Eigenmode Based Optimization of Sensors
Jan Benz, Jan Hansen Stephan Frei
Robert Bosch GmbH
Reutlingen, Germany
jan.benz2@de.bosch.com
Abstract—Immunity failures of safety-critical automotive sen-
sors can often be linked to strong resonances. In traditional
approaches to combat the resonance, it is either shifted to other
frequencies or attenuated. In this paper, a third way is shown.
Every resonance is associated with an eigenmode of the system.
If externally excited, the mode may resonate with a certain
amplitude. This amplitude is a function of the projection of the
system’s excitation onto the spatial distribution of the mode.
With the help of a 3D sensitivity analysis, we identify potential
geometric parameters that lead either to a reduced excitation of
the eigenmode or that lower the impact of the eigenmodes on
the target signal.
Applying this method to an automotive pressure sensor a
significant reduction of the resonance amplitude by a small
modification in the sensor layout is achieved.
Index Terms—Eigenmodes, 3D-Sensitivity Analysis, Automo-
tive Sensors, Optimization
I. I NTRODUCTION
It is known that even tiny changes in the layout of a small-
sized sensor can greatly increase its immunity behavior [1].
Advanced simulation methods are necessary to enable targeted
sensor optimization, since any measurement equipment may
alter the test environment and shadow the effect under inves-
tigation.
Failures in safety-critical automotive sensors can often be
attributed to resonance amplitudes exceeding the immunity
threshold of the ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit)
[2]. A method to specifically investigate the amplitudes of
critical resonances and to identify potential countermeasures
reducing the amplitude is therefore desirable.
The eigenmode analysis is a well-known method to investi-
gate resonances in electromagnetic structures. The eigenmodes
provide information about the frequency (eigenfrequency)
and the spatial distribution (eigenvector) of the associated
resonances. Many papers on eigenmodes in electromagnetic
structures are available. E.g. in [3], [4] and [5] the eigenmode
analysis is used to design antennas with optimized resonance
frequency. In [6] the spatial distribution of a resonance in
a DCDC-converter emission test setup is determined using
the eigenmode analysis as it is available in some commercial
solvers [7].
It is crucial to note, though, that a computation of eigen-
modes is not a function of any excitation, but a property of the
system itself. The system behavior under external excitation
978-1-7281-5579-1/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
TU Dortmund University
Dortmund, Germany
stephan.frei@tu-dortmund.de
is not taken into account - in fact, the external excitation may
partially excite some eigenmodes, but not others. Thus, the
calculation of the resonance amplitude requires a measure of
the excitation of each eigenmode.
A modal approach to analyze resonances in an excited sys-
tem is shown in the harmonic modal analysis of power delivery
systems in [8]. In this paper, the system admittance matrix
is decomposed step-wise in its eigenvalues and eigenvectors
for many frequency samples. Resonance frequencies and the
impact area of the resonances can then be determined. A
similar approach is used in the characteristic mode decompo-
sition theory to optimize the feeding position and the radiation
pattern of antennas [9], [10], [11].
In this paper, a modal analysis method for studying the
resonance behavior of an excited system based on the net-
work eigenmodes is presented. Consequently, the resonance
frequency, the shape of the resonance as well as their level of
excitation due to an external source can be calculated directly.
Further, an eigenmode optimization method to reduce the
excitation and/or improve the spatial distribution is proposed.
For this purpose, the following steps are performed using a
sensor demonstrator:
1) The eigenmodes (eigenvectors and eigenfrequencies) of
the sensor are calculated.
2) We show how to project the resulting eigenvectors onto
the external excitation. In the present case, we choose a
common mode (CM) current as the driving source.
3) A voltage VASIC , which is known for its importance for
the immunity of the sensor, is defined as the voltage to
be optimized.
4) The resonance amplitudes of the differential voltage
are decomposed in their associated modal properties
utilizing the modal analysis constructed in the 2nd step.
5) A subsequent 3D sensitivity analysis highlights possible
layout optimizations in order to reduce the excitation
and/or improve the spatial distribution of the eigen-
modes.
The presented workflow is applied to an automotive pressure
sensor. The results of the final 3D sensitivity analysis reveal a
single bond structure of the sensor as most significant geome-
try for layout improvement. By increasing the bond length by
≈15 %, the simulation predicts a significant reduction between
6 dB and 18 dB of the resonance amplitudes.
 in Fig. 1b causes a differential voltage at the ASIC, but it
is unclear how much this mode is excited. A reduction of
the resonance amplitude by optimizing the excitation of the
eigenmode can therefore not be found.
B. Eigenmode Based Resonance Analysis in Electric Networks
In this section, we will use the results of the eigenmode
analysis to predict the resonance spectrum of an excited sys-
tem. First, the correlation between resonances and eigenmodes
is shown at network level. Therefore, the 3D geometry of
the sensor is translated into a physical equivalent electrical
(a) 709 MHz (b) 1.18 GHz
circuit (EEC) consisting of R, L and C elements using the
Fig. 1. Electrical potential φ of two eigenmodes in a pressure sensor
PHREEC method presented in [14] and [15]. Additional
discrