas temperature at turbine inlet below 300°C: T/C speed ≈ 2000 rpm.
6. Warm FW is supplied slowly, and pressure depends on exhaust gas temperature and volume, not to vaporize all the
water.
7. Open T/C casing drain and can be stopped, when clean water comes out.
8. After washing T/C kept running at same reduced speed for 3~5 minutes until all parts are dry.
9. Then increase ME rpm slowly, to normal rpm.
76. How to be done Dry Cleaning ?

Cereal Grains or Activated Charcoal Particles Cleaning of Turbine:[Dry Cleaning]
1. Turbine side cleaning is superseded by Coconut Charcoal particles, with grain size of 12 to 34 meshes.
2. No speed reduction required and cleaning can be done at full speed once every 240 hours.
3. Compressed air of (3~5 bars) is used to help the grains strike the deposited Turbine Blades and Nozzles, giving effective
cleaning of hard particles.
4. Air supply pipe is fitted to solid grain container, and grains are injected into Exhaust System by air pressure, at the same
point (as in Water washing) just after Exhaust Grids.
5. Turbine casing drain kept open during cleaning time of (about 2 minutes only), until drains become clear.
77. What are Advantages of Solid Cleaning ?

1. No reduction in RPM, thus no effect on scheduled voyage.
2. No water required, thus no corrosion and thermal stresses.
3. Cleaning time, shortened to about 2 minutes only.
4. Charcoal does not wear down the Turbine Blades.
5. Combustion residues and bard particles, effectively removed.
78. How do you understand Turbocharger surging ?

Back pressure of compressor, due to sudden pressure drop in compressor, below delivery pressure.
79. Can you Explain causes of turbocharger surging ?

 One or two cylinders stop firing
 Faulty fuel pump or fuel valve.
 Scavenge fire or exhaust trunk fire.
 Sudden load change, when pitching in bad weather
 Dirty nozzle rings, turbine blades, impeller blades.
 Weight loss of turbine blades due to impingement attack by Catfines.
 Dirty blower air suction filter.
 Incorrect matching of T/C to engine.
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80. What is Static Balance Rotor ?

 When CG of the shaft coincides with polar axis of its journal, the system is in Static Balance.
81. What is the Dynamic Balance Rotor ?

1. In static balance condition, when the shaft is revolved in bearings, load on each bearing must remain constant
throughout 360° rotation.
82. What will you do in case of T/C failure?

» Rotor to be locked.
» Exhaust gas to be by-passed the TC.
» Run engine with reduced speed with remaining TC.
» Use Auxiliary Blower.
» Maintain all temperature and pressure of fuel, cooling water and lubrication within limit.
» Discuss with Captain for maneuvering difficulties.
Following procedures are in accordance with Sulzer RT engine practice:
Case I: Failure of one T/C with Exhaust by-pass piping:

1. Lock rotor as per T/C manual.
2. Remove blank flange in by-pass exhaust piping.
3. Open covers of scavenge air trunk.
4. Auxiliary blowers must be running during operation.
5. If casing is cracked, stop T/C cooling.
6. If T/C is supplied with external lubrication, shut L.O. supply.
Output 25%: RPM 60% at MCR.
Case II: Failure one T/C. of two T/C engine:

1. Lock rotor of damaged T/C.
2. Remove expansion joints of both exhaust inlet and air outlet of damaged T/C and put blank flanges.
4. If T/C is supplied with external lubrication shut L.O. supply.
Output 50%: RPM 80%: Running T/C rpm must not exceed normal rpm
Case Ill: Failure of all T/C of an engine, without Exhaust by-pass piping:
1. Lock rotors of all T/Cs.
2. Open all covers of scavenge air trunk.
3. Auxiliary blowers must be running during operation.
5. If T/C is supplied with external lubrication shut L.O. supply.
Output 15%: RPM 50%:
83. What are Function of Diffuser ?

1. To direct the air smoothly into Volute Casing.
2. Convert KE to PE of Inlet Air.
84. What are Function of Inducer ?

1. To guide the Air smoothly into the eye of Impeller.
85. What is function of Nozzle ring ?

Guide the exhaust gases pulsation pressure to fixed nozzle guide vane ( Turbine wheel ) for achieving correct inlet angle then
expand with high velocity and momentum.
86. Why Turbocharger surging occur ?

1. Pumping of air back to compressor, due to sudden pressure drop in compressor, below delivery pressure.
2. Prolonged surging may cause damage to compressor, thus engine speed should be lowered down until surging vanished.
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3. Then faults corrected before running again full speed.

Causes:
1. One or two cylinders stop firing
2. Faulty fuel pump or fuel valve.
3. Scavenge fire or exhaust trunk fire.
4. Sudden load change, when pitching in bad weather
5. Dirty nozzle rings, turbine blades, impeller blades.
6. Weight loss of turbine blades due to impingement attack by Cat fines.
7. Dirty blower air suction filter.
8. Incorrect matching of T/C to engine.
87. When you will change T/C bearing?

» As per Running Hour.
» As per clearance.
» When damaged.
» When vibration is heavy.
88. Can you explain Chain inspection ?

1. Before 4000 running hrs and after lengthy voyage, chain tension is checked at mid span of slack side, in transverse
direction.
 Limited transverse movement is ½ to one link pitch on slack side.
 Excessive tension may cause chain breakage.
 Excessive slackness may cause vibration and eventual failure.
2. Elongation [chain wear] is checked between 3000~5000 running hours.
 Total length of 10 links drawn tight and measured, and chain-stretch calculated in % by comparing with original length
of 10 links.
 Maximum elongation: not more than 2%. Over 2%, the whole chain must be renewed.
 Due attention given when elongation reaches 1.5%.
 Stretching is the results of pin and bushing surface wearing out.
 Chain length is measured in terms of number of links.
3. Nozzle sprayers, LO pipes and oil flow and direction, checked.
4. Loose bolts and pipe connections, checked.
5. Every link checked for blemish, and bright marks due to misalignment of wheel.
6. Sprocket teeth and wheel bearings checked for wear.
7. Rubber clad guide bars, roller and side plates, checked for crack or damage.
89. What limit of elongation should be tighten the chain?

1.5 % of original length .
Slack chain:
Symptoms:
1. Excessive chain vibration and noise.
2. Power loss in all units, indicated [by Power Card].
3. Late injection, low Pmax, [by Draw Card].
4. Late closing of Exhaust Valve, [by Light Spring Diagram].
5. High exhaust temperature and smoke.
Effects:
a) Impose heavy mechanical load, resulting fatigue failure.
b) Damage to chain system and engine frame.
c) Retardation of Fuel Pump and Exhaust Valve timings, resulting:
d) Reduced Scavenge Efficiency due to late closing of exhaust valve.
e) High exhaust temperature and smoke, due to after burning.
f) Low Pmax, due to late injection.
g) Reduced engine power.
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90. How to adjust chain tension ?

1. Tensioning device [chain tightener] is used, and adjusting is limited to removing a maximum 2 chain links.
2. Limited transverse movement is ½ to one link pitch on slack side.
3. When tightening, engine is to be turned ahead, that the slackness of chain is on tightening side.
Advantages of Chain Drive over Gear Train:

1. Unaffected by foreign particles as gear trains.
2. Class requires only a few links [6 links] for spares. The whole set required for gear train.
3. Even if the chain breaks, engine can still be operated after repair.
4. Accuracy of camshaft drive is very high, because chain tightener can adjust and compensate for inevitable mechanical
wear. Gear train is non-adjustable.
5. Enable camshaft position to be placed higher, thus shorten the hydraulic connections of fuel pumps and exhaust valves,
and minimise timing error.
91. What function of Foundation Chock ?

» To avoid misalignment on tank top surface.
» To carry out adjustments on individual chock.
» To correct any distortion.
» To absorb collision load by end chocks.
» To absorb side load, due to unbalanced reciprocating forces, by side chocks.
Advantages of Eposy Resin Chock.

1. Reliable and permanent alignment of machinery foundation.
2. Resist degradation by fuel, LO and eliminate chock area corrosion.
3. Give uniform and precise mounting.
4. Non-fretting permanently.
5. Reduce noise level.
6. Can he used on all sizes and types of engines.
7. Maintain C/S deflection, machinery alignment and even Hull fouling.
8. Installation time is measured in hours, not in days.
9. Withstand temperature up to 80°C.
10. Give chock thickness up to 44 mm.
92. How to operate the starting air valve ?

The cylinder starting air valve operation is controlled by pilot air pressure from starting air distributor.
When the main starting valve ( Automatic valve ) is opened, the starting air come through the starting air pipe and separately
enter to each starting valve . Another brunch is led to starting air distributor.
When starting air coming in , the chamber of starting valve is pressurized with inlet air , but the valve does not open since it is
balanced and the spring pressure keep it close.
Starting air distributor allow to leave pilot air to concerned firing unit enter to upper part of the piston over come the spring
pressure and push the valve down ward to open. This action will admit the starting air into the cylinder and engine rotate . As
engine revolute , the distributor valve arrange to continuously operate its corresponding starting valve , according to the firing
sequence . So engine can be started up by fuel feed.
93. How to occur Start Air Line Explosion ?

 Leaky or sticky cylinder air start valve in opened position.
 Collected oil inside start air pipe, carried over from air compressor’s faulty oil scraper rings, through Air bottle.
 Mostly occurred at Arrival first start for maneuvering.
94. Explain Causes of Starting air line explosion ?

1. Defective cylinder-starting valve, leaking or jammed at open position.
2. Oil accumulation in start air line from improper maintenance of Air Compressor, such as;
a) Excess LO level in crankcase
b) Excess cylinder lubrication
c) Defective oil scrapper rings
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d) Inhaling of oil fumes from oily ER.
95. How to prevent the starting air line explosion ?

Main Causes:
1. Leaky or sticky cylinder air start valve in opened position.
2. Collected oil inside start air pipe, carried over from air compressor’s faulty oil scraper rings, through Air bottle.
3. Mostly occurred at Arrival first start for maneuvering.
Preventive measures:
1. Periodical overhauls of cylinder air start valve.
2. Before maneuvering, cylinder air start valve is tested by isolating Air Distributor, and escape of air through indicator
cock, indicates its leakage.
3. Before maneuvering, all valves well lubricated and rotated by hand spanner, to ensure proper working condition.
4. While maneuvering, all air manifolds touched and sensed their temperature. Local overheating of adjacent pipe
indicates valve leakage.
5. Compressor air suction filter regular cleaning.
6. Regular draining of Air bottle drain valve, Air compressor intercooler drain valve, and air start pipe system.
7. Regular overhauling of compressor piston rings.
8. Discharge of E/R blower directed to Air compressor suction .filter.
96. What safety devices fitted starting air line ?

1. Bursting discs: Fitted at start air manifold at cylinder valve inlet. [0.75 mm thick copper, steel or bronze and will rupture at
3 x max. start air pressure.]
2. Safety caps: Fitted at cylinder valve inlet [steel- cadmium coated safety tube or copper hood]. If the cap ruptures,
movable hood can be moved around to blank-off the holes in fixed hood, for emergency use.
3. Lightning full bore safety valve: At start air line after Master starting valve, to relieve excess pressure and close back
automatically.
4. Spring loaded safety valve: Fitted at start air line, but not reliable.
5. Drain valve
6. Flame trap
97. Why LP Relief Valve opening ?

Causes:
1. HP suction valve leaking.
2. Inter cooler choked.
3. Relief valve, jammed by foreign particles, in open position.
98. Why HP Relief Valve opening?

Causes:
 HP discharge valve, in closed position.
 After cooler choked.
 Relief valve, jammed by foreign particles, or spring sticking in open position.
[Relief Valves opening pressure are set at not more than 10% above stage pressure.]
99. What is Free Air Delivery, FAD?

a) Capacity of Air Compressor is stated in terms of [ m3/ hr].
b) Volume of air actually discharged in 1 hour, that would occupy if expanded down to atmospheric pressure and cooled to
atmospheric temperature.
100. How to occur Exhaust trunk explosion / Fire ?

Causes:
1. Accumulation of unburned fuel in exhaust trunk, due to incomplete combustion together with heat source, like
leaking exhaust valve.
2. Carried-over cylinder oil due to excess cylinder lubrication.
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Effects:
1. T/C over-run, bearings and casing damaged.
2. Abnormally high, scavenge air pressure.
3. Possible ER fire.
Remedies:
1. Stop ME and cool down.
2. Defective fuel v/v and exhaust v/v changed.
3. Complete combustion, maintained at all times.
101. What is Furnace Blowback ?

Furnace explosion occurs when lighting up with explosive gases inside, without pre-p urging sufficiently.
102. What is L.E.L and H.E.L ?

L.E.L.
Concentration of hydrocarbon gas in air, 1~2% by volume, below which there is insufficient hydrocarbon gases
to support and propagate combustion.
H.E.L.
Concentration of hydrocarbon gas in air, 10% by volume, above which there is insufficient air to support and propagate
combustion.
103. How to maintain good M/E performance ?

1. Maintain good power output per cylinder.
2. Take Power Card, to check Power Output / cylinder.
3. Take Compression Card, to check for cylinder tightness.
4. Check ratio of Absolute Compression Pressure to Absolute Scavenging Pressure,
5. If the ratio is same as that during Sea Trial, Piston rings and exhaust valves are sufficiently tight. (With B&W engine, this
ratio is about 30.)
6. If Absolute Pressure Ratio is less, check for cylinder tightness, charge air cooler, scavenge air ports, scavenge valves,
piston rings, exhaust valves, TC, etc.
7. Light Spring Diagram is taken if necessary.
8. Check Exhaust Temperatures, exhaust smoke, Load Indicator and engine running parameters.
9. Check fuel, CLO & LO consumption.
10. Regular maintenance work and repaired to be carried out .
Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure (of Manometer) + Atmospheric Pressure (15 psi or 30” Mercury)
If Compression Pressure is low:
a) Carry out Unit 0/H and renew liner, piston and rings.
b) T/C checked, clean and overhauled, to have efficient operation
c) Check Scavenge air line, charge air cooler, for insufficient scavenge air condition.
d) Check Inlet and Exhaust valves may be leaking.
e) Clean Scavenge Ports, Scavenge Valves, if 2/S engine.
104. What are the Difference between Plumber Block and Tunnel Bearing ?
1. Plumber block has upper half bearing to prevent propeller-whipping action.
2. Tunnel Bearing is the last bearing aft of shaft tunnel, which has no upper half.
105. What are Fuel Injection Valve requirements ?

Injector: Requirements:
1. Spray must be in atomized state, at all times, regardless of engine speed.
2. Pressure should be set at required value. [Too high - late injection: Too low - early injection]
3. Valve seat should not pass more than stated quantity of fuel, when testing, for a given period of time.
4. Valve lift should not be excessive. Excessive valve lift can cause hammer action to valve seal, leading to permanent
damage.]
5. There should be sufficient teak-off for lubrication.
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6. Should be snap-seated and no dribbling.
106. Why Centrifugal Pump is used in JCW system?

» Continuous flow.
» Larger volume of water can be circulated.
» Driving power can be AC or DC.
» Self-priming obtained from Header Tank.
107. How to know cylinder oil consumption ?

1. Daily M/E cylinder oil consumption can be calculated by difference value of noon to noon flow meter reading .
2. By formula
Specific Cylinder Lubricating Oil Consumption:
qa = Actual feed rate, gm / kW-hr.

Q = Measured value, liter /day
Sgc = SGc, Corrected specific gravity of oil at measuring point temperature.
Kw = Engine output, in kW
qa = Q x 1000 x SGc gm / Kw hr
24 x Kw
108. What may effect excess cylinder lubrication ?

1. Waste and increase specific cylinder oil consumption .
2. Fouling of ring grooves and resulting ring zone deposit.
3. Consequently loss of gas sealing effect and blow by flow.
4. Fouling scavenge spaces and scavenge fire follow.
5. Fouling exhaust trunk and exhaust trunk fire follow.
109. What may effect excess cylinder lubrication ?

1. Promote wear of liner and piston rings.
2. Overheating of local area , causes micro seizure due to lack of boundary lubrication.
3. Consequently major damage to liner and piston.
110. Why timed lubrication is very difficult to obtain ? ( Why timed lubrication is little merits ? )
1. It is requires very rapid rate of oil injection at correct time, amount and pressure . ( Low pressure phase in the cylinder )
2. Depending on pipe length between the lubricator to various feed point and viscosity change due to difference E/R
temperature and storage temperature.
3. Hot combustion gases tend to carbonize the oil and block to the orifice.
4. Timed lubrication is very difficult to calculate because it only tank place about 2’ of crank angle.
111. What causes are cylinder liner wear ?

Normal frictional wear: Due to metal-to-metal contact with high surface asperities under marginal lubrication condition.
Abrasive wear: Due to presence of hard foreign particles
Corrosive wear: Due to H2S04 acid attack owing to sulphur within fuel. Only 0.1% of sulphur content causes corrosive
wear, like hot and cold corrosion, and the rest carried away by exhaust gas.
Sulphuric acid dew point : 120C to 160C.
Hot corrosion occurs @ 460 - 570 C.
Due to HCL acid attack, because of salts in air, charge air cooler leakage, sea water in fuel and LO.
Other related causes:

1) Improper running procedure in new liner for first a few hour.
2) Unsuitable liner material.
3) Incorrect ring clearance.
4) Misalignment of piston and liner.
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5) Insufficient L.O or improper cylinder lubrication.

6) Cylinder oil having too low viscosity or alkalinity.
7) Cylinder oil containing abrasive particles.
8) Using of low sulphur fuel, in conjunction with high TBN cylinder oil.
9) Improper grade of fuel, and improper combustion.
10) Improper running in, without high cylinder oil feed rate.
11) Overloading of engine.
12) Too low scavenge air temperature, leading to dew point corrosion.
112. How to maintain minimum cylinder liner wear ?

1. To maintain correct ring clearance .
2. To avoid Misalignment of piston and liner.
3. To maintain sufficient and correct lubrication .
4. Use correct grade of L.O and cylinder oil .
5. Use correct grate of fuel oil and low sulpher fuel .
6. Correct filtration and purification system to be done for remove out abrasive particles.
7. To avoid Overloading of engine.
113. Where is maximum wear ? Why ?

» Maximum wear is at upper limit of top ring travel, at the top of piston stroke.
Reasons of maximum wear at top of the stroke:

1. Maximum gas load behind the top ring.
2. It is a hottest region
3. .Oil film viscosity is low, and liable to breakdown under high load and high temperature.
4. Abrupt change in direction of piston rings, at dead ends of reciprocating motion.
5. More liable to be attacked by acids.
114. Where place is thicker place of liner ?

Top part of liner is thicker place.
115. What is Scuffing ?

Scuffing is a form of micro seizure of piston rings when l.o break down.
Scuffing is caused due to :
1. Poor cylinder oil properties.
2. Defective cylinder lubrication.
3. Insufficient L.O point due to choke ( Blocked ) by carbon deposit.
4. No oil groove in liner.
5. Absent or wrong scraper rings.
116. What is PMS ?

PMS mean Planed Maintenance Schedule according to Safety Management System develop by ISM code :
Planed Maintenance should include:
1. Short-term maintenance, weekly and monthly.
2. Long-term maintenance, 3 monthly. 6 monthly. Yearly
3. Operational maintenance, to be carried out if necessary.
Planed maintenance should be flexible, and following items should be considered.

1. Weather Condition.
2. Length of voyage.
3. Maintenance of Safety Equipment, and Emergency Team Training.
4. Optimum conditions for Statutory and Classification Surveys.
5. Dry Docking.
6. Manufacturer’s advise.
7. Breakdown maintenance.
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8. Replacing of spares.
9. Controlling and recording of maintenance up-to-date.
117. What advantages of PMS ?

1. Easy to know maintenance interval of machineries and safety equipments of ship.
2. Easy to know defective machineries and safety equipments of ship and rectify at once.
3. PMS is recorded for maintenance and inspection jobs of machineries and safety equipments have been done.
4. Improve efficiency and performance of machineries and safety system of ship.
5. Can be reduced human error due to ignorance.
6. Improve safety of life , ship and cargo thus benefit for company , organization and seafarer .
118. What are the certificates onboard?

Certificates onboard:
1. Certificate of Registry
2. International Tonnage Certificate
3. International Load Line Certificate
4. International Load Line Exemption Certificate
5. Certificates for Master, Officers and Ratings
6. Derating or Derating Exemption Certificate
7. International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate
8. International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate
9. International Safety Management Certificate, SMC
10. International Ship Security Certificate, ISSC
11. International Medical Certificate
12. Passenger Ship Safety Certificate
17. Certificate of Classification
18. Certificate of Insurance or Other financial security in respect of civil liability for oil pollution damage.
19. International Pollution Prevention Certificate for the Carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk.
[NLS Certificate]
20. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk [Chemical Tanker]
21. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk [Gas Carrier]
119. Why hydrogen fire occur where occur ?

Hydrogen fire or self-perpetuating fire mostly happen economizer or up take fire:
1. When metal itself burning due to fire, at about 700° C, and if steam smothering soot blowing or water jetting system
have been attempted, the big hydrogen fire may results.
2. The applied steam dissociates into Hydrogen and Oxygen, accelerating the fire, until steam supply is exhausted, or
temperature drops below 700 °C.
3. Once such a fire has started, two kinds of fire may take place simultaneously: one kind, iron burning in steam, and the
other, H2 burning in air.
120. Can you explain 4 type of fire detectors fitted on board ?

Smoke detector:
1. Installed at stairways, corridor, escape route within Accommodation
2. Also used in Cargo space and Machinery space
3. Maximum floor area per detector 74 m2.
4. Max. distance apart = 11 meters.
5. Max. distance away from bulkhead = 5.5 m.
6. Photocell or light scattering types.
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Thermal detector:
1. Maximum floor area per detector = 37 m2.
2. Max. Distance apart 9, meters.
3. Max. Distance away from bulkhead = 4.5 m.
4. Used Bi-metal strip.
5. Fitted in boiler room, laundry, Control Room, Galley.
Flame Detector:
1. Ultra Violet or infrared.
2. Fitted near fuel handling equipment,
Combustible detector:
1. Fitted in galley, E/R fwd bulkhead adjacent to p/p room under floor plate.
121. Explain one type of heat detector principle?

Heat detectors can use any number of principle such as liquid expansion ,low melting point metal ,bi-metallic
strip etc.,
The relative movement of two coil bi-metallic strip thermostat , one exposed and one shield are used act as
detecting elements.
122. What are Fire Pumps requirements ?

Requirements:
1. Fire pumps shall be capable of giving a quantity of water, for fire fighting purpose, at following minimum pressures
0.31 N/mm2 for passenger ships of 4000 tons gross tonnage and upwards,
0.27 N/mm2 for passenger ships of 1000 ~ 4000 tons gross tonnage, and
0.27 N/mm2 for cargo ships of 6000 tons gross tonnage and upwards.
2. For passenger ships, fire pumps shall be capable of giving a quantity of water, for fire fighting purpose, not less than 2/3rd of
the quantity given by bilge pumps.
a. For cargo ships, fire pumps shall be capable of giving a quantity of water, for fire fighting purpose, not
less than 4/3rd of the quantity given by bilge pumps in a passenger ship of same dimension, provided
that total required capacity of fire pumps need not to exceed 180 m3/hr in cargo ship.
b. At least 3 fire pumps, provided for passenger ships of 4000 tons and upward.
c. At least 2 fire pumps, provided for cargo ships of 1000 tons and upward.
d. Sanitary, ballast, bilge or GS pumps may be accepted as fire pumps, provided that they are not normally
used for pumping oil fuel, and suitable change-over arrangements are filled if they are subjected to
occasional duties for pumping oil fuel.
3. In cargo ships of 2000 tons gross tonnage and upwards, if fire in any compartment could put all the pumps out of action,
there shall be a fixed independently driven
123. What are Emergency fire pump requirements ?

Emergency Fire Pump Requirements:
1. Suction lift of at least 4.5 mtr. from water level at light draft.
2. Operating pressure of 2~5 bar.
3. Capacity of 25 m3/hr or at least 40% of fire pump capacity.
4. Horizontal throw of 40 ft.
5. Velocity of 65 ft/sec.
6. Two numbers of water jets of ½” dia.
7. Own suction and discharge valves.
8. Isolating valve from Fire Main line, in case of failure.
9. Fuel tank capacity of 3 hours operation.
10. Reserved fuel outside E/R for at least 15 hours non-stop operation.
11. Diesel Engine starting is by own power source from 24 V battery and Emergency Generator and by manual hand cranking.
[In cold condition down to 0° C or heating system provided for cold starting.
12. Emergency Fire Pump’s space boundaries shall be insulated to a standard of Regulation.
13. Ventilation arrangement provided in pump space.
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14. No direct access permitted between machinery space and pump space.
15. Test once a week.
Emergency Fire Pump Regulation:
1. Separate and no direct access from ER:

2. Separate Sea Suction and Suction Valve can be opened remotely.
3. Capacity; 25 m3 /hr Minimum and able to supply 2 hydrants.
4. Pressure; 4 bars, connection with main fire line.
5. Drive; Hand crank Diesel Engine: It could be started even at 0°C condition
Fuel tank capacity; 3 hours full load
consumption and 15 hrs reserve.
Battery start: Able to start at least 6 times within 30 minutes.
At least 2 times for first 10 minutes.
Fire Pump Regulation:
Passenger ship 4000 GRT and above at least 3 nos.

Passenger ship 4000 GRT below at least 2nos.
Cargo ship 1000 GRT and above at least 2nos.
Cargo ship 1000 GRT below at least as required by Administration.
Each pump capacity must be at least 25 m3/hr
Fire Pump Minimum Pressure:
1. 0.31 N/mm2 for Passenger Ship of 4000 tons and upwards.

2. 0.27 N/mm2 for Cargo Ships of 6000 tons and upwards.
1. Diameter of fire main and water service pipes, for cargo ships, need only be sufficient for the discharge of 140 m3/hr.
2. Hydrants shall be positioned near the accesses to the protected spaces and fire hoses may be easily coupled to them.
3. Standard nozzle size: 12mm, 16mm and 19mm.
4. For accommodation and service spaces, nozzle size greater than 12mm need not be used.
5. All nozzles shall be approved, duel purpose type [jet spray] incorporating a shut-off.
Two pumps simultaneously delivering through nozzles;

1. Passenger ship above 4000 GRT, 0.31 N/mm2.
2. Passenger ships 1000 ~ 4000 GRT 0.27 N/mm2.
3. Cargo ship above 6000 GRT 0.27 N/mm2.
4. Cargo ship below 6000 GRT 0.25 N/mm2.
124. What are Regulation for Portable fire extinguishers ?

1. Capacity of portable fire extinguisher: not more than 13.5 litres and not less than 9 litres.
2. Other extinguisher: at least as portable as 13.5 litres fluid extinguisher and fire extinguishing capability at least
equivalent to that of 9 litres fluid extinguisher.
3: Ships of 1000 tons gross tonnage and upwards, shall carry at least 5 portable fire extinguishers.
4. In boiler room:
a) At least 2 portable foam type extinguishers.
b) At least 1 foam type extinguisher of 135 litres capacity minimum, with hoses on reels, reaching any part of boiler
room.
c) A box of 10 ft3 ( 0.3 m3 )of sand or other approved dry material with scoop.
d) One set of portable foam applicator unit with one spare 20 litre tank.
5. in space containing internal combustion machinery:
a) Sufficient no. of 45 litre capacity foam type extinguishers, to enable foam to be directed onto fuel and LO
pressure system, gearing and other fire hazards.
b) Sufficient no. of portable foam type extinguishers, so located that, there shall be at least 2 such extinguishers
within 10- meter distance apart.
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125. What is International Shore Connection?

1. If ER is abandoned, the Emergency Fire Pump can supply the deck line, even if there is a burst water main in ER.
2. Fire Main can also be pressurized, if necessary, from shore or from another ship by use of International Shore
Connection, in the event of emergency situation.
3. International Shore Connection is usually used when vessel is in dry docking, for pressurizing the fire main.
Dimension: 178 OD, 132 PCD, 64 ID, 14.5 thickness, Four 16  bolts with 50 mm length for four 19mm slotted holes, with
8 washers and a gasket. (All in mm)
Location: At Fire Control Station and location is known by every crew.
126. What is International Discharge Connection? ( What is standard discharge connection ? )

To dispose of sewage , sludge and bilge, from ship to shore reception facility, a standard discharge connection is provided at
discharge side of sludge pump and sewage pump.
Dimension: OD 215mm, PCD 183mm, thickness 20mm, six 22Ø holes for six 20Øbolts with suitable length.
127. How do you fight Cargo hold fire ?

1. Remote smoke detector fitted in the cargo hold and will give alarm. Duty officer will check which cargo hold is broken out
of fire and give the alarm for all person onboard collecting at the muster station.
2. This operation must be done by master’s order.
3. After ensuring no person left in cargo space, seal off the cargo space such as closing of ventilation fan, fire damper,
hatch cover by teams as per contingency plan.
4. Before discharging CO2 , change .3-way valve to CO2 discharge line so that connection to smoke detector is isolated.
5. Open the quick opening valve so that alarm wills automatically initiated.
6. Manual operation procedure and amount of CO2 bottle to be released is stated in CO2 room.
7. By master’s order, release the correct amount to concerned cargo space.
8. Take care and inspect the condition of fire down .
9. Topping up procedure must be followed at port arrival.
Fire fighting, for tanker:

>> Machinery space: CO2 or foam fixed installation.
>> Cargo deck area: Fixed deck foam system for cargo deck area.
>> Pump room: Must be protected from fixed installation of CO2 or foam.
>> Accommodation front: Water.
Paint Locker
>> Paint and other inflammable liquid lockers must be protected by an appropriate fire fighting equipment.
>> Paint locker is usually protected by pressure water spray system for boundary cooling, and detector should be flame
detect
128. What are sprinkler system requirements ?

1. Each sprinkler head must be capable 100 lit/min.
2. Each sprinkler head is sufficient to over the area of about 16m2.
3. One section is permitted to contain 150 ~ 200 heads.
4. Distance apart each head not more than 4 mtr and 2mtr from vertical wall.
5. There must be at least two power source for the S.W pump or F.W pump and alarm system.
6. The system should be consist of indipedent S.W pump with own sea suction .
7. Suction alarm can be tested individually by test cock on each section.
129. What are advantages of sprinkler system?

1. Self fire detection, and immediate and automatic operation at all time
2. Not harmful to human.
3. No need to seal the space.
4. No need to clean the media, after use.
Various sprinkler head colour: Red Yellow Green Blue Purple
Quartzoid valve will burst at: 68°C 79°C 93°C 141°C 182°C
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130. What are SOLAS regulation for Inert Gas system ?

1. Oil tanker 20,000 DWT and above must be provided with fixed inert gas system.
2. O2 content in cargo tank less than 8% by volume.
3. Supply main , O2 content is less than 5% by volume.
4. Inert gas supply to cargo oil tank rate at least 1.25 ~ 1.5 time of maximum discharge pump capacity.
5. At least two nos. of non return device such as one pressure vacuum valve and one non return valve.
6. IGS must be provided indicator to show pressure , O2 content in supply main.
7. Audible and visual alarm for flue gas and IGS generator to indicate;
 O2 content > 8 %
 High inert gas temperature.
 High inert gas pressure.
 Low water pressure to flue gas scrubber.
 High water level in flue gas scrubber.
 Low water level in water seal.
 Inert gas blowers failure.
 Power failure.
 Vacuum gas pressure.
131. How to arrange CO2 room safety system?

1. Exhaust fan, and suction duct is provided at the bottom of the room. Any accumulated CO2 from leakage, at the bottom can
be exhausted to atmosphere.
2. Cable operated Safety Valve is fitted on Pilot Cylinder discharge line. It prevents accidental discharge of CO2 from Quick
Release Cylinders due to action of leakage gas from Pilot Cylinder.
3. Relief Valves are fitted on each discharge line from cylinders so that leakage gas can safely dispose to atmosphere.
4. Check Valve is fitted in connection pipe between each cylinder discharge valve and manifold, so that leakage of one
cylinder cannot effect other cylinder.
5. Each bottle has a combined Bursting Disc, which will rupture spontaneously at a pressure at a pressure of 177 bar
at 63°C.
6. Pressure Gauge and pressure Alarm in the manifold.
132. How do you carried out regular maintenance of CO2 flooding system ?
1. Weekly inspection for alarm system.
2. Bottles should be weighed yearly, level checked by ultrasonic or radio active isotope detector. Level reference mark should
be provided. If 10% loss of weight, recharge them.
3. All the pulley, wire, rope and toggle must be free from dirt, scales and well lubricated.
4. CO2 branch pipe and discharge nozzle should be cleared with compress air at two year interval.
5. Bottles should not be exposed to temperature of 60°C.
133. What are CO2 Fix Installation Requirements ?

 CO2 quantity shall be sufficient to give a minimum volume of free gas;
For cargo space, equal to 30% of gross volume of largest cargo space.
For machinery space, equal to 40% of gross volume, excluding casing.
Equal to 35% of gross volume, including casing.
If vessel is less than 2000 GRT, reduce 35% and 30% respectively.
 Volume of free gas in a bottle shall be 0.56 m3/ kg. (45 kg CO2/ bottle)
 85% of the gas can be discharged within 2 mm, for machinery space.
 Two separate controls shall be provided for releasing CO2 and one control releases from Quick Release Cylinders and
second control releases by opening the valve of piping.
 Two controls shall be located inside a release box under lock and key. Key is kept inside a break-glass box.
134. How to calculate require amount of CO2 discharge ?

Required CO2 bottles for cargo space = 0.3x Largest cargo space gross volume
0.56 x 45
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Required CO2 bottles for machinery space = 0.4 x Machinery space gross volume
0.56 x 45
135. What is Slow Turning ?

1. Slow turning arrangement is one of the safety device of large two stroke diesel engine ( above 600mm bore ) .To prevent the
engine damage causes by fluid in cylinder.
3. Slow turning arrangement is provided automatically or manually .
3. In the UMS ship and automatically slow turning arrangement provided engine possible moment before starting and under all
circumstances within the last 30 min while slow turning switch mode to auto position which turn an engine at least one RPM
with fully supply the cylinder lubrication to ensure the good engine starting .
4. In the manually can be arranged slow turning by mean of turning gear
 Open indicator valve and turn cylinder lubricator
 Turn the engine one revolution , direction indicated by reversing handle
 Check to see if fluid flow out of any of indicator cock
 Main starting valve to service position
 Close the all indicator cock
 Disengage the turning gear and check it is locked in the out position
136. What are four type of Switch board ?

1. Generator switch board
2. Shore supply switch board
3. 440V and 110 or 220 V switch board
4. Starter panel switch board
137. What are cylinder oil properties ?

1. Good load carrying capacity and to reduce fractional wear of piston rings and liner
2. Good sealing effect
3. Good ability to spared and cover the working surface
4. Can sustain the good viscosity at high temperature
5. Cleanly can burn without deposit as possible
6. Chemical stable
7. Effectively neutralize acidity form by consequence of fuel combustion
8. Prevent oxidation
9. Anti corrosion properties
138. How to occur the uptake fire ?

Exhaust gas contain with combustion deposit and carry over of cylinder oil. If defective combustion process , incomplete
combustion may produce the soot , carbon and oily deposits. They are spared along the exhaust system and fouling the uptake
. They become thicker and enough heat to start fire. In some case spontaneous fire may occur even at normal atmospheric
temperature. Other effect are :
 Engine using bad fuel
 Engine load lower than 30% MCR
 System error for boiler circulating pump
 A few number of soot blowing time
 Aux: blower or soot blower malfunction
 Over fuelling during the engine starting increase soot production due to governor maladjustment.
 Peeling off depositing in the funnel by high humidity in long port stay
139. How to detect uptake fire ?

1. Suddenly increase the economizer ( Exhaust gas boiler temperature ) and alarm will ring
2. Spark emitted from funnel
3. Flame may be visible in smoke indicator
4. Over heating of external uptake casing
46
140. How to prevent the up take fire ?

 2 or 3 soot blowing per 24 hours is recommended.
 Thorough cleaning of EGE in harbor, without risks of flooding turbochargers and engine with washing fluid.
 Always use preheated feed water, during start-up and low load operation of boiler.
 Water circulation and its control system, should be functioning properly.
 After stopping engine, boiler circulating pump should be kept running, until boiler temperature has been reduced to about
150°C so as to reduce risk of oil wetted soot catch fire down to this temperature level.
 Keep burner in good order.
 Avoid too much excess air that may carry much heat up the exit, and supply necessary heat for possible soot fire.
 Maintain engine good performance and optimum combustion condition maintained at all times.
 Avoid the mix bunkers of different origins
141. How to Fight the uptake fire:

When small inconsiderable Soot Fire occurs:
1. Slow down the engine.
2. Shut down the boiler: [shut off oil burners, draught fans, all dampers and air registers.]
3. Raise water level full, and blow down continuously, to maintain good flow of water.
4. Reduce boiler pressure by casing gear.
5. Spray water on external casing of uptake, to cool the effected area.
6. A few times starting and stopping of M/E should be done to blow out collected soot at the uptake.
When big considerable soot fire occurs:

1. Follow all of the above steps, except Soot Blowing, which may intensify the fire and cause explosion.
2. After the self-perpetuating fire has been died down, open up and clean the smoke side, with fresh water pressure jetting.
142. How to occur the scavenge fire ?

Mainly Causes due to presence of Oxygen, Oil , combustible residues and heat.
» Oxygen in scavenge space, being emerged undeniably from charge fresh air.
» Used oil, in scavenge space due to:
a) Choked scavenge drains
b) Excessive cylinder lubrication
c) Unburned fuel from combustion space
» Oily rags, left inside scavenge space after cleaning.
» Oil leakage, from piston cooling system into scavenge space, due to damaged 0-rings between piston rod and crown
and/or skirt.
» Fire blow past from cylinder combustion due to:
a) Worn-out, broken, sticking piston rings
b) Excessive liner wear, scuffing or scoring
c) Too high back pressure in exhaust system, due to fouling of exhaust grids, turbine nozzle rings and blades.
» Overheated piston due to:
a) Faulty fuel timing
b) Cooling supply failure.
» Overheated piston rod due to stuffing box malfunction.
143. How to detect Scavenge fire ?

Symptom:
1. Increase in Exhaust temperature.
2. Increase in Scavenge air temperature
3. Increase in Jacket temperature.
4. Decrease in engine RPM.
5. Overheating of particular scavenge space.
6. Smokes or sparks from scavenge drains.
7. Turbocharger surging.
8. Heavy smokes from funnel.
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144. How to fire the Scavenge fire ?

If fire is not too great:
1. Slow down M/E.
2. Stop auxiliary blower.
3. Cut out fuel to concerning cylinder.
4. Increase cylinder lubrication, and coolant supply to that cylinder.
5. Shut scavenge drain valve, to prevent sparks blown out in ER.
6. Find the cause of lire and correct it.
If fire is too great:

1. Stop M/E gradually and inform Bridge.
2. Stop auxiliary blower.
3. Cut out fuel to concerning cylinder.
4. Maintain normal cooling system and lubrication system.
5. Turn engine by turning gear, and supply cylinder lubrication manually to prevent seizure.
6. CO2 or steams applied into scavenge spaces.
7. Find the cause of fire and correct it.
Precaution:
1. Stay away froth vicinity of fire, flame may burst out behind safety doors if violent.
2. Do not open scavenge trunk, while still hot, and also the crankcase.
After fire has been extinguished:
1. All scavenge spaces cleaned thoroughly.

2. Scavenge relief door cleaned, inspected and tested.
3. Inspect cylinder liner, piston, piston rod, diaphragm, stuffing box and tie rods near that cylinder, for cracks and
deformation.
4. Turn engine by turning gear, and observe ampere consumption, to know whether there is seizure or not.
Piston rings have to be renewed, let the cylinder run at reduced speed for at least 24 hours, with cylinder lubrication at
maximum during that time, and reduce the feed gradually, while engine speed also increase gradually.
145. How to prevent the Scavenge fire ?

1. All scavenge spaces and trunk to be cleaned regularly. ( Every Month )
2. All scavenge spaces to be drained out properly .
3. All piston ring condition to be checked regularly.
4. To supply correct rate of cylinder lubrication .
5. To avoid engine over load running.
6. To use correct grade of fuel oil if receive bad fuel correct treatment and chemically dose.
7. Piston and ring to be overhaul regularly .
146. How to occur blow pass 4 stroke and 2 stroke ?

1. Broken or sticky piston ring .
2. Excessive wear of cylinder liner , piston rings and grooves
3. Loss of sealing effect due to poor cylinder lubrication
4. In 2 large two stroke engine, defective stuffing box
5. Improper piston ring gap
147. What are reversing interlocks?

1. Safety cut-out devices for JCW Piston CW, and LO.
2. Reversing direction inter1ock.
3. Hydraulic blocking device and mechanical blocking device for start air handle.
4. Reversing Servomotor.
5. Telegraph.
6. Turning Gear. and 7. Over speed Trip.
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148. How many Methods of reversing ?

1. Direct reversal of engine: Propeller turns in opposite direction.
2. CPP: Blade angle changes, as engine rotates in same direction.
3. Diesel electric system: Engine and electric generator run in constant direction, supplying power to reversible electric
motor.
4. Reverse gears and clutches: Propeller turns in opposite direction.
Lost motion:
Angular period between TDC points for Ahead and Astern running will be the “lost motion” required for Astern running.
» When reversing 2/S. exhaust ported engine, both Fuel injection timing and Air Starting timing must be changed.
» Retiming is carried out by altering camshaft position radially, relative to crankshaft.
» This is called “lost motion” of camshaft.
149. Why ‘lost motion’ necessary on some engine?

1. Some 2/S large bore, exhaust ported engines are Direct Reversing.
2. Both Fuel Injection timing and Air Starting timing must be changed.
3. Camshaft has single cam design.
4. Retiming is carried out by altering camshaft position radially, (not axially), relative to crankshaft, by means of servo
system.
150. Why ‘lost motion’ not necessary on some engine?

» Some 2/S and 4/S engines are Direct Reversing.
» Inlet Valve cam, Exhaust Valve cam, Fuel cam and arrangement for Starting air Distributor, with their correct timings,
must be changed.
» Camshaft has double cam design.
» Retiming is carried out by altering camshaft position axially, from Ahead cams to Astern cams, by means of servo and
manual systems.
151. What are garbage and explain garbage regulation ?

» Garbage is grouped into nine categories they are:
Garbage categories Adopted on 15 July 2011, RESOLUTION MEPC.201(62)

enter into force on 1 January 2013
a) Plastics
b) Food wastes
c) Domestic wastes (e.g., paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery, etc.)
d) Cooking oil
e) Incinerator Ashes
f) Operational wastes
g) Cargo residues
h) Animal Carcass (es)
i) Fishing gear
Garbage Disposal Area: ( Garbage regulation ) enter into force on 1 January 2013
Plastic (Inside and Outside Special Area) Prohibited
(Special Area) Not less than 12 nautical miles from nearest land or
nearest ice shelf. Food wastes shall be comminuted or ground and
shall be capable of passing through a screen with openings no greater
than 25 mm.
(Outside Special Area) 3 nautical miles from the nearest land for food
Food wastes wastes which have been passed through a comminuter or grinder.
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Such comminuted or ground food

wastes shall be capable of passing through a screen with openings no
greater than 25 mm. 12 nautical miles from the nearest land for food
wastes that have not been treated.
Domestic waste (eg: Paper, rags, glass, metal, (Outside Special Area) 12 miles nearest land. (Inside Special Area)
bottle, crockery etcs..,) Prohibited.
Cooking Oil (Inside and Outside Special Area) Prohibited

Incinerator Ashes (Inside and Outside Special Area) Prohibited
Operational waste (Outside Special Area) 12 miles from nearest land. These cargo
residues shall not contain any substances classified as harmful to the
marine environment.
(Inside Special Area) 12 miles from nearest land or nearest ice shelf.
But following conditions are satisfied
(1) These operational waste shall not contain any substances classified
as harmful to the marine environment.
(2) Both the port of departure and the next port of destination are within
the special area and the ship will not transit outside the special area
between those ports.
(3) No adequate reception facilities are available at those ports.
(Outside Special Area) 12 miles from nearest land. These cargo
residues shall not contain any substances classified as harmful to the
marine environment.
(Inside Special Area) 12 miles from nearest land or nearest ice shelf.
But following conditions are satisfied
(1) These cargo residues shall not contain any substances classified
as harmful to the marine environment.
(2) Both the port of departure and the next port of destination are within
Cargo residues the special area and the ship will not transit outside the special area
between those ports.
(3) No adequate reception facilities are available at those ports.
(Inside Special Area) Discharge shall occur as far from the nearest
Animal Carcass (es) land as possible, but not less than 12 nautical miles from the nearest
land or the nearest ice shelf.
(Outside Special Area) 12 nautical miles from the nearest land or the
nearest ice shelf. The discharge of fishing gear from a ship for the
protection of the marine environment or for the safety of that ship or its
crew.
Fishing gear (Inside Special Area) Discharge shall occur as far from the nearest
land as possible, but not less than 12 nautical miles from the nearest
land or the nearest ice shelf.
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152. What are advantage and disadvantage of brine cooling system ?

Advantage
 Less primary refrigerant required

 Compact and easy to handle the machinery space
 Heat ingress problem already prevented
 Cooling chamber temperature can be maintained while cargo operation
 Difference brine temperature and difference chamber temperature can be simultaneously with the one installation
Disadvantage
 Difficulties of maintaining even temperature with heat producing cargo

 Difficult to install in way of the hatch
 Defrosting is only possible after discharge of cargo
 Possibility brine leakage may damage to cargo
153. What are the causes of boiler corrosion ?

Boiler corrosion is normally caused by ( 1 ) Direct chemical attack at high temperature ( 2 ) Electro corrosion attack
Boiler corrosion are causes due to :
 Caustic cracking corrosion ( Caustic embitterment )
 Caustic corrosion
 Fatigue corrosion
 Gaseous corrosion
 Acid attack
 Hydrogen attack
 Electro chemical attack
154. What is stress corrosion in boiler ?

It is combine corrosion in boiler .
Mainly cause is caustic embitterment which highly concentration of caustic in boiler water and natural stress of boiler from
fleering boiler’s tubes , fitted in tube plate etc., caused stress corrosion.
155. What is governor ?

It is a device which to control the engine speed automatically in the prescribe limit.
Governor does it job in two step :

1) Measuring the speed 2) Control the amount of fuel supply to the engine
156. What is over speed governor ?

Only function automatically cut-off fuel above 10% of full load speed and cut in again reduced to 5% of full load speed .
157. What is over speed trip of governor ?

» Over speed trip is fitted on engine, where governor may not be safe.
» Its function is to shut-off fuel supply and stop the engine, when engine speed rises to dangerous level.
» At above 15% over normal speed fuel is cut-off and stops the engine.
» Reset before restarting.
158. What is Hydraulic Governors?

1. For large Engine requires powerful governor with quick response.
2. Centrifugal ball head may be used as speed sensing mechanism.
3. Its output signal is multiplied to a pilot value, which will actuate fuel control racks by means of a servo
system, usually hydraulic.
Built-in feed back system from fuel rack positioning piston is provided to give the stability of governor
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159. What is compensation of governor ?

» The use of temporary speed droop to prevent over-correction of fuel supply is called compensation and it has two
functions:
a) Droop application as fuel supply is changed.
b) Droop removal as engine responds to fuel change and returns to original speed.
160. What type of governor used on M/E and G/E and why ?
M/E use constant speed governor with over speed trip ( Isochronous governor )
1. Able to maintain exactly constant speed, without hunting.
2. Speed droop is employed to give stability while fuel is being corrected , and then gradually removing the droop as the
engine responds to fuel changes and return to its original speed.
3. Thus, speed droop for isochronous governor is temporary.
G/E use droop speed governor because it can easy to load shearing and control the governor to load shearing through AVR
fitted on alternator side.
161. What is governor hunting ?

It is a fluctuation of engine speed due to over correction of the fuel supply.
162. How to prepare cold weather protection ?

1. To keep M/E and G/E s in warming up
2. Boiler to be kept optimum performance
3. If require , Sea check to steam injection thus to prepare stem injection line.
4. To maintain S.W temperature @ 25’C by sea water recirculation valve
5. Heating up F.O and D.B tanks
6. Check and maintain all heating arrangement
7. Check all cabin temperature
8. Drain all deck water line and steam line
9. Deck machinery such as Deck cranes , Mooring winch etc., heating to be provided and instructed to correct warming up
to be carried out before operation.
10. Some ship provided the cold weather protection check list and followed by check list.
163. What is Hot corrosion ?

Residual fuel contain certain amount of vanadium and sodium , they are combined sodium vanadate compound at 460’C ~
530’C temperature attack to protective out side layer called hot corrosion or vanadium attack.
164. What is Cold corrosion ?

Residual fuel contain certain amount of sulphur . During the combustion process sulphur reduced to oxide as SO2 and SO3 and
they are react with moisture to become sulphuric vapors. When the metal temperature is lower to 120 ~ 160’C acid due point,
these vapor become sulphuric acid and result corrosion attack to metal called cold corrosion .
165. What is GRT ( Gross Tonnage )?

Gross tonnage is total tonnage values of under deck tonnage and the tonnage of :
 Any tween deck space between the second and upper deck
 Any enclosed spaces above the upper deck
 Any excess of hatch ways over 0.5% of the gross tonnage
 At the ship owner’s option and surveyor’s approval , any engine light and air space on above the upper deck.
166. What is NRT ( Net Tonnage ) ?

 This is the tonnage value obtained by deducting from the gross tonnage the total value of the deducted spaces.
 It is earning capacity of the ship.
167. What is Docking Plan ?

1. Provides locations of frame spacing, watertight bulkheads, Drain Plugs.
2. Determines positioning of keel blocks, bilge blocks, bilge shore, breast shore when the ship is on dock.
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168. What is shear plan ?

It is provided the elevation which show fore and aft out line of the ship. Also show the half breadth plan.
169. How to prepare Deck cranes before arrival ?

Before arrival port , prepare and check the deck cranes
1. Electrical system and safety devices
2. Hydraulic system and safety devices
3. Mechanical system and safety devices . All those to be prepared.
For electrical system and safety devices
 To check emergency stop switch and keep in good functioning .

 To check electrical insulation system , Circuit breakers , connectors , point contacts timing relay.
 To check all limit switches such as Swilling , Hosting (Runner wire ) upper and lower limit switches , Luffing ( Jib ) upper
and lower limit switches. Never by-pass any limit switches.
 To check hydraulic oil high temperature shut down.
For hydraulic system and safety devices
 To check hydraulic oil level and gear oil level whether correct working limit or not.
 To check hydraulic pipes and valves condition , if any leakage found , rectified in time.
 To check and clean hydraulic oil suction filter and hydraulic oil cooler.
 To check hydraulic system pressure for control system , safety system and pressurized working system with pressure
gauge .
For mechanical system and safety devices

 To check break system of Hosting , Luffing and Swilling and break linings condition
 To check correct functioning of all operating handles and equipments.
 To provide safe guarded working place .
170. Why crank case explosion occur ?
Primary Explosion:
1. Mainly caused by Hot Spot, an overheating part in crankcase while running.
2. Air is normally present in crankcase.
3. Bearings and moving parts form oil particles. Air and oil particles are mixing in crank case with stable condition at normal
running engine. But due to hot spot from internal over heated parts and when they meet with Hot Spot, vaporized and
condensed as Whitely Oil Mist in colder region in crankcase.
4. With continued generation of heat from Hot Spot, Air and Oil Mist mixture ratio become within inflammable limits.
5. If this mixture comes in contact with Hot Spot, Primary Explosion will occur.
6. Primary explosion is flame front and negative pressure wave . Flame speed 0.3mtr / sec and pressure 1 ~ 3 bar.
Secondary Explosion:
1. Due to primary explosion , pressure shock wave build up and enough to rupture the crankcase door . In this event partial
vacuum will followed and drawn back the fresh air into crank case and mixed with already evaporated oil mist causes
secondary explosion . Very rapid rate of Pressure about 30 bar and flame speed 2.5 ~ 3 Km/sec.
171. How to happen hot spot ?

Hot Spot happens due to:
1. Insufficient. LO supply to moving parts or lack of lubrication.
2. Incorrect LO properties.
3. Insufficient Bearing Clearance.
4. Insufficient Clearances for moving parts.
5. Blow pass in 4 Stroke Engine.
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172. How to prevent crank case explosion ?

Prevention of Crankcase Explosion:
1. Provided approve type of Oil Mist Detector and frequently to be tested.
2. Provided Crankcase Relief Valve and to be checked in routine.
3. Provided Breather Pipe to safe space on deck with flame arrester and to be checked for free.
4. Routine Crankcase Inspection, including Timing Chain should be carried out.
5. Routine Test on used LO for viscosity, flash point and contamination to be carried out.
6. Correct adjustment and maintenance of all bearings to be carried out.
173. How as a CE prevents Crankcase Explosion?

1. Correct adjustment and maintenance of all bearings as per maker instruction.
2. Regular chain casing inspection.
3. Regular Crankcase inspection by running hour.
4. Maintain crankcase relief door and oil mist detector are good functioning.
5. Maintain power balancing.
6. Prevent abrasive elements entering the bearings.
7. Maintain cooling temperatures.
8. Maintain correct cylinder oil feed rate.
174. How to detect hot spot in the crank case ?

1. By concerning unit crank case temperature sensor and thermometer higher than other. ( Normal crank case temperature 55
~ 60’C )
2. By oil mist detector
3. By hand feel to crank case door
4. Abnormal noise in crank case for irregular running engine
5. Increase bearing L.O temperature
6. Smelling when open the drain cock and breather pipe
175. Oil Mist Detector: ( Function/ Purpose)

1. Eliminate danger of Primary Explosion in crankcase.
2. Continuously measures the oil mist concentration in crankcase, due to hot spot and to give early warning .
[Alarm set point 2.5% ~ 5% of L.E.L]
Type:
1. Level type
2. Comparator type
For calibration:
» Once during each scanning cycle, rotary valve (rotating sampling valve) passes the average valued sample from crank
chambers, through Reference Tube and compares with clean air sample drawn through Measuring Tube. (Comparator
type)
For zero calibration:

» At ‘0’ position of rotary sampling valve, clean air is admitted to both reference and measuring tubes for ‘0’ calibration.
» During operation, the meter should be tested for ‘0 ‘point and it’s Sensitively every day.
Checking Sensitivity:
1. Graviner MK4 Detector meter is graduated from ‘0’ to ‘18’ at the right hand o1 the scale.
2. Press check button and the Meter should move to ‘18’.
3. Red indicator warning light shou1d come and audible alarm system should sound.
176. How to carried out regular maintenance for oil mist detector ?
1. To check alarm condition.
2. To clean reference tube and measuring tube in regular interval.
3. To clean and wash lamp , mirror , photo cell in regular interval.
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4. To adjust the mirror.

5. To check rotary valve functioning.
6. To check combine blower fun efficiency.
7. To check sampling pipes.
8. To check accuracy and sensitively.
177. What are requirement of crank case relief door ?

SOLAS Regulation and Requirements:
1. An IC engine of over 200-mm bore or crankcase volume of 0.6 m3 and above shall be provided with crankcase relief door
with sufficient relief area. (Regulation)
2. Opening pressure = 1/15 bar (0.07 bar) above Atmospheric pressure, but >/ 3~7 bar of explosion pressure.
3. Free area of each relief valve is not less than 45 cm2.
4. Combined area of relief valves are not less than 115 cm2 per m3 of crankcase volume.
178. How would you test crank case relief valve ?

1. When engine is stopping , removed out the flame trap first then press up the valve disc and check the action of opening
and closing.
2. The valve must be opened smartly and closed positively and rapidly.
3. The valve must be oil and gas tight.
4. When engine is running , we must only check the oil leakage that valve seat or not.
179. Why M/E speed suddenly reduce ? What do you take action ?
If M/E speed suddenly reduce due to activate the Slow down sequence such as :
 Main bearing L.O low pressure (or) High temperature , Turbocharger L.O low pressure (or) High temperature ,
Cross head L.O low pressure (or) High temperature
 F.O pressure system failure (or) slow down due to leakage oil pressure activate the diaphragm valve which fitted in the
distribution block ( B&W L-MC )
 Cylinder cooling water low pressure (or) High temperature.
 Scavenge air and exhaust gas high temperature.
 Control air failure
 Over speed due to heavy weather.
To be Rectified and Correct then keep slow down devices action to be taken
If NOT above causes , due to improper combustion of M/E

Remedies:
1. Take all Indicator Cards.
2. To consider the developed power.
3. Evaluate combustion and expansion process, Pmax and Pcomp from out of phase diagram.
4. Check cylinder tightness.
5. Evaluate exhausting and scavenging process from light spring diagram.
6. Defects found should be rectified as soon as possible.
180. How to prepare Dry Docking ?

Preparation for Dry Docking: [As a C/E]
1. Take all information from H.O and dockyard.
2. Sent Docking Plan to Dockyard.
3. Prepare dockyard and ship staff repair lists and survey items.
4. Prepare necessary spares and store, drawings, Manuals, Certificates, special tools and measuring equipment.
5. 2/E should be instructed to perform the followings:
a) Label all sea valves, all shipside valves and cocks. Mark the positions of items to be repaired, with tags or colour
code.
b) Keep Emergency Fire Pump, Emergency Generator, Air Compressors, Emergency Air Bottle, and portable Fire
Extinguishers in good order.
c) Prepare shoe connection for ready to use.
d) Lock Fixed Fire Fighting Installation, as per shipyard rules.
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e) Shut down Boiler, OWS, Sewage Plant if dockyard does not allow.
f) Lock overboard discharge valve in closed position.
g) Fill up Settling and Service Tanks.
h) Press-up Air Bottles and Emergency Air Bottle, and shut the valves tightly.
i) M/E crankshaft deflections to be taken and recorded.
j) Hose down tank tops, and empty Bilge Holding Tank, Sludge lank, Waste oil Tank.
k) Prepare for receiving of Shore Power Supply, International Shore Connection, cooling arrangement for Air
Conditioning and Provision Plants.
l) Provide fire watch in E/R at all times, and follow Dockyard Fire and Safety Regulations.
m) Adjust required trim and draught, with deck officer.
n) Take soundings of DB tanks and cofferdam.
During Docking:
1. Discuss with the superintendent and dockyard repair manager about repair jobs.
2. Assist Surveyor and record the survey items.
3. Witness all alignment works and clearance measurement.
4. Take and record propeller shaft wear down, rudder wear down and jumping clearance.
5. Check oil tightness of stern tube.
6. Check all completed underwater jobs, done by dockyard.
7. Check all sea valves, shipside valves and cocks, after overhauling.
8. Check all repaired jobs done by ship staff, and used spares and store.
9. Make daily meeting and records.
Undocking:
1. Check all repair and underwater jobs in accordance with repair list.
2. Check all measurement data are correct and completed.
3. Make price negotiation.
4. When sea water level covers the sea chest, each sea valve should be opened and checked for any leakage.
5. Purge air from cooling seawater pumps, run the pumps and check pressure.
6. Test run the ship generators, until satisfactory, and cut-out shore supply, cut-in ship generator, disconnect the shore
connection, restart seawater pump, record the time and read watt-meter.
7. All sea valves, shipside valves, repaired pipes; repaired jobs must be finally checked, before leaving the dock.
8. Prepared for M/E.
9. All DB tank soundings checked.
After Leaving the Dock.

1. Checked M/E crankshaft deflection and compare with former record.
2. Prepare for Docking Report.
181. How to occur L.O contamination with F.W and S.W ?

F.W contamination may occur due to
1. Condensation of water vapor in the crank case
2. Leakage from steam heating line in the crank case
3. Leakage from cylinder cooling water system
4. Leakage from piston cooling water system ( For F.W cooled piston )
S.W contamination and NaCl may occur

1. Leakage from L.O cooler tubes during M/E stopped
2. Leakage from Air cooler tubes
3. Original content of chloride salt in F.W and due to contaminated F.W
Batch purification is recommended method :

1. In port, contaminated oil transfer to Renovating Tank, fitted with steam heating coils.
2. Allowed to settle for at least 24 hours at about 60°C.
3. Water and sludge must be periodically drained out.
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4. During the time when the sump tank is empty, its interior should be cleaned and examined.
5. Purified oil should be test frequently onboard viscosity , water content , insoluble content ,
6. Even test results are satisfactory , should be sent to lab analysis to further use or not.
7. This should be done at least once a year.
If LO is contaminated with SW:

1. In port or while M/E is stopped, transfer contaminated oil through purifier or transfer pump into Renovating Tank, settled
for at least 24 hours at about 60°C, and water and sludge drained out periodically.
2. Oil passed through purifier at 78°C with optimum efficiency, and pump back to Renovating Tank.
3. When Sump Tank is empty, interior cleaned and examined.
4. When sump oil is contaminated with SW, find sources of leakage (may be from LO cooler during M/E stoppage) and
rectified
5. Purified oil sent to Laboratory and tested.
6. During this time, new oil should be used.
7. Oil should be reused, if Lab results recommended that it is fit for further use. [Straight mineral oil: 3%watcr washed.
Addittive oil: .1% water washed.]
L.O. for Crankcase

Viscosity 130~240 Sec. RedwQod No. 1 at 60°C.
VI 75~85, Pour pt. -18°C, Closed flash pt. 220°C
TBN(trunk type) 30 mgKOH/gm of oil
TBN ( X-Head Type) 8 mgKOH/gm of oil.
Water in LO
Effects:
1. Can form Acids.
2. Can cause corrosion on m/c parts.
3. Microbial degradation. [Reduce centrifuging efficiency; promote local pitting and corrosion.]
4. Reduce load carrying capacity.
5. Reduce L.O. properties, and TBN of oil.
6. Form sludge due to emulsification.
Remedies:
1. Proper purification with minimum through put.
2. Batch purification if heavy contamination.
182. What is Viscosity ?

It is internal resistance to flow of an oil.
183. What is Viscosity index ?

It is rate of change of viscosity of an oil relation to temperature change.
184. What is Pour point ?

Lowest temperature at which an oil will barely flow.
185. What is Flush point ?

It is lowest temperature at which an oil will give off sufficient inflammable vapor , to ignite when a flam is applied.
186. What is ignition quality ?

It is measured by the time delay between injection and combustion.
187. What is Cetane number ?

It is measured by ignition quality of fuel.
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188. What is Calorific value ?

It is heat energy released during combustion.
189. What cause of high cetane nos.?

1. Shorter delay period
2. Early combustion
3. Increased power
4. Knocking
190. What cause of low cetane nos.?

1. Longer delay period
2. Late combustion
3. Decreased power
4. After burning
5. High exhaust temperature and smoke
191. What is Specific gravity ? What is relative density ?

It is weight of given volume of an oil compared to the weight of same volume of F.W expressed as ratio.
192. What is TBN ?

It is Total Base Number. It is ability of an oil to react with acid reagent , unit mg KOH / gm of oil.
193. What is TAN ?

It is Total Acid Number. It is ability of an oil to react with base reagent, unit mg KOH / gm of oil.
194. What is Microbial degradation ?

When free water is present in crank case , microorganism may grow up at the oil and water interface by consuming of
hydrocarbon of an oil , cause microbial degradation.
195. What is Diode?

A thermionic tube consisting of cathode and anode and heating elements.
1. Electric current can pass the diode in only one direction.
2. It is used as a half wave rectifier in electronic circuit, because electronic current cannot flow back to cathode.
196. What is Thermionic?

Transmission of electron by heating.
197. What is Zener diode ?

A diode across which the voltage drop is constant over a range of current . It is used as a mean of providing a stabilize voltage
in some circuit.
198. How to know a zener diode good or not ?

Zener diode is used in stabilize the voltage in some circuit. If diode is malfunctioning , circuit will burnt or can not maintain
stabilize the voltage.
Thus could be know whether zener diode good or not by multi meter test . Test with positive (+) and negative ( -) probes across
the diode which show some mili voltage ( 500 ~ 900 mVolts ) and test to reverse order show over range , the diode is healthy
and consider to good. If show 1Volts in both order the diode is open circuit fault . If show both order test are over range , the
diode is short circuit fault .
199. What is First start arrangement ?

Emergency Air Compressor is:
(a) Battery started (b) Hand crank type
Note: [If prime mover is motor, it is associated with Emergency Generator and not a first start arrangement]
1. Emergency air bottle is filled by Emergency hand air compressor.
2. During this time, one of the generators should be standing-by such as priming the LO, fuel oil, turning the flywheel, etc.
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3. Start this generator and check running condition. If satisfactory, close the Main Circuit Breaker of concerned
Switchboard.
4. Run cooling service pump for generator then switch on lighting .
5. Run main Air Compressor and fill-up Air Reservoir.
6. Prepare the remaining generator, and start, equalized and load-shared
7. Auxiliary boiler should be started.
8. ME warmed-up for operation.
200. What function of thrust block and how to measure clearance ?

Thrust block is fitted on aft end of Main Engine to prevent axial moment of crank shaft resulting thrust from propeller.
Axial clearance of thrust pads: [measurement]
 Thrust block is cleaned by draining oil. And lift the top cover up.
 Place screw jack between casing and the back of the coupling, and push the thrust shaft aft until the collar is hard up on
the pads.
 Check alignment of shaft and take feeler gauge reading of open pads by using long feeler. It is inserted at one corner and
ease diagonally across to the other.
 Repeat this operation, moving the shaft forward.
 Difference between two readings is total axial clearance.
 Axial clearance is 1~2 mm. [0.5~1.0 mm for new engine and for engine in service, it must not exceed 2.0 mm.]
201. What is Axial Vibration?

» Crank throw is likely to move axially when firing pressure turns it.
» This axial movement of crank creates Axial Vibration.
» Since Thrust Block absorbs backward movement of crank shaft ,.it is forward direction only.
202. Why Vibration Damper fitted on forward?

 Thrust Block at aft side can absorb vibration, so Damper is fitted on free to move to forward only.
Detuner:
 Reduce vibration 60—80%.
(Floating members increase unstable frequency, which is the cause of resonance condition.)
203. How many type of vibration damper ?

3 type .
1. Magnetic slip
2. Coupling spring
3. Centrifugal fraction coupling
204. What causes may occur piston seizure ?

Mainly cause is piston over heated due to :
1. Thermal stress due to scavenge fire
2. Improper cooling and cooling passage block
3. Insufficient lubrication to liner and piston ring
4. Improper diametrical clearance between piston and liner
5. Faulty piston rings condition
6. Misalignment of piston and liner
205. When you received bad fuel , what will you do ?

» Bunker should be received in separated empty tank .
» Maintain storage temperature well above pour point. (About 40º/50ºC under coldest climate condition.)
» Settling tank temperature maintained about 10ºC below flash point to improve gravitational separation. Regular drain out
of water and impurities.
» Fuel transfer lines steam traced, and transfer pump suction filter cleaned.
» If necessary, dose chemicals, e.g. Gamma Break- Unitor, into storage tanks (DB tanks) by using dosage pump for
chemical.
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» Regular cleaning filters.

» Two purifiers run in parallel, to get enough fuel for engine, with optimum throughput and correct heating temperature
(98ºC). Gravity disc, carefully chosen. If necessary, double stage centrifuging will be done with purification and
clarification in series.
» Maintain correct service tank temperature. Dose some chemicals, to improve combustion efficiency. (Duel Purpose Plug,
Unitor)
» Maintain correct oil temperature, to get suitable viscosity at injectors, (10~18 cst.). Fuel outlet from heater, controlled by
Viscotherm Unit.
» Steam tracer lines correctly heated, up to injector.
» Maintain correct working temperature of engine, to prevent hot and cold corrosion due to Vanadium and Sulphur attacks.
» Check engine performance by taking indicator diagram. Check individual unit exhaust temperature, T/C inlet / outlet
temperature , smoke from funnel .
» If damage occurred due to bad fuel, prepare for insurance claim.
206. How to test L.O low pressure ?

L.O lower pressure test can be carried out at Pressure switch .
1. Close the pressure switch inlet cock.
2. Drain out accumulated pressure slowly and check low pressure audible alarm first then engine will shut down. ( Setting
pressure 1.5 ~ 2.0 Kg/cm2 )
207. Why inter cooler fitted in air compressor ?

1. Reduce air temperature and volume, and increase air density for next stage.
2. Increase Compressor Capacity and Volumetric Efficiency.
3. Better lubrication for cylinder and rings.
4. Water and excess Oil can be drained out, preventing fouling of Intercooler and pipes, Air Bottle corrosion, and starting
airline explosion.
5. Work done is saved.
6. Metal stresses reduced, due to control of temperature.
Volumetric Efficiency:
VE = Volume of Air drawn into Cylinder

Stroke Volume of LP Piston
VE = Volume of Air discharged as ‘free air’

Stroke Volume of LP Piston
Where ‘free air’ is, air at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 15 0C.
208. Why Multistage Air Compressor is built?

1. Work done is saved and air compressor efficiency increased.
2. Easy to get high final air pressure.
3. Easy to control air temperature.
4. Easy to maintain correct lubrication.
5. Better compressor balancing.
6. Reduction in size.
7. Reduction in clearance volume loss.
209. Why air compressor need minimum and absolute lubrication in cylinder ?
1. To prevent carbonizing on the valve , thus can be avoid sluggish action of the valves due to carbon deposit.
2. To prevent the loss of compressor efficiency due to sluggish action of the valves.
3. To prevent the loss of cooler efficiency due to deposit of oil on the cooling surface.
4. To prevent the starting air line explosion due to excessive oily mixed in delivery air.
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210. What are requirements of air bottle ?

Air Bottle
1. Total capacity of air receivers must be sufficient to give at least 12 starts for reversible engine, and at least 6 starts for
non-reversible engine, without refilling the receivers.
2. There must be two identical main air receivers and one emergency bottle for every vessel.
3. Material used in construction must be good quality low carbon steel similar to that boiler , Carbon 0.2% , Silicon 0.35 % ,
Manganese 0.1 % , Sulphur 0.05 %
4. U.T.S 460 MN/m2 , If 35 bar and above class 1 welding regulation apply.
Class 1 welding regulation

1. Welding must be radiographic test
2. Annealing must be carried out about 600’C
3. Test piece must be provided for bend , impact and tensile test together with micrographic and micrographic examination.
Mountings:
1. Fusible plug; composition — Bismuth 50%, Tin 30%, Lead 20%,
Melting point: 220°F (104.4°C). Fitted at the reservoir’s bottom or on reservoir at ship side, when relief valve (safety
valve) is not directly fitted on the reservoir.
2. Atmospheric relief valve; provided for back-up of fusible plug. In case of E/R fire when CO2 flooding is required, this
valve is opened before evacuating E/R.
3. Spring loaded safety valve; Setting pressure: 32 bar (for 30 bar working pressure), with not more than 10% rise in
accumulation of pressure. May befitted directly or with extension.
4. Compensation ring; When a hole is cut or machined in pressure vessel, higher stresses will subject to the material
around the hole, and to reduce this, compensation rings are fitted. It is a flange on which a valve or fitting is usually
mounted.
5. Manual Drain valve or Automatic Drain valve.
6. Pressure gauges.
7. Access doors.
8. Main starting air valve, auxiliary starting air valve, filling valve, service air or whistle air valve.
Internal surface coating:

Graphite suspension in water, Linseed oil, Copal vanish or Epoxy coating having basic properties of anti-corrosive, anti-toxic or
anti-oxidation.
211. What Safety devices are fitted on Main Air Bottle ?

1. Fusible plug.
2. Pressure Relief Valve
3. Atmospheric Relief Valve.
4. Low Air Pressure alarm.
5. Automatic or Manual Moisture Drain Valve.
212. What is crash stop ?

1. Emergency reversing of engine when ship speed is high as air breaking .
2. After fuel is cut off, engine revolution is waited until reversible rpm is reached due to momentum .
3. Shift reversing lever to astern position.
3. When engine rpm drops to about 20 ~ 30 % of full speed rpm, at least one impulsive application of starting air must be
applied.
4. Then engine can be started in astern direction, as usual way.
213. Explain tail shaft survey ?

1. Tail shaft with water lubricated bearing, to be drawn and surveyed, every 3 years for single screw, and every 4 years for
twin screw.
2. Tail shaft with oil lubricated bearings, to be drawn and surveyed once every 4 years.
3. It is a survey done by Surveyor at the request of owner or his agent, due to damage of hull, machinery or equipment, which
can effect the seaworthiness, or class of ship.
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4. All necessary repairs to be carried out to Surveyor’s satisfaction.
Tail shaft survey include

1. Complete with draw tail shaft
2. Propeller nut and tail shaft threaded end to be checked.
3. Cone, key and keyway to be checked, and forward part of the taper to be checked for crack with approved crack
detecting method.
4. Tail shaft-bearing wear, to be checked.
5. Stern bush and bearings, to be checked.
6. Shaft sealing arrangement, including oil system, to be checked.
214. How to with draw tail shaft ?

Tail shaft Withdrawal:
» Prepare drawings for reference and handling tools.
» M/E crank shaft deflection taken.
» Wear down of stern tube measured for reference.
» Drain LO after closing high tank valve.
» Remove propeller rope guard.
» Removed out the propeller by usual way then hung-on Propeller, lower down slowly, and store in proper place.
» Remove aft oil seal.
» Dismantle intermediate shaft next to tail end shaft and remove it together with tunnel bearings. By doing so bearings are
undisturbed and time and energy saved.
» Now tail shaft can be withdrawn inside tunnel and put on the carriage.
» It is important to lift the shaft from outside of the ship; to avoid the shaft dragging along the liner, for it can cause
unexpected damage to liner and shaft.
215. How to remove out Propeller ?

1. Pilgrim nut is taken-off the end of the shaft, reversed so that jacking ring is facing outward, and screw back the nut onto
shaft, leaving some clearance between it and propeller boss.
2. Studs are screwed into aft face of the boss and a “strong back’ plate is fitted over the studs.
3. Stud nuts are fitted so that the plate contacts with jacking ring.
4. When hydraulic pressure is applied to jacking ring, propeller is pulled-off the conical end of the shaft.
216. What is bulbous bow ?

Bulb shape under water bow .
217. What are the Purpose of bulbous bow ?

 To reduce wave making resistance and pitching motion of the ship.
 To increase the forward buoyancy.
 To resist high water pressure possible damage cause .
 Being reduction of wave making resistance , it can reduce SFOC under full speed and load.
218. What is Duct Keel ?

It is a internal passage of water tight construction along the length of ship from fore peak to forward of machinery space
bulkhead for pipe work.
219. What is collision bulkhead ?

1. It is fore most major water tight bulkhead , which extends from bottom to main deck . ( Upper deck ).
2. It is at a distance of L/20 from forward perpendicular.
220. What is Double bottom ?

Double Bottom:
The double bottom consists of outer shell and inner skin, 1 m and 1.5 m above the keel and internally supported by floors.
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221. What is DB tank ?

DB Tank
 Being double hull, prevent SW ingress when grounding.
 Can be used as storage tank for FO and Ballasting.
222. Why DB tanks are constructed ?

Double bottom space is subdivided longitudinally and transversely, into large tank, by means of watertight structures. Its
functions are:
1. Protection of shell in the events of damage to bottom shell.
2. Tank top being continuous increases the longitudinal strength.
3. To act as platform for cargo and machinery.
4. Can be used for storage of fuel, fresh water, ballast, etc. and for correcting list, trim and draught.
5. Diminish oil pollution, in the event of collision.
223. What is Camber ?

A curvature give to a deck transversely. A difference between the heights of deck at side and centre. Camber amidship = 1/50
of breadth of ship. Purpose is to drive water to sides of the ship.
224. What is PPA ( Propelling Power Allowance ) ?

PPA is large deduction from gross tonnage .
1. If the machinery space tonnage is between the 13 ~ 20% of gross tonnage , the PPA is 32% of gross tonnage .
2. If the machinery space tonnage is less than 13% of gross tonnage , PPA is expressed as proportional to 32% of gross
tonnage.
3. If the machinery space tonnage is more than 20% of gross tonnage , the PPA is 1.75 time of the gross tonnage.
4. Maximum limit of PPA is 55% of gross tonnage.
225. What is garboard strake ?

Bottom shell plating adjacent to keel plate.
226. What is Unbalance rudder ?

A rudder with all of it area aft the turning axis is know as unbalance rudder.
227. What is Balance rudder ?

A rudder with all of it area of 25% ~ 30% FWD of the turning axis is know as balance rudder.
228. What is Semi-balance rudder ?

A rudder with all of it area of less than 20% FWD of the turning axis is know as semi-balance rudder.
229. What is shear strake ?

Course of shell plating at strength deck level.
230. What is bilge strake ?

Course of shell plating at bilge.
231. What is sheer plan ?

1. It is sheer plan or profile.
2. This is an elevation which show the fore and aft out line of the ship.
3. It also show position of water line which are on the half breadth plan of the section on body plan.
232. How to operate Over load trip ?

Over load trip is provided Dash pot:
 Dashpots are fitted for overload trips to get time delay action, so that breaker will not be opened, due to momentary current
surge.
 When load current is in excess, it attracts plunger of the solenoid.
 Plunger or piston moves up against the displacement, of viscose oil or silicone fluid, through a small hole on the piston.
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 Time lag depends upon hole size, and viscosity of oil.

 Load current setting for trip is about 25% above maximum, but should not exceed 50%.
233. What purpose of double wall pipes are used on high pressure line ?
Used the double wall pipe on high pressure line because of :
1. To proper lagging
2. To prevent risk of fuel leaking into the high temperature working parts
3. To prevent personnel safety if pipe crack
4. To comply with requirement ( For SOLAS )
234. How to know fuel high pressure pipe failure ?

1. Any possible leakage from inner most pipe fracture or improper seating of conical recess is drain through a special drainpipe
in the flange into the collecting tank which equipped float alarm.
2. In M.A.N B&W l MC type main engine , the alarm system is fitted in the fuel oil distributor block and operated by control air
pressure . If , leakage come out only exceed 1 bar , the leakage oil will force the diagram outward and resulting audible alarm
and automatic shutting down by actuating the fuel pump rack to “ 0 “ position .
3. Small leakage oil less than 1 bar will be drained through proper passage inside the distribution blocks and into the drain tank
without upsetting the diaphragm valve.
235. What purpose of Thermostatic Expansion Valve ? ( TEV function )

 TEV is control the flow of liquid refrigerant.
 To maintain constant super heated in the refrigerant leaving from evaporator.
 It is also suddenly reduce temperature and pressure as throttling action.
 It is maintain the high pressure side and low pressure side of system to stable condition
 TEV is prevent to liquid flow back
Difference between the TEV and solenoid valve ?

TEV
1. TEV is operated by only thermal energy .
2. TEV is control the flow of liquid refrigerant.
3. To maintain constant super heated in the refrigerant leaving from evaporator.
4. It is also suddenly reduce temperature and pressure as throttling action.
5. It is maintain the high pressure side and low pressure side of system to stable condition
6. TEV is prevent to liquid flow back
Solenoid valve
1. Solenoid valve is operated by electrical energy with magnet .
2. It is only fully open or fully close resulting from room temperature thermostat and pressure switches.
3. It sis not control the evaporator temperature.
4. It is only liquid stop valve.
236. Why Equalizing Connection is fitted?

1. In some plant having large Evaporator or Multi-circuit Evaporator, excessive pressure drop across Evaporator occurs, and
always tend to starve the Evaporator and increase the Superheat.
2. To counteract this, if pressure drop across Evaporator, exceeds 0.3 bar, an Equalizing Connection must be provided at TEV.
3. A direct connection between underside of Bellow and Suction piping of Compressor, preferably between phial and
Compressor.
237. What is short circling ?

Short circling is repeated start a few second then stop due to low pressure switch . There are numbers of short circling causes
in the refrigeration system.
1. There are heavy leakage of system
2. Very less amount of refrigerant in the system
3. Choke TEV or malfunction
4. Choke suction pressure
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238. How to detect the refrigeration plant condenser tube leakage ?

 Pressure test
 Test by Soapy water
 Test by electronic detector
239. What is residual magnetism ?

1. Remaining in the fields of a generator, after exciting current is cut-off.
2. It is essential for initial generation of current, necessary for further build-up of shunt field strength.
3. Generator may fail to excite, if there is loss or reversal of residual magnetism of the pole.
240. What is AVR ?

AVR: Automatic Voltage Regulators are used in conjunction with generator for controlling.
The terminal voltage to give a steady voltage under varying load. [to regulate ±2.5%of set value]
AVR fitted on MSB.
Types Of AVR:
1. Carbon pile
2. Rotating sector
3. Vibrating contact
4. Multi contact
5. Magnetic amplifier
6. Electronic amplifier
241. What are the AC motor starting methods ?

1. Direct line starting
2. Reduce voltage starting ie ., Star ~ Delta starting
3. Auto transformer starting
242. What is induction motor ?

It is a motor which run at a speed below that of rotating magnetic field.
Two type of induction motor :
1) Squirrel cage type , 2 ) Slip ring type
243. How do you under stand (1) Atomizing (2) Penetration (3) Turbulence of flow ?
1. Atomizing is very small oil droplets carried out by fuel injector forcing at high pressure through small atomizer.
2. Penetration is distance of atomizing oil travel into the combustion chamber.
3. Turbulence of flow is moment of compressed air and atomizing oil in the combustion chamber before combustion occur.
244. How do you know fuel oil contamination in the boiler water ?
Observation tank is provided on the feed water line to detect first trace of oil.
245. How do you carried out fuel oil seen in boiler water ?
1. Reduce the boiler load and surface ( scum ) blow down.
2. Boiling off treatment with strong caustic solution.
3. Filter at observation tank.
4. Treatment by Epson salt.
5. Shut down and boiling out if heavy contamination .
6. Rectify leakage and pressure test.
246. How to Occur boiler tubes leakage( or) failure ?

1. Due to unequal thermal stress between tubes and tube plate
2. Due to water side corrosion pitting of tubes and tube plate
3. Due to deformation of tube plate under pressure
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247. How to carried out boiler tubes leakage test ?

If the boiler tube leakage occur , the symptoms are :
1. Feed pump continuous running
2. Feed water consumption higher than normal
3. Low water level in the boiler water drum and steam pressure drop
4. White smoke from boiler uptake
In the water tube boiler ,

Shut down the boiler and open up combustion chamber . Leakage tube easily can see individually tube.
In the fire tube boiler ,

By opening the fire side drain valve . If water is come out we know the tube leakage.
248. How to rectified boiler tube leakage ? ( Procedure )

Plugged off action to be carried out both end of leakage tube.
Procedure
1. Shut down the boiler then gradually cold down . Stem valve and feed check valve tight shut.
2. Blow down the boiler water properly
3. When boiler pressure reach to near the atmospheric pressure , Open boiler vent valve , salinometer cock , sight glass
drain cocks to prevent the vacuum effect.
4. Enough to cold down have been done , open up furnace by correct procedure and then well ventilated .
5. After the complete drain out the boiler water , Open the water & steam carefully and well ventilation to be done.
6. Then , Clean tubes , furnace , and smoke boxes.
7. Driving the Plug on both end of the leakage tube.
8. Boxed up water and steam drum then fill the water and pressure test carried out. If OK , boxed up the boiler and flush up
by correct flush up procedure.
249. How to prevent the boiler tube failure ?

1. Boiler water test should be carried out regularly and correct chemical treatment should be followed base on test result.(
Every day )
2. Regular maintenance of burner and draught fan should be carried out to obtain the correct combustion system.
3. Boiler water should be change and blow down frequently.
4. Water tube , furnace and smoke boxes should be cleaned regularly
5. Avoid the over heating of boiler.
6. Avoid the contamination of boiler water.
250. How to set the boiler safety valve ?

Setting of Safety Valves (How to set safety valve setting under steaming condition?)
1. Take Standard Pressure Gauge for accuracy.
2. Fill up water up to ¼ of Gauge Glass level, and shut Main Stop Valve, Feed Check Valve.
3. Without Compression Rings, Hoods and Easing Gears, reassembled the Safety Valves with spring compression less
than previous setting.
4. Raise boiler pressure to desired blow-off pressure.
5. Screw-down Spring Compression Nuts of any lifting valves, until all are quiet.
6. Adjust each valve in turn:
a) Slacken Compression Nut until valve lifts.
b) Screw-down Compression Nut sufficiently enough, so that when valve spindle is lightly tapped, valve returns to its
seat and remain seated.
c) Measure gap between Compression Nut and spring casing.
d) Make a Compression Ring equal to this gap, and insert under Compression Nut.
e) Gag the Spindle of this Safety Valve, to prevent opening, while remaining valve is being set.
7. Remaining valve is again set and insert Compression Ring.
8. Remove gag and retest both valves to lift and close together.
9. Caps and Cotter Pins padlocked.
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10. When the Surveyor satisfied the setting pressure, Easing Gear should be tested.
11. All Safety Valves set to lift at not less than 3% above approved working pressure (design pressure).
251. How to set Accumulation of Pressure ?

1. Pressure is liable to rise after Safety Valves have lifted, caused by increased spring load due to increased compression.
2. This rise in pressure is known as “Accumulation of Pressure”. [OR]
3. Pressure rise in excess of Working Pressure is termed, “Accumulation of Pressure”.
4. Accumulation of pressure test is carried out to see whether this safely valve is suitable or not for this boiler. Pressure rise
after safety valves have lifted, must not exceed 10% of working pressure 15 min for tank type boiler and 7 min: for water
tube boiler.
5. Tested when safety valves are new or boiler is new or safety valves and boiler are new ones.
252. What are difference between safety valve and relief valve?
Safety Valve Relief Valve
1. Fully open at set pressure Start open at set pressure

Fully open at 15 ~ 20% above set
2. Close at set pressure Close below set pressure.
3. Relieve excess mass Relieve excess pressure
4. Can open manually Cannot open manually
5. Set to open 3% above WP Set to open 10 % above WP
253. Safety Valve on EGE and Economizer:

a) Slightly higher set pressure than drum Safety Valves.
b) It is to ensure operation under flooded condition at all times.
254. What Safety devices are fitted on Boiler ?

» Two nos. of Safety Valves with easing gear.
» Low and high Water Level alarms with transmitter.
» Too low water level alarm and shut down.
» Low and high FO Temperature alarms.
» Low FO Pressure alarm.
» Low Steam Pressure alarm.
» Water Level Gauge Glasses.
» Remote Water Level indicators.
» Flame Failure alarm.
» Smoke Density alarm.
» Air/fuel Ratio alarm
» Power failure alarm
» Induce draft fun failure alarm
» Limit switch and alarm on furnace door , burner door.
255. Explain Boiler Open-up Procedure ?

» Stop firing and cool down.
» All steam valves tight shut.
» Blow down until empty. (Ship-side Cock opened first, then gradually open Blow-down Valve. When loud noise dies down
and blow-down pipe becomes cold, boiler is about empty. Blow-down Valve shut and then shut Ship-side Cock.]
» Easing Gear lifted.
» Open Air Vent Cock, Salinometer Cock and Drain Cock of water Gauge Glass, to let air enter. Ensure no vacuum and
only atmospheric pressure inside, before knocking in the manholes.
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» Slacken dog-holding nut of Top Manhole door, break the joint, from the place safe from blast as a safeguard against
scalding, and then nut removed and door taken out.
» When knocking in the Bottom Manhole door, use crowbar and stand back when breaking the joint, as there may be hot
water left.
» Mud holes and all other doors open-up for cleaning, both smoke side and waterside.
» Allow the boiler to be ventilated before entry.
256. Why boiler water test carried out?

1. To know boiler water condition.
2. To control chemical treatment and blow down.
257. Why boiler water treatment carried out?

1. To prevent scale formation., corrosion and impurities.
2. To prevent damage to steam operated equipment and condensate line.
3. To maintain alkaline condition.
4. To improve boiler efficiency.
5. To prevent metal loss due to corrosion.
6. To removed dissolved O2 , CO2 and other gases.
7. To keep their decomposition products which not to be harmful to whole boiler system.
258. What Boiler Water Test should be carried out regularly ?

1. Chloride Test.
2. Excess Phosphate Test.
3. Total Dissolved Solid Test (Conductivity Test).
4. pH value Test.
5. Hydrazine Test.
6. Alkalinity Test: [‘P’ Alkalinity (Phenolphthalein), ‘M’ Alkalinity (Methyl-orange) and Total Alkalinity]
259. What is DP ?
DP mean designated person.
1. He is link between the company and ship.
2. Designated person should be clearly identified in the SMS manual.
3. He should have marine back ground , to understand if procedures are correctly followed on board.
4. He is responsible for monitoring the safety and pollution prevention aspects of the operation of each ship.
260. Your ship already have been grounded and now clear What will you do ?
1. Thoroughly inspection to be carried out effective grounded area.
2. Check and sounding taken all D.B tanks and cofferdam .
3. Sea chest to be changed to unaffected side.
4. All S.W pump test and check to free of mud , sand.
5. Turn engine by turning gear and check ampere to compare with before grounded.
6. Check crank shaft deflection and compare with before grounded figure.
7. Test run engine and check vibration . If more vibration before grounded , propeller may be damage.
8. Any find out engine room situation to be reported to head office through master.
261. Explain Steering Gear regulation ?

1. All ships must have Main and Auxiliary steering gear. [failure of one will not render the other inoperative].
2. Main steering gear shall be powerful enough to put the rudder from 35° to 35° at maximum ahead speed at its deepest
sea going draught.
Time taken to get 35° to 30° must not exceed 28 sec.
3. Auxiliary steering gear shall be of adequate strength, to steer at navigable speed [10 knots] and should be capable of
being brought into action speedily in emergency.
Capable of putting the rudder over 15° to 15° in not more than 60 sec., with the ship at its deepest sea going draught,
and running ahead at half of maximum ahead service speed or 7 knots, whichever is greater.
4. Relief valves shall be fitted to any part of hydraulic System, and setting not to exceed design pressure. [Design pressure
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is 1.25 times maximum working pressure).

5. Steering room must be readily accessible and separate from machinery space.
6. Means of communication between Bridge and steering Compartment provided.
7. Rudder angle indicator shall be independent of steering gear control system.
8. Electrical lead and fuses must be sized to accept 100% overload.
9. Fluid for hydraulic system must be of non-freezing type.
10. Alternative power supply, capable of providing power within 45 sec. automatically must be provided, when rudder stock
diameter is over 230 mm.
Its capacity at least 30 minutes for ships [every tanker, chemical tanker or gas carrier] of 10,000 GRT and above, and 10
minutes for other ships [70,000 GRT and above].
262. What Safety devices are fitted on Steering Gear ?

1. Low oil level alarms on each power unit reservoir tanks.
2. Overload alarm.
3. Power failure alarm.
4. Relief Valves in power unit hydraulic system and telemotor unit hydraulic system. (Set pressure 20~ 30% above Normal
Working Pressure.)
5. Double shock valves. (Set to lift at about 100 bar, 10% above NWP: allowed rudder to give way when subjected to
severe shock from heavy sea.)
6. Suitable working access to Steering Gear Room and Control, with guardrails and non-slip surface.
7. Quick response in 30 sec. from hard over to-bard over, at full speed.
8. A fixed oil storage system.
263. What are purpose of buffer spring ?

»To prevent the damage of steering gear control system.
»Absorb the vibration and shocks from rudder.
»Absorb difference between the steering gear speed and follow up speed.
264. How will you do Welding on Cast iron ?

Oxy-acetylene Welding:
1. Flame adjusted with slightly excess acetylene, to get a temperature of 1200°C, [Melting point of CI]
2. Welding rod: pure CI with high silicon content.
3. Part to be welded is preheated to 600 ~ 700ºC, to avoid excessive stresses.
4. During welding, gas bubbles are developed in molten weld pool. By striking the pool in circular motion with welding rod,
these bubbles can be removed.
5. It is necessary to use welding flux.
Arc Welding:
1. Electrode: pure nickel (or) nickel iron.
2. Weld metal, deposited in short thin beads with sma1l electrode and low ampere, to avoid local heat built up and
expansion, around weld point.
3. Casting is allowed to cool, between each run.
265. What is electron beam welding ?

1. It is welding process directing high energy electron beam on work piece ( anode ) in high vacuum chamber.
2. No electrode , no-welding rod , no-gas required.
3. Can weld deeply in one pass without overlapping.
4. Potential difference between cathode and anode is 15 KV.
5. Speed of electron flow 190,000 mile / sec.
266. What instruction do you as a C/E of vessel pay attention regarding Welding Equipment handling ?
- Leather gloves, Safety shoes, helmet, and clean clothing [ not oily Boiler suit] to be worn,
- Remove combustible material from vicinity.
- Wear Safety Goggle when chipping and grinding.
- One bucket of water and portable fire extinguisher kept near-by.
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- Cable connections, tight and well insulated,

- To avoid Welding in confined space.
- Never use oxygen and acetylene without attached pressure regulator
- .Open oxygen cylinder valve slowly, and acetylene cylinder valve not more than 1 ½ turns.
- Never attempt to mix any other with oxygen cylinder, and transfer or mix acetylene from one bottle to another.
267. Why you measure crank shaft deflection ?

To know misalignment of crank shaft within limit or not.
268. What causes will occur misalignment ?

1. Wear of main bearing lower shell due to damage or pocket crack
2. Wear and ovality main journal pin
3. Defective propeller shaft bearing ( Intermediate bearing )
4. Deformed engine bed plate
5. Fly wheel side lifting
6. Foundation bolts fracture or loosen
7. Supporting ship’s structure deformation
8. Slack or broken tie bolts
9. Ship’s structure weak due to corrosion
10. Hull deformation due to bending moment cause by carried cargo , vessel grounding , heavy collision and fire.
11. Improper loading condition.
12. Broken or crack or fretted foundation chocks.
Results of misalignment:
1. Bending of crankshaft.
2. Fatigue failure owing to cyclic stresses.
3. Undue vibration within the engine.
4. Further damage to main bearing , journal and crank pin.
269. Explain early injection ?

Detection : It can be detected by taking power card and draw card .
Peak pressure is higher than normal.
Draw card shows more clearly start of injection and ignition occur before TDC.
Symptom : Lower exhaust temperature
Increase the power and increase thermal efficiency
Engine running with knocking sound and vibration due to heavy shock load to bearings.
Causes : Incorrect fuel pump timing or worn VIT setting
Incorrect fuel temperature and viscosity control
Poor fuel valve setting or spring broken
Poor fuel condition ( High cetane No. )
270. Explain late injection ?

Detection : It can be detected by taking power card and draw card .
Peak pressure is lower than normal.
Draw card shows more clearly low peak pressure than normal.
Symptom : High exhaust temperature .
Pulsation in exhaust manifold due to exhaust pressure .
Causes : Incorrect fuel pump timing or defective fuel pump internal parts
Incorrect fuel viscosity and temperature control ( Too low )
Poor fuel condition ( Low cetane No.)
Poor compression
Leak of scavenge air
Excess chain slackness
Under cooling of engine part
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271. What is Ignition Delay ?

Ignition delay is period between the start of injection and start of ignition occur , represented by crank angle degree or period of
time. It is depending on fuel quality .It may be vary 6 ~ 9.75 degree of crank angle depending on fuel grade. Engine load ,
Speed and Warming condition may vary ignition delay time about 0.001 ~ 0.003 Sec.
272. What are ship standard spare parts ?

For M/E:
1. 1 unit set of head, Liner, Piston and Rings, connecting Rod, Cross-head Bearing, Main Bearing,
Crank Pin Bearing, Cam Gear, Chain Link 6 Nos. and set of Telescopic Pipes.
2. 2 Fuel Valves complete and sufficient parts.
3. 1 set complete Lubricator.
4. 1 set complete Fuel Pump
5. 4 Nos. high Pressure Pipes.
6. 1 set complete Rotor for T/C and Bearings.
7. 1 set complete Reduction Gear and Bearing.
For Generator; If 2 Generators - ½ set of Spares.
If 3 Generators - 1 set of Spares
For Compressor: 1 set of Piston Rings.
½ set of Suction and Delivery Valves.
273. How do you precaution carried out plate type heat exchanger cleaning ?
When plate type heat exchanger cleaning :
1. To close the inlet and out let valves of fluid and cooling media then properly drain out.
2. To measure spacing between closing pressure plate and end frame before dismantle the clamping bolts and plates .
3. Take care rubber gaskets and clamps during cleaning.
4. Cleaning to be done by fresh water and approve chemical with brush.
5. Never used wire brush and scrapper .
6. Correctly arrange and stack the plates of already have cleaned.
7. Do not remove out the plate from horizontal carrying bar and avoid to mix because of two type of plates are always build in
one unit in alternating sequence.
8. After cleaning , properly boxed up with carefully and avoid to damage of gaskets.
9. Evenly tight the clamping bolts until reference spacing . Avoid to over and less tighten.
274. What are advantage of plate type heat exchanger ?

1. Normally constructed by Titanium plate , thus no chance for corrosion and erosion.
2. No velocity limit
3. High heat transfer properties
4. Easy to inspection and cleaning
5. Easy to choice of flow pattern.
6. Lighter in weight and require less spacing in E/R.
7. Damage plate can be renewed easily.
8. Size and heat transfer capacity can be altered by adding or removing the plates
275. Why L.O sample sent to shore lab ?

1. L.O sample sent to shore for lab analysis to determine the sample used oil is suitable for further use or not .
2. To know correct lubricating function and properties or not .
3. To know contaminated or not.
4. To know standard qualities or not.
276. Where do you take L.O sample for analysis ?

Sample L.O should be taken from test cock or pump discharge . Should not be taken from purifier outlet , filter outlet ,
sounding pipe , overflow pipe , drain line etc.,
Sample must be taken with standard plastic bottles with seal both onboard test and lab analysis.
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277. How do you carried out L.O onboard test ?

Mostly L.O onboard test carried out for a ) Viscosity test , b) Acidity test , c) Water dilution test , d ) Insoluble content test
(1) Viscosity determination:
 Viscosity and closed flash point will fall by fuel oil contamination.
 Changes in these values are a measure of dilution, and up to 8% contamination can be tolerated.
Three Tubes Rolling Ball Viscometer:

1. Assume that system oil is SAE 30.
2. One tube filled with minimum safe viscosity, SAE 20.
3. One tube filled with maximum safe viscosity, SAE 40.
4. Last tube filled with test sample.
5. All tubes placed in warm water, until at same temperature.
6. All tubes placed on tilted board and inverted, so that internal hollow balls rise to surface, with different time taken.
7. If time taken for test sample is between upper and lower limit oils, this sample oil is fit for further use.
(2) Insoluble Content:

1. Insoluble are soot, dust, metallic particles, oxidation products, and products of deterioration.
Blotter Test:
Single drop of sample oil is released from a given height onto a sheet of Special Filter Paper
The result is compared with Standard Test Paper, of similar oil with known varying insoluble content.
For Straight Mineral Oil, Should below 1 ~ 1.5% of Upper limit
For Detergent / Dispersant Oil , Should below 5% of Upper limit
(3) Water and other contaminants by:
Crackle Test:
Pour a known amount of sample oil into a test tube.
Hold the test tube over small spirit lamp, shaking it while bing so.
If there is no crackling, the oil is dry.
A slight crackle indicates a trace of water.
(4) Acidity Determination: (a) pH test

2. Tested by extracting the acids from sample oil, by means of shaking with known amount of distilled water, in a test tube.
3. Acidic extract is placed on a watch glass, with Indicator Solution of known strength.
4. The mixture is drawn into a glass tube, and compared with Colour Standards, each representing a known pH value.
Sample can be determined quite accurately.
(b) Blotter test

1. Acidity in sample used oil test could be carried out by blotter test.
 Release a drop of Sample used oil on blotter paper then wait about 5 min: to complete spared.
 Added a drop of indicator solution on sample oil drop and wait about 5 min: to complete spared.
 Acidity in sample oil can be know by color change of L.O
(a) Bluish green _ Alkaline state , fit for further use
(b) Yellowish orange – Neutral stat , but not longer for satisfaction
(c) Reddish color – Acidity in L.O not fit for further use
278. What are the function of lubrication ?

1. Reduce friction.
2. Remove heat.
3. Flush away contaminants.
4. Protect corrosion.
5. Dampen noise.
6. In some case, act as sealant.
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279. How many type of lubrication ?

 Hydrodynamic lubrication.
 Boundary lubrication:
 Hydrostatic lubrication.
 Elasto hydrodynamic lubrication.
280. What is Non- Destructive Tests ?

Carried-out on components not on test specimen and to know internal crack , lamination , lap and zone of surface porosity ,
whether single or complex .
1. Visual Probe.
2. Electrical eddy current.
3. Liquid penetrant.
4. Magnetic crack
5. Ultra-sonic
6. Radiographic inspection
281. What is Destructive Tests?

Carried-out only on specimen, to know mechanical properties of test specimen under test.
- Harness test
- Impact test
- Tensile test
- Bend test
- Creep test
- Fatigue test
Documents on board:
1. Minimum safe manning documents
2. Approved intact stability booklet (24 ML & UP)
3. ORB Part 1 Machinery Space Operation (For every ship)
4. ORB Part 2 Cargo I Ballast Operation (For Tanker)
5. Certificate of discharge
6. Account of property of Deceased Seaman
7. Return of Birth and Death
8. Order of druggist form
9. Draught of water and free board notice
10. Official Log Book
11. Deck log book
12. Radio logbook
13. Chief Engineer’s Log Book
14. Ship’s Station License
15. Muster list and emergency instruction
16. Training manual for LSA
17. Maintenance Manual for LSA
18. Fire Control Plan
19. Table or Curve of residual deviation of each standard and steering magnetic compass
20. Certificate of approval for FFA
21. Certificate of approval for LSA
22. Certificate of approval for Navigational Aids
23. Certificate of approval for Navigational Lights
24. Drawing Plans and instruction Manual.
25. Documents of Compliance with the Special Requirements for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods
26. Dangerous Goods Manifest or Storage Plan
27. Documents of Authorization for the Carriage of Grain
28. Continuous Synopsis Record, (CSR)
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282. How do you know hull corrosion protection ?

Hull corrosion could be prevented by (1) Protective coating on ship structure and it regular maintenance such as chipping and
painting (2) Cathodic protection system
283. What is Cathodic protection:

» To prevents electrochemical corrosion, in which protected metal is cathode.
Sacrificial anode system:

1. Sacrificial anodes are metals or alloys, usually fitted to hull or within the ballast tanks.
2. Have more anodic potential than steel (hull) when immersed in seawater.
3. They supply cathodic protection current but they will be consumed in doing. So hence required replacement.
4. Magnesium anodes must not be used in oil cargo tank, owing to sparks hazard
5. Zinc anodes must he fitted in this particular tank.
Impressed current system:

1. A cathodic protection method to prevent corrosion of ship’s underwater pans.
2. System consists of:
a. Source of DC current
b. Anodes
c. Apparatus for measuring and controlling the current
d. High quality protective coating around the hull area, nearest to the anodes.
 Continuous control of impressed current required.
 Adequate protection depends on immersed area, ship speed, salinity of water, and condition of
hull paintwork.
If too great a current flow:
a) destroy paint coating (epoxy resin) around the anodes.
b) highly alkaline condition arose near the anodes.
284. What is electrochemical corrosion and how to occur ?

Machinery and equipment on vessel sometime contaminated or immersed with S.W and additional dissimilar metals are
normally present. Their potential are also difference . Therefore current can flow from high potential metal to low potential
metal. They can cause positive and negative iron and negative iron will attack to anode by chemically known as
electrochemical corrosion.
285. When do you Hanging-up an engine unit ?

Circumstances, in which it would be necessary to hang-up an engine unit, are:
1. Piston , cylinder liner , cross head , top end bearing , bottom end bearing , crank pin and exhaust valve driven
mechanism are seriously damage and no have spare on board.
2. Require spare parts are no available in time.
3. Vessel cruising at heavy weather and damage part to be replaced with very risky problem .
4. Vessel in river passage.
5. Impossible to entry the port for repair or impossible to shoe facility for repair.
Hanging-up procedure: (Mitsubishi UEC 52 HA)

1. Cylinder cover is removed; piston is drawn out with stuffing box.
2. Blind cover is fitted to oil outlet, on top of crosshead pin.
3. Blind flange is fitted to piston rod stuffing box seating.
4. Push rod and exhaust valve-driving gear removed and blank plate fitted.
5. Blind plug fitted at lubricating pipe for exhaust valve driving gear.
6. Starting air branch pipe for corresponding unit, removed at cylinder cover and blank flange fitted.
7. Plugged the starting air control valve outlet of corresponding unit.
8. Then the cylinder cover is reinstalled in regular manner.
9. Fuel injection pump of concerning unit, cut-off and shut the fuel inlet and return valves.
10. Cylinder feed rate is adjusted to zero to that unit by means of adjusting knob.
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286. What is Critical Speed ?

When engine is revolving at such a speed, when working stroke of the various pistons synchronizes with one of the natural
frequency of crankshaft, that speed is called Critical Speed. It can cause resonance condition and severe vibration.
287. What is Economy Speed ?

It is a speed within the range of maker’s recommended speeds, which is reasonable and effective with less specific fuel oil
consumption.
288. What is Maximum continuous rating ?

MCR: Practical limit of diesel engine output, which is to be run continuously. (Practical output limit of diesel engine, for
continuous operation.)
289. What is Continuous service rating ?

CSR: Power output of an engine, which will be obtained during normal sea service condition, on a continuous basic.
290. What is Barr Speed ?

A few revolutions before and after critical speed, where it is unsafe for continuous operation of an engine due to severe
vibration.
291. When you will change liner?

1. Wear down: 1% of original diameter for slow speed.
0.4 ~0.5 mm for medium speed.
0.25 mm for high speed.
2. When scuffing, scoring, scratching or cracks occur.
292. How to occur Ship Vibration ?

1. Synchronous or Resonance Vibration due to main and auxiliary machinery. (Critical Speed)
2. Local Vibration. (Small portion of hull structure such as bulkhead, brackets, etc. set into a state of vibration.)
3. Vibration due to external sources, such as unbalanced propeller or ship’s environment.
293. What are windlass requirements ?

1. Letting go anchor cable speed vary between 5 ~ 7 mtr/sec.
2. Heaving up speed 0.125 ~ 0.25 mtr / sec or 3 ~ 5 rpm.
3. Full loaded duty of windlass commonly 4 ~ 6 time of the weight of one anchor.
4. Warpends for mooring purpose and light line speed up to 0.75 ~ 1.0 mtr /sec
294. What are Windlass safety devices ?

1. Overload (thermal switch)
2. Over speed trip
3. Slipping clutch.
4. Hand Break
5. Cable stopper
Winches brake adjustment: Adjust the distance between friction plate and pressure plate.
295. What is anchor safety devices ?

1) Bow stopper
2) Anchor releasing device
3) Slipping clutch
4) Over load trip
5) Cable secured by two wire
296. What is bow stopper ?

Cable stopper is used to hold the anchor cable in place while anchor rigidity and totally housed . In this way, windlass is free
and from any shock or vibration from the cable.
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297. What are Winch Safety Devices ?

 Overload trip.
 Mechanical break
 Slipping clutch.
 Hydraulic Oil high temperature alarm and cutout.
 Hydraulic oil low level alarm
Lifeboat safety devices:

1. Limit switch [while lifting]
2. Main brake
3. Centrifugal Brake [while lowering] Designed limit 20 ~ 40 mtr /min
4. Harbor safety pin
298. What Safety devices are fitted on Main Air Compressor ?

» Bursting Disc on Intercooler: (At waterside)
» Bursting Disc and Fusible Plug (121°C) on After cooler.
» Automatic Moisture Drain Valve.
» Relief valves on LP and HP stages. (Set to lift at 10% rise above normal stage pressure.)
» Cooling water supply failure alarm.
» Low LO pressure alarm.
» Relief valve on crankcase LO pump.
» Delivery air HT alarm on After cooler outlet. (Max. 93°C)
Safety devices on Exhaust gas boiler :

1. Two nos. of safety valve with easing gear
2. Soot blower unit
3. Thermometer
4. Pressure gauge
5. Temperature sensor with alarm ( > 300’C )
6. CO2 fixed installation system
Safety devices on Fudge Plant and Compressor:

1. Liquid Shock Valve on Cylinder Head
2. Busting Disc on Cylinder Head, between Suction and Discharge manifold.
3. Gas LP cut-out.
4. Gas HP cut-out
5. LO LP cut-out.
6. CW LP cut-out.
7. Relief Valve on Condenser.
8. Bursting Disc on Condenser. (if fitted)
9. Non-return Check Valves on each gas~ return line to Compressor.
299. Engine cannot start why ? ( What are engine starting difficult ? )
1. Insufficient air
2. Air starting valve sticking
3. Defective distributor
4. Fuel line filter locked.
5. Defective nozzle
6. Too late fuel timing
7. Fuel line filter choked
8. Water in fuel
9. Poor compression
10. Lack of scavenge air
11. LO low temperature
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12. System air locked.

13. Safety Interlock (failure when maneuvering)
300. How to order bunker ?

1. Take essential data from master, such as distance to go with average speed, river passage, pilotage, port stay,
etc. To check ROB.
2. Estimate HO and DO consumption based on weather, wind and current condition, running hours of A/Es,
3. auxiliary boiler and ME.
4. Estimate the 3 days reserve, considering unpumpable quantity, bunker allowance or bunker margin.
5. Calculate the capacity to receive, bunker amount, type of bunker, HO, DO or LO.
6. Bunker should be allowed 85% of tank capacity.
7. Arrange not to mix with remaining onboard fuel.
301. C/E’s Responsibility during Bunkering:

C/E is overall in charge of bunkering.
Responsibilities are:
1. Fire prevention
2. Oil pollution prevention
3. Calculation
4. Recording and informing.
 Discuss at Bunking Meeting about: Quantity/ Bunking Sequence/ Distribution Plan.
 Make preparations for both Deck and Engine Department, in accordance with pre-bunkering checklist.
 Prepare all necessary papers as per local regulations.
Fire Prevention:
Prohibit naked light and smoking around bunker area.

Place portable fire extinguisher at bunker point.
Bunker oil flash point not more than 65°C, as a rule.
Ensure no oil leakage.
Pollution Prevention:
1. Clear overflow tank and top up settling and service tank.

2. Clean System filters ,.sight glass, and pressure gauge in good order.
3. Ensure bunker system valves in good order, and the correct valves have been opened.
4. Take all soundings of fuel tanks, and calculate the amount to be put into each tank. (85% of tank capacity is maximum.)
5. Explain bunkering sequence to all engineers.
6. Check security of hose coupling, and one responsible engineer to be stand-by at bunker station to watch break or spill
at hose connection.
7. Agree the pumping rate or pressure with pump man or barge master, remembering that a burst hose can cause
pollution. Discuss slow down operation and emergency stop procedure.
8. Make good communication between bunker point, barge or shore supply, and tank control station.
9. Leakage or overflow of oil to deck strictly prevented. Saw dust, OSD, and rags, ready at bunker point.
10. Duty officer to be informed, the amount to be bunkered and expected time of the work.
11. Plugged all deck scuppers.
12. Maintain the upright position as possible as.
For Calculations:
1. Take all soundings of fuel tanks, before and after bunkering.

2. Take fore and aft draughts, before and after bunkering.
3. Take soundings of barge or to check flow meter reading, before and after bunkering.
4. Record the oil temperature.
5. Calculate corrected sp.gr. at measuring point temperature, SGc.
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6. By multiplying SGc with total volume, obtained from sounding table, total amount of bunker in tons will be obtained.
Bunker Barge Arrival:
1. Record exact time of barge arrival and departure.

2. Check local supplier’s paperwork, to ensure that specification and quantity ordered is correct.
3. Ensure that onboard fuel handling equipment is adequate and serviceab1e at all times.
Bunkering:
1. Start bunkering at slow rate, and then raise the pumping rate. During bunkering , to check hose connection and flange of
unused side and tank sounding frequency.
2. Always check and witness the flow meter, tank gauges and tank dips, before and after delivery, to ensure that the right
quantity has in fact been supplied.
3.Random checks to ensure correct specification of oil being supplied during bunkering.
4.Take a continuous drip sample. Compatibility test of bunker curried out.
5. Always insist on being given a sealed sample of bunkers delivered, which should be witnessed and signed by both parties.
6.When 80% of total capacity reaches, pumping rate slow down and final topping up done.
After Bunkering:
1. Record the time and read flow meter on bunker boat or on shore.
2. All filling valves kept open, until final air blowing is completed.
3. Remain hose connections until correct quantity of oil has been received after calculation.
4. Then close bunker main, valve, system valves and individual tank valves.
5. Take final soundings and bunker temperature from both ship and barge to calculate actual amount.
6. When calculating the bunker received, the ship’s trim and temperature of the oil must be taken into account.
7. Both party signed on sample bottles and sent to laboratory.
8. Inform duty officer, starting and stopping time, amount of bunker received and tank soundings, for stability calculation
and custom claiming purposes.
9. Make entries into ORB and Logbook.
10. Prepare Bunker Report and sent to HO.
F.O overflow while Bunkering: (Action taken by C/E)

1. Stop pumping of fuel immediately.
2. Report to Master and contact Port Authority or persons concerned, about oil pollution incident.
3. Detail description of actions taken immediately by crew, using equipment from Oil Spill Locker to reduce and control the
oil row.
4. Arrange point of contact onboard, for co-ordinating shipboard action with local authorities, in combating pollution.
Make entry into ORB, date, time, place and amount of overflow
302. How do you extinguish fire , If engine room fire at dry docking ?
303. How you check Stern tube Sealing in Dry dock?

» LO header tank is topped-up and checked for leakage for 24 hours with turn the shaft at least 3 ~ 4 place.
304. What action to he taken when SW leaks into Stern tube oil system?
» Higher up the Stern tube oil tank level to counteract SW force.
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305. How to measure Stern Bearing Wear-down ?

» Use Poker Gauge or Wear down Gauge or Vernier Caliper.
» Remove Rope Guard.
» Take out Check Plug and Drain Plug.
» Turn Tail shaft until ‘0’ marks on periphery of aft chrome steel liner flange and mating marks on Simplex seal and Stern
tube are in line.
» Measure at measuring plug (top) and drain plug (bottom) through 180° at same radial position as previous docking.
» Compare with previous readings.
306. How to minimize leakage ?

Procedure to minimize leakage:
1. Tip the vessel to allowable trim.
2. Use more viscous oil.
3. Place a temporary header tank of about 200 litre drum with flexible hose; at lower head. Position the drum in such a
vertical height, that only a slight head pressure is exerted.
4. Use lower header tank if provided.
307. What is Secondary Refrigerant?

1. They are non volatile and employed in large cold room as cargo hold.
2. Calcium Chloride Brine ( 3 ½ lb. of CaCl2 + 1 gal. of water) with density of 1.25 is widely used. Sodium Dichromate or
lime added to maintain pH values of 8.0~8.5.
3. Sodium Chloride Brine is mostly use.
308. What is Preferential trip?

It is one of the generator protecting device which provide to disconnection the non essential load from main switch board in the
event of generator overload or partial failure of supply.
1. Operate after a fixed time delay, causing non-essential loads to be shed.
2. Usual setting for overload trip is 150% load [50% overload].
3. When generator load reaches 110%, Preferential Trip comes into operation as follows.
First tripping at 5 sec:

Shut down non-essential loads [air conditions, entertainment, accommodation fans, cargo hold fans, amplifiers, etc] to
reduce the generator load.
Second tripping at 10 sec:

Shut down essential loads [services required for running the ship properly, leaving the loads of top priority services to
maintain Propulsion and Navigation] if generator load is still high:
Third tripping at 15 sec:

Shot down the main generator as last action, if the load is still too high, it may be due to short circuit or insulation breaking.
309. What is Essential load ?

Essential services those are for safety of personnel , safe navigation and population of the ship.
310. What is non essential load ?

No effect for safety of personnel , safe navigation and population of the ship when some loads are disconnecting due to
generator over load.
311. What requirement for Emergency Power Sources?

1. All passenger and cargo vessels shall be provided with emergency sources of electrical power, for essential services
under emergency conditions.
2. Emergency source may he generator or batteries, but must be complied with the rules.
3. Emergency sources must be installed in position such that they are unlikely to be damaged or affected by any incident,
which has caused to main power.
4. Emergency source of power should be capable of operating with a list of up to 22 ½° and a trim of up to 10°.
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5. Emergency generator with its switchboard, is located in a compartment which is:

a) Outside and away from main and auxiliary machinery space.
b) Above the uppermost continuous deck, and
c) Not forward of collision bulkhead.
1. Batteries: The above same rules applied, but must not be fitted in the same place as emergency switchboard.
312. Rules for Emergency Power Sources:

Passenger Ship:
1.Emergency Generator shall be automatically started and connected within 45 sec.
2.Capable of supplying simultaneously at least the following services for the period of 36 hours.
1. Emergency lighting [at alleyways, stairways and exits, muster and embarkation stations, machinery space, control
room, main and emergency switchboard, firemen’s outfits storage positions, steering gear room, fire pump,
emergency bilge pump starting positions].
2. Navigation lights,
3. Internal communication equipment,
4. Fire detection and fire alarm system,
5. Daylight signalling lamp, Ship’s whistle,
6. Navigation equipment,
7. Radio installations, [VHF, MF, MF/HF]
8. One of the fire pump, Emergency bilge pump.
3. A set of automatically connected Emergency batteries must be capable of carrying certain essential services for the period
of 30 min.
1. Emergency lighting,
3. Internal communication equipment,
4. Fire detection and fire alarm,
5. Daylight signalling lamp, ship’s whistle.
Cargo Ship:
Emergency power source, Emergency generator must be sufficient to operate certain essential services at least
for the period of 18 hours.
1. Emergency lighting [at alleyways, stairways and exits, muster and embarkation stations, machinery space, control room,
main and emergency switchboard, firemen’s outfits storage positions, steering gear room, fire pump, emergency bilge pump
starting positions.
3. Internal communication .equipment,
4. Fire detection and fire alarm system,
5. Day light signalling lamp, Ship’s whistle,
6. Navigation equipment,
7. Radio installations, [VHF, MF, MF/HF].
8. One of the fire pump, Emergency bilge pump.
1. Where emergency source of electrical power is an accumulator battery, it shall be capable of carrying loads without
recharging and battery voltage throughout discharge period must be maintained within 12% above or below its nominal
voltage.
2. Battery system is automatically connected upon loss of main power.
3. Batteries are required as transitional power source for 30 min. for following items:
1. Emergency lighting
2. Navigation lights
3. Internal communication equipment
4. Fire detection and fire alarm.
313. What are Essential Services from Emergency Power Source ?

Essential Services from Emergency Power Source:
1) Emergency Lighting.
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2) Navigation Lights.
3) Communication Equipment.
4) Fire Detection and Fire Alarm.
5) Daylight Signalling Lamp and Ship’s Whistle.
6) Navigation Aids.
7) Emergency Fire Pump.
8) General Alarm.
9) Manual Fire Alarm.
10) Steering Gear.
11) Watertight Doors.
314. What are Emergency Switchboard Distribution ?

1. There are 2 sections: 440V and 220V/110V.
2. Under normal condition, 440V Supply is taken from E/R Main Switchboard, through a Circuit Breaker.
3. When main power is lost, this Circuit Breaker is tripped [opened].
4. Emergency Generator comes into action, and supplies power through another Circuit Breaker.
5. An interlock is provided, to prevent simultaneous closing of both Breakers; [both Main and Emergency Generator may be
running, simultaneously].
6. From 440V section:
Emergency Bilge pump,
Sprinkler System,
One of two Steering gears.
7. From 220V section:

Navigation Equipment,
Radio Communication,
Transformed and rectified supply to Battery Systems.
Transitional Emergency Power Battery: [Emergency Lights for 30 minutes.]

Low power DC system Battery: [Alarms and Control system.1
315. How do you carried out Emergency Generator and its maintenance ?
1. Provided with independent means of automatic starting, [compressed air, batteries or hydraulic] and repeated starts of at
least 3 times, and further attempt can be made within the 30 minutes temporary battery life.
2. Adequate and independent supply of fuel with a flash point of not less than 43°C [109.4°F].
3. Must be able to be started in cold condition, up to 0°C [32°F].
4. For cold weather, JCW system must be treated with anti-freeze agent, and heating arrangement provided.
Maintenance:
1. Every Saturday, Emergency generator must be tested-run.
2. Air bottle pressed-up or starter battery fully charged, at all times.
3. Changeover the selector switch to local position before starting.
4. Make sure breaker switch at ‘off’ position before starting [an interlock between E/R Main Switchboard breaker and
Emergency Switchboard breaker is provided to prevent simultaneous closure of both breakers].
5. During testing, check frequency, voltage and ampere.
6. Fuel tank, always checked to ensure adequate level at least 75% of full capacity.
7. Air filter of generator, regularly cleaned.
8. Required tools and spares kept in a container.
9. Emergency light for this room should be always checked.
316. How do you start Emergency Generator Starting, when Black-out ?

1. Normally cut-in automatically when main power fails.
2. Starting is initiated by Start-up relay.
3. Falling of frequency or voltage of Main Power, cause the Start-up relay to operate generator-starting equipment.
4. If this system fails, after switching the MODE selector to Manual (Local) position, generator can be started manually by
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means of Back-up Starting Equipment within 30 minutes of Transitional Emergency Power Battery lighting.
317. How do you carried out Battery room inspection and maintenance ?
1. Battery installation and its charging rectifier checked.
2. Battery room environment must be dry and well ventilated.
3. Battery tops shall be clean and dry, and terminal nuts must be tight and a smear of petroleum jelly applied to prevent
corrosion.
4. Electrolyte at proper level, and shall have correct value of specific gravity by checking with a hydrometer.
5. Rubber gloves and goggles used when handling electrolyte.
6. Charging equipment checked for dirt, overheating, loose connection and correct functioning of indicators.
7. Ventilation arrangement for battery locker checked. Battery installation of both lead acid and alkaline needs good
ventilation.
8. Since both type generates hydrogen gas during charging, no smoking and naked light allowed.
9. Steel works and decks adjacent to lead acid battery, should be painted with acid product paint.
[For Cad-Ni cell, alkaline resistance paints.]
318. What are Battery Room Safety Arrangement ?

Safety is provided by:
1. Proper ventilation.
2. Prevention of heat source for ignition.
Ventilation:
1. Independent exhaust fan provided.
2. Inlet duct should be below battery level, and outlet at top of the compartment.
Prevention of heat source for ignition:

1. No naked light and no smoking.
2. Uses of externally fitted light or flame proof light.
3. Cables of adequate size and they are well connected.
4. Never placed Emergency Switchboard in this room.
5. Use insulated spanner and plastic jug for distilled water, to prevent short-circuit.
6. Room temperature, maintained at 15~25°C.
319. How do you carried out Emergency Lights Maintenance ?

Every Saturday, routine testing of emergency lights, carried out by E/E.
1. Ensure that batteries are fully charged and ready for use.
2. Burnt-out bulbs replaced at once.
320. What are the requirements for Navigation Light panel ?

1. Navigation lights should be connected to a distribution board, which does not supply other services.
2. There should be a changeover switch, so that it can be transferred to another source of power supply.
3. Visual and audible alarms required for individual Navigation Light failure. 4. Fuse protection provided.
321. Why AC is popular onboard ship?

1. Smaller, lighter and compact machine size, for a given kW.
2. High power and high voltage AC generator can be easily manufactured.
3. Voltage can be raised or lowered by transformer.
4. AC can be easily converted to DC.
322. What are Difference between Synchronous Motor and Induction Motor ?
1. Synchronous motor is almost exactly the same as an alternator.
2. Induction motor cannot run normally at synchronous speed. It has slip.
323. What are AC motor overload protections?

1. Magnetic overload relay.
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2. Thermal overload relay.

3. Built-in protective device.
324. What are Difference between Circuit Breaker and Fuse ?
Circuit breaker:
1. Has switching actions to close the circuit or to open the circuit, and has a trip circuit if load current exceeds the set value.
2. After tripping, circuit breaker can be reused without replacing any part.
Fuses:
1. Have only breaking function, and fitted in the circuit to protect the circuit from damaging effect of high current flow.
2. It breaks the circuit by melting the fuse metal itself.
After breaking, the blown fuse must be renewed
325. What is Single phasing ?

 Single phasing occurs when one of the 3 phase circuits is opened, hence the remaining circuits carry excess current.
 One phase of the circuits becomes open, due to blown fuse, faulty contactor, or broken wire.
 It prevents a motor from starting, but a running motor may continue to run with this fault.
 For a running motor, it can be detected by overloaded device in supply line, or overheating.
 For an idle motor, it cannot be started.
 Due to single phasing, overheating in a stalled or running motor will cause, burnt-out overloaded coil.
326. What will you do after Electrical Machine is flooded with SW ?

1. Machine is disconnected from power sources and dismantled.
2. All salt deposits washed out with FW.
3. If deposited with oily bilge water, wash out with Electro Cleaner.
4. Should be heated with lamp, and enclosed or covered up to retain the heat.
5. Moisture should be escaped, by lifting the cover continuously or periodically.
6. Hottest part of the machine shall not exceed 90°C, while heating.
7. IR readings and temperatures taken regularly, until constant value reach about 1 m.
8. Then, spray the machine with insulation vanish.
9. Assemble and put in service with low load, if possible.
327. What is Short, open and grounded circuits ?

Short circuit: A low resistance path that actually shorten the intended path for the flow of current.
Open circuit: The path for the flow of current is broken. A switch is one method of creating an “open” intentionally.
Grounded circuit: A circuit that has come in contact with the earth, by coming in contact somewhere in itself, or by a conductor
which is connected with the earth.
328. Why Megger Reading is taken?

1. To verify insulation resistance.
2. To detect insulation fault.
329. How Insulation Resistance of a motor is tested?

1. Switch-off at Main Switchboard.
2. Disconnect the connection from starter.
3. Test with Megger meter . Phase to Phase , Phase to earth.
4. Insulation Resistance is tested while at hot condition because it is minimum at that time.
330. What will you done if Excitation Loss?

1. Energize with Battery.
2. Tap with hammer to field coil core of Excitation Motor.
331. How do you prevent excitation loss ?

1. Take care reverse current and to prevent reverse current.
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2. Slip ring and carbon brushes to be inspected regularly. ( A/C Generator )

3. Rotor and stator winding to be inspected by IR test regularly.
4. Commutator and it copper segments to be inspected regularly. ( D/C generator )
332. Explain difference between Slip ring and Commutator ?

Slip ring
1. Slip ring is used in A/C generator.
2. One or Two slip ring are mounted on shaft with carbon or graphite.
3. Main function is used for DC excitation current supply to rotor poles.
Commutator
1. Used on DC generator.
2. Constructed by large number of copper segment for lap winding.
3. Main function iscCollected the current from wire end and current can flow as generator output.
333. How many type of rotor ?

Two type.
1) Silent type ( Normally use marine generator , it have 4 pole , speed below 1800 rpm )
2) Cylindrical type ( 2 pole , above 1800 ~ 3000 rpm )
334. How do you know ACB ( Air Circuit Breaker ) tripped or not / Closed or Open ?
By indicator such as red & green , White & Black , 0 & 1 etc.,
335. Why ACB does not Close on main switch board ? / What causes are not to close the ACB ?
1. Due to sufficient power fail .
2. Due to reverse power.
3. Due to tripped off by inter locking device when electrical power source supply from emergency generator . An inter locking
device provided to prevent the both circuit breaker (Main switch board and emergency switch board) simultaneously close.
336. What is earth lamp and how do you know earth fault in distribution system ?
1. Set of the lamp which show the present of earth fault in distribution system.
2. If an earth fault occur , the lamps will show dim light or goes out because potential is zero.
3. The location of fault can be traced by switching off the individual branch circuit breaker and check the earth lamp condition.
When branch circuit with the faults is switched off , earth lamp will return to normal brightness.
337. Why earth lamp is fitted on MSB ?

Earth lamp is fitted on MSB to give visual signal when there is an earth fault occur in system.
338. Do you explain Exhaust valve burning ?

1. Unsuitable material and design fault
2. Incorrect closing or incorrect tappet clearance
3. Valve not rotate due to defective rotator .
4. Incorrect fuel valve spray angle
5. insufficient cooling
6. Overload running
7. Poor combustion
8. Vanadium attack
339. What causes may occur piston damage ?

1. Late and incomplete combustion
2. Piston over heat due to heavy depositing and blockage of cooling passage
3. Fuel impingement and burning on crown due to incorrect spray pattern by defective fuel valve
4. Fuel impingement and burning on crown by over penetration due to injected fuel viscosity is high
5. Excess water content in fuel
6. Wet corrosion due to long time stand by period and low temperature
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7. Vanadium attack
340. What are the hardness properties of material ?

1. Resistance to scratching.
2. Machinability and ability to cut.
3. Wear penetration
341. What actions to be taken by C/E when M/E breakdown, fire / explosion occurred ?
1. Find out extent of damage or breakdown.
2. Find out whether the damage can be repaired or not by ship crew,
3. Consider that vessel can resume the voyage or not.
4. Inform present situation to H.O. and take instruction.
5. A record exact times and position of ship.
6. Take pictures of damage for evidence.
7. After temporary or proper repair, resume voyage under suitable speed.
8. Prepare detail damage report and submit to head office.
342. How do report as C/E damage report form ?

1. Date, time, approximate ship position, voyage No.
2. Where damage occurs.
3. Causes and extent of damage.
4. HO confirmation and approval for major repair.
5. Actions taken.
6. Repaired condition, detail statement of clearances, measurements, etc.
7. Used and required spares to be ordered.
8. Training and instructions to prevent reoccurrence,
9. Take photos before and after repairs.
343. As a C/E, How do you hand over / take over duty ?

1. Discuss with outgoing C/E about machinery condition and standing order from H.O.
2. To read, hand-over note / maintenance record.
3. Check Logbook at least for last 3-months, CMS quarterly list, Survey items, previous voyage report , ORB up-to-date
filling, garbage book, sludge formation compared with 1% of voyage fuel consumption, sludge remaining onboard, all
certificates, documents, and validity such as IOPP, ISPP etc:
4. Take all FO, LO tank soundings, calculate ROB, based on API gravity method, and check with log entry. Ensure fuel
consumption is enough for next port or next bunker port.
5. Check all running machinery, MARPOL equipment, OWS, incinerator, sewage plant, FFA, emergency generator, quick
closing arrangement and lifeboat engine.
6. Check standard spares and store, special tools and measuring equipment.
7. If everything is OK, sign the hand over note.
344. What are C/E’s Routine Works ?

Every morning: Round check of operating machinery and engine room,
Discuss with 2/E, about E/R repair and maintenance jobs.
Discuss with master, about ship situation and company instruction.
At noon: To check ER logbook, FO, LO, DO consumption and ROB,
Performance and running hours of machinery.
Prepare Noon Report.
Once a month: Fuel and LO Onboard.
Store and spare inventory.
Maintenance report and breakdown report.
Every voyage: Voyage Report. (Abstract log )
85
345. What are C/E reports ?

Includes confidential report, voyage report, LO and FO consumption report, maintenance report, abstract log report, repair list,
store and spare requisition and vouchers.
346. What is Fire control plan and what contain ?

a. General arrangement plan must be permanently exhibited onboard, for the guidance of authorize officers and fire
fighters.
b. Positioned outside the deck house [opposite to gangway of both sides] in a permanently watertight enclosure for
assistance of shore fire brigade.
c. Fire Control Plan includes:
1. Fire control stations.
2. Various fire sections, enclosed by both Class A and Class B divisions.
3. Particulars of fire detection and alarm system.
4. Sprinkler installation and fire extinguishing appliance.
5. Means of escape.
6. Ventilation system, including positions and numbers of fan controls aid dampers.
347. What are causes of Cracks on cylinder liner ?

1. Over -tightening of cylinder cover nuts.
2. Insufficient cooling.
3. Effects of scavenge fire.
4. High difference of working temperature.
5. Increasing of hoop stress in liner, due to slack tie bolts.
6. Misalignment of worn-out liner and piston.
7. Due to thermal stresses of metal, between exhaust ports and scavenge ports.
8. Improper fitting of liner.
9. Design failure.
348. What Safety devices are normally fitted on M/E ?

1. Crosshead bearing temperature sensor and alarm. (Slow down)
2. Main bearing temperature sensor and alarm. (Slow down)
3. LO return line temperature sensor and alarm. (Slow down)
4. Oil mist detector, for crankcase. (M.E stopped)
5. Scavenge air temperature sensor and alarm. (Slow down)
6. High exhaust temperature sensor and alarm. (Slow down)
7. High FW temperature sensor and alarm. (Slow down / M.E stopped)
8. Low LO pressure alarm. (Slow down)
9. Low FW pressure alarm. (Slow down)
10. Turning Gear interlocks.
11. Over speed trip.
12. Emergency Manual Stop.
13. Micro computerized Safety Panel for Auto Slow down and Shut down arrangements.
14. Relief Valves on:
a) Cylinder head.
b) Scavenge trunk
c) Crankcase
d) Fuel pump and system
e) Start air line
15. Cylinder Lubricator failure alarm and Cylinder oil no-flow alarm.
349. How to know Engine overload ?

a) Speed drop
b) High Exhaust Temperature at same r.p.m.
c) More fuel consumption.
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350. What are the Causes of engine overload ?

 Hull fouling (caused by marine growth)
 Propeller damaged
 Shallow water
 Heavy weather
351. Difference in Cylinder oil and System oil:

 Cylinder oil is detergent / dispersant oil.
 System oil is straight mineral oil.
Filling LO to Sump:
a. Minimum requirement 0.8 Ltr / HP
b. With Piston Cooling 1.5 Ltr / HP
c. Without Piston Cooling 1.0 Ltr / HP
352. What Stresses in Crankshaft ?

 Bending of crank pin, causes tensile, compressive and shear stresses. (Due to gas load)
 Twisting moment of journal, causes, shear stress.
 Compressive stresses set up in journals and pins. (Due to shrink-fit)
 Tensile stresses set up in webs. (Due to shrink-fit)
 Torsional stresses due to power transmission fluctuate widely. (In heavy sea)
 Shock loading on crank pin. (Sudden fluctuation of engine speed)
353. What safety devices are normally fitted on crank shaft ?

1. Crank pin fillet ( Provide to prevent excessive stress . Should not less than 5% of shaft diameter )
2. Counter weight ( To prevent unbalance and deflection )
3. Vibration damper ( Fitted at FWD of shaft to prevent the axial vibration )
354. What is EEBD ?

Emergency Escape Breathing Device which now mandatory fitted onboard both engine room and accommodation especially
near the escape rotes .
Small and portable breathing device for emergency escape can use max: 10 min:
355. What causes occur the crank shaft damage ?

Normally , crank may be damage due to 1) Mechanical stress and 2) Thermal stress.
Mechanical stress occur due to :

Reaction torque from propeller
1. Vibration force due to torque fluctuation and shock load
2. Cyclic stress gas force and inertial force of moving parts
3. Heavy shock load on to crank shaft
4. Prolong overload running
Thermal stress occur due to :

a) Improper grade of lubricating oil
b) Defective properties of L.O due to contamination
c) Lack of lubrication
d) Bearing and bolt failure
e) Incorrect bearing clearance
356. What advantage of Thin shell bearing ?

1. Thin shell bearings provide with steel back inner layer with white metal and soft lead coating overlay for another
protective coating.
2. Therefore thin shell bearing are harder to resist better fatigue properties and they can resist heavy shock load
on to it.
87
3. They can give true circular shape and improve uniform cooling of the constant cross section.
4. Easy to handling , storage and transport bearing light.
5. Easy to replace and reduce working hour.
6. No additional oil groove require.
7. More economy for manufacturing .
8. Much better in point of view for casting , inspection , maintenance and renewal.
357. What causes are occur to bearing damage ?

1. Unsuitable material and design faults
2. Improper lubrication
3. Improper bearing clearance ( Too less clearance )
4. L.O contaminant with abrasive particles
5. Striking and heavy shock to bearing due to excessive bearing clearance
6. Long time use with mechanical stress and thermal stress.
358. How do you prevent bearing damage ?

 Use correct size and correct quality bearing according to maker instruction
 To supply sufficient lubrication
 To check and maintain correct bearing clearance as pre maker instruction
 Proper purification filtration process of L.O to be obtained to prevent any contamination and abrasive particles
 To be renewed bearing after recommended running hour due.
359. What associable problems of top end bearing and guide ?

 Full load directly apply to bearing causes high sudden load.
 Bearing suffer high pressure due to limited space.
 Distortion due to stress concentration in the pin by bending moment and misalignment of pin by deflection
 Oscillation movement of the bearing is very slow about 25’ ~ 30’ of travel. It is very difficult to full film lubrication and almost
boundary lubrication is occur and tend to bearing failure.
 L.O supply is tend to disturbed and cannot get smooth and uninterrupted L.O flow due to vertical movement of pin and
bearing.
 Combustion gas forces and inertia forces are always acting down ward onto bearing . That does not help the oil flow to
loaded parts of bearing.
360. How do you adjust belt tension ?

I can adjust belts of air condition plant blower fan and motor by mean of technical formulas which :
( a ) Obtain the span length t of the belt and V-pulley with the following expression or by actual measurement.
t =√ C2_ ( D – d )2
2
Where : t = Span length of belt ( mm )
C = Distance between driven & driving pulley ( mm )
D = Large pulley diameter ( mm )
d = Small pulley diameter ( mm )
( b ) Obtain the centre of it , apply a perpendicular load to the V-belt at this centre point, and obtain the deflection force Td
(N) where the deflection amount µ at that point is following value :
µ = 0.016 x t
Where : t = Span length of belt ( mm )

µ = Deflection amount ( mm )
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361. In the Oil Record Book , What mean Code ( Letter ) C , Item ( Number ) 11 ?
a. Code ( Letter ) C of Oil Record Book mean is :
Collection and disposal of oil residues ( sludge and other oil residues )
b. Item ( Number ) 11 of Oil Record Book mean is :
Collection of oil residues
Quantities of oil residues ( sludge and other residues ) retained onboard. The quantity should be recorded weekly : (
This mean that the quantity must be recorded once a week even if the voyage lasts more than one week. )
There are three sub number . They are :
1. Identity of tank (s) , Described as per IOPP certificate.
2. Capacity of tank(s) , Described as per IOPP certificate. ( m3 )
3. Total quantity of retention ( m3 )
4. Quantity of residue sludge collected by manual operation ( m3 )
362. When that amendment been enforced ?

This amendment enforced on 01st JAN, 2011.
363. In the Oil Record Book , What mean Code ( Letter ) I ?

Code ( Letter ) I , mean is additional operational procedure and general remarks.
364. What should be recorded in code ( Letter ) I ?

Code ( Letter ) I , should be recorded such as cleaning and inspection of Oily Water Separator , Test record of 15 ppm alarm
and bilge pump automatic stopping , Test record of 3 way diverting valve and Oil sensor level probe , Cleaning and inspection
of W.O incinerator machineries parts.
365. As per your company’s I.S.M standard , How would you done deficiency ? (Example : such as starting failure of
emergency generator due to starter batteries damage)
1. According to my company I.S.M standard and my vessel I.S.M system , Engine Damage Report and Deficiency Report will
prepare first , ( there are detail description of causes of damage matter , investigation , preventive recurrence , corrective
action ) then sent to head office ( Designate person ) and check spare ( Batteries ) , If no have spare or not enough spare ,
I will order to spare requisition as emergency items and one copy of requisition to be attached on deficiency report and
damage report.
2. After repaired damage or deficiency by any means , I will prepare corrective action report then sent to head office
3. ( Designate person ). Regarding damage or deficiency , I will carry out ship board training and education on all crew
on board for preventive to reoccurrence.
366. How much double bottom tanks or spaces ?

h = B/15 ( mtr ) or h = 2.0 mtr , whichever is the lesser. The minimum value of h = 1.0 mtr
where : h = distance or space of double bottom ( mtr )
367. Do you know what the meaning of FCC ?

FCC mean is Fuel Catalyctic Cracking .
368. State one way how to minimize the effect of FCC in your bunker fuel ?
By mean of running two units of purifier parallel at 1/3 of nominal rate to enhance. The effect of purification and set purifier
discharge 4 hours interval and shorter if necessary.
369. In accordance with MARPOL Annex VI , Regulation 14 and 18 , do you know the main concern ?
Main concern of MARPOL Annex VI , Regulation 14 and 18 are avoidance of mixture with substance in to bunkers received on
board.
370. What is MARPOL Annex VI , Regulation 18 ? (or)

How long should you keep BDN (Bunker Delivery Note) ?/ Why ?
MARPOL Consolidated Edition 2011 , Page - 271

89
MARPOL Annex VI
Chapter 3 - Requirements for control of emission from ships
Regulation – 18 Fuel oil quality
( 4 ) The bunker delivery note shall be kept on board the ship in such a place as to be
readily available for inspection at all reasonable times. It shall be retained for a
period of three years after the fuel oil has been delivered on board.
371. What is GA plan ?

It is the Vessel General Arrangement Plan . It is detail description of the vessel’s longitudinal and transverse
sections of :-
 Tanks arrangement ( Ballast / Fuel )
 Cargo holds arrangement
 Accommodations and deck house arrangement , by diagrammatic scale.
372. As a C/E , What will you do deck crane is break down ?

If deck crane break down during cargo work ,
 Stop cargo work and will be inspected as soon as possible for source and nature of break down.
 Inform to Master regarding source and nature of break down.
 Consider whether the damage or break down can be repaired or not by ship crew,
 Consider cargo work can resume or not after repair. ( Damage / Break down is major or minor )
 Inform present situation to H.O. and take instruction. ( If require . For major repair )
 A record exact times of stopped cargo work . ( To claim chatterer party )
 Take pictures of damage for evidence.
 After temporary or proper repair, resume cargo work under very closed watch.
 Prepare detail damage / breakdown report and submit to head office.
373. How do you understand Electro-hydraulic cylinder lubrication system?

This solenoid operated lubricator units which totally controlled by computer program (CPU) to effectively and timely lubrication
through the number of lubricator quills into the cylinder liners.
 The system consist of :

 Cylinder Lubricating Oil Tank
 Pump Station
 Computer programmed control unit (MCU, BCU, SBU)
 HMI (Human Machine Interface) panel
 Solenoid Operated Lubricator units
and other electronic components are:
 Load Transmitter
 Trigger System (Shaft Encoder)
 Backup Trigger System
 Pickups
374. What are the advantage and disadvantage of Electro-hydraulic cylinder lubrication system?
Advantage
 Due to significantly reduce the cylinder oil consumption that one of the burden expend of Ship’s Owner or Shipping
Management Company would be reduced also.
 Effectively and timely lubrication can be obtained by the system used computer programming when piston upward stroke.
 Reduce cylinder liner wear.
 Avoid scavenge fire.
 Can obtain long cylinder liner’s life.
 Reduce some procedures such as pre-lubricating operated by manually.
90
 Can protect dangerous engine troubles which may occur due to cylinder lubrication failure by using common alarms
system, controlled by electronic devices and computer programming unit that closed watch whether there were smooth all
cylinder lubrication sequence taking place or not.
Disadvantage
 High initial coast.
 Difficult to fault finding, difficult to repairing and unavailable to easily repair the system which by using complex electronic
devices and Computer Processing Unit - CPU
 So computer program that calculated output power and load consequent to totally control the cylinder oil feed rate
depending upon an engine’s output power and load. Therefore daily cylinder oil consumption which not same result as
mechanical type lubricator because less cylinder oil consumption can result although higher engine r.p.m during low load
due to smooth sea (under BF scale 4) but more cylinder oil consumption may result although lower engine r.p.m during
high load due to bad weather condition above BF scale 6.)
 In order to know chemical reaction take place by combustion process, micro particle took place by fraction effect between
piston rings and liner metal and proper cylinder oil feed rate to be adjusted into cylinder liner as per maker’s advice,
sample of scrap down oil must be tested on board by means of special test kit or sent to recommended lab analysis every
once a week or recommended interval.
375. What is Water Based Local Application Fire-Fighting System for Machinery Space?
According to SOLAS Regulation, Chapter II-2 Construction - Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction, Part - C
Suppression of fire, Regulation - 10 Fire fighting,
Paragraph . 5 .6 Fixed local application fire-extinguishing systems, passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and above and cargo
ships of 2,000 gross tonnage and above, Machinery spaces of category A above 500m3 in volume shall, in addition to the fixed
fire-extinguishing system required in paragraph and
5.1.1, be protected by an approved type of fixed water-based or equivalent local application fire-extinguishing system.
Therefore all passenger and cargo ship had installed Water Based Local Application Fire-Fighting System for Machinery Space
such as Main Engine, Auxiliary Engines, Boiler, Incinerator and Purifiers spaces where fire may happen by heat source on
lagging.
376. In the Oil Record Book , What mean PART III ?

According to Regulations for the prevention of Air Pollution from ships (MARPOL 73/78, Annex VI) shall be recorded PART III
of respective Codes, when proceeds such as Ozone Depleting Substances, Sulfur contents
in fuel oil after every bunkering operation and Incineration record in the Oil Record Book.
377. How many Codes on PART III and What are they?
There is 5 Codes and they are:
A. Ozone Depleting Substances
B. Sulphure Oxides (Sox) after every bunkering operation
C. Volatile Organic Compound (Apply for tanker)
D. Incinerator on board (every time is issued)
E. Additional operation procedures and general remarks
378. What is bunker survey?

Every before and end of charter voyage (especially time charter), bunker surveyor(s) who will be done survey thereafter issued
official document (ON/OFF hire certificate) behalf of charter party in order to estimate the financial profits of charter party and to
be claimed to ship’s owner regarding about the amount of fuel oil had consumed during whole voyage and remaining on board
fuel oil for replenish as original quantities of owner.
379. What may occure FCC (Fuel Catalyctic Cracking) ?

FCC (Fuel Catalyctic Cracking) may occur by higher silica and aluminum content in heavy fuel oil.
91
380. How many amount of fuel oil should be kept for safe margin?
a) Actually, this is not same quantity for the respective shipping company’s.
b) Some company should be kept 3 days of daily fuel consumption.
c) Some company should be kept 20% of total steaming consumption.
d) Some company should be kept 15% of total steaming consumption.
381. How to get cooling effect to turbocharger lubricating oil on each turbine and blower side (or) Explain cooling
media of turbocharger lubricating oil on each turbine and blower side?
 By means of engine’s jacket cooling F.W (from cooling space) for turbine side bearing L.O cooling.
 By means of incoming fresh air for blower side bearing L.O cooling.
382. How many types of turbocharger lubricating system?

There are 3 types of turbocharger lubricating systems. They are:
1) Independent header tank system (Old model engine)
2) From engine’s L.O sump tank , driven by L.O pump (M.A.N, Mitsubishi, ABB type) and
3) Own sump with L.O attach pumps on each turbine and blower side bearing lubrication (BBC VTR type)
383. What is ISM?

ISM means “International Safety Management Code”
 IMO resolution A. 741(18)
 Adopted the ISM Code, by introducing the SOLAS 1974, Chapter – IX in November 1993 and made it mandatory in
May 1994. The effective dates when it came in force are as follow:
 By 01st July, 1998 : Passenger ships including high speed crafts, all cargo high speed crafts, all tankers, all gas
carriers and all bulk carriers of 500 GRT and above;
 By 01st July 2002 : All cargo ships and all mobile off shore drilling unit of 500 GRT and above.
 Objective of Code : In order to improve the Safety of lives, Safe operation of vessel and Environmental protection.
 Therefore all shipping companies must be implemented safety management system, approved by organization on the
basic of outstanding of shipping operation know-how which ensure safety on the sea, prevention of loss of life and to
avoid from loss of sea environment and assets as the main goal safety management system, approved by
organization.
384. What is Contingency plan? (or) Explain contingency plan and what are they?
According to ISM Code, all shipping companies and vessels must be planned to achieve smooth operation and management
for assigned duty of individual crew member when if any emergencies situation onboard may occur, called Contingency Plan.
They are plan of:
1. Fire
2. Abandon ship
3. Emergency steering
4. Oil pollution prevention
5. Man overboard (Search and Rescue)
6. Main power failure (M/E failure, black out)
7. Flooding (Grounding, Collision)
385. What is ISPS Code?

ISPS means is “International Ship and Port Facilities Security” Code.
 Adopted by IMO Resolution A - 924 (22), on 12th December, 2002, amendments to the SOLAS 1974 considering that
the new chapter XI-2 of the convention makes a reference to an International Ship and Port Facilities Security (ISPS)
Code and requires that ship, and port facilities to comply with the relevant requirements.
 This Code apply to:
1. The following types of the ships engaged on the international voyages:
. 1 passenger ships, including high speed passenger crafts;
. 2 cargo ships, including high speed crafts, of 500 GRT and upwards;
. 3 mobile off shore drilling units; and
2. Port facilities serving such ships engaged on international voyages.
The Code has been entry into force on 01st July, 2004.
92
386. How to prepare to achieves ISSC external audit?

 Prepare valid ISSC, necessary documents and certificates.
 To be inspected whether there was fully comply or not onboard as per ISPS Code (for example: such as IMO ship’s
Identification Number, Security equipments, assess control system and crew ID etcs..,) and if necessary to be
informed to CSO for the requirements.
 Prepare all documents and records regarding ship security plan (SSP, training, drill, exercise, DOS, CSR, Report of
security breaches, change in security levels, security threats and incidents, Test record of Ship Security Alert System-
SSAS, communication system, internal audit reviews, period review of the security survey, previous port of call (at
least 10 ports) Non-compliance) up to date as per ISPS Code.
 To be rectified and corrected serious deficiencies of security onboard.
 Education and training to be carried out to all crew members onboard before audit in order to familiar the ISPS Code
at all time.
 If necessary to be carried out meeting ship’s key person regarding about ship’s security managements.
387. What is SEEMP?

SEEMP means “Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan”.
SEEMP is mandatory for ship over 400 GRT and above from 01st January, 2013.
All international tonnage certificate (ITC) vessels of 400 GRT and above must obtain IEEC (International Energy Efficiency
Certificate) after 01st January, 2013.
388. What is EEOI?

EEOI means “Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator.
It is ratio of mass of CO2 emitted per unit of transport work.
389. What is Energy Efficiency?

Ratio of relationship between performance output and energy input.
390. What is the objective for SEEMP?

a) To achieve the emergency saving.
b) To evaluate the effectiveness of SEEMP measures and implementation continuously.
391. What is CO2 emission unit?

(gm/ton-mile)10-6 or ton CO2 per ton x nautical mile

ORAL Examination Questions and Answers: M.O.T First Class Part (B) For Certificate of Chief Engineer

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ORAL Examination Questions and Answers: M.O.T First Class Part (B) For Certificate of Chief Engineer

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M.O.T First Class Part (B)

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1. What is classification societies ?

2. What are IMO conventions ?

3. What is Statutory Survey ?

4. What are Statutory Certificates ?

5. What is classification Survey ?

6. Why Classification Societies sometimes issue the Statutory Certificate?

Difference between : Statutory Survey and Classification Survey:

Annual Survey (machinery):

Intermediate Survey (machinery):

Special Surveys (machinery):

8. What is Flag State ?

9. What is Port State ?

» International convention for prevention of collision at sea (1972) ,

10. How to prepare Port State Control? ( Before entering port )

11. What is CMS ?

12. What items are covered by CMS ?

13. What items are not covered by CMS ?

8. Performance tests, pressure tests required at Periodical Surveys.

14. What is IOPP and what contain ?

15. How to prepare the IOPP Survey ?

16. What is Oil Record Book ?

Oil Record Book: ( Part I ) , For All Ship.

Oil Record Book: ( Part II ) , For Oil Tanker.

5. Ballasting of cargo tanks.

17. What are the MARPOL 73/78 Annexes?

. Pollution prevention by ballast water from one ecological zone to another.

According to MARPOL regulation , How to discharge oily bilge to overboard ?

For cargo ship

c) Ship is proceeding en-route.

18. What requirement of sludge tank ?

Sludge Tank Capacity requirements

Where K2 = 0.01 for HFO bunker oil tanks

19. What is MARPOL 73/78 Annex IV and explain regulation ?

20. How to discharge overboard sewage from ship ? ( Sewage regulation )

Comminuted and Disinfected: Can be dischar1ged beyond 4 mile.

21. How to operate Biological Sewage Treatment Plant ?

22. What is Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD ?

23. What is Coliform Count ?

24. How do you prepare machinery survey ? ( M/E or G/E )

25. What is Boiler Survey?

Annual Boiler Survey includes:

Preparation for survey:

26. How to check IOPP certificate when C/E sign on ?

7. Compare fuel consumption and sludge formation.

27. How to prepare electrical survey?

For UMS operation:

For Tankers / Gas Carrier:

28. How will you prepare for Alternator survey?

29. What are the preparations for switchboard surveys?

9. Voltmeters, Watt meters and Ammeters calibrated and tested.

30. Emergency Power and Associated Equipment Survey:

Insulation Resistance Survey

Navigation light indicator survey:

31. What is load line survey ?

32. Conditions of Freeboard Assignment: Why it is important?

Preparation for Load Line / Annual Survey:

1. Load line marks, verified with existing Load line Certificate.

33. What is free board ?

34. What purpose of free board ?

35. What is the Air bottle survey ?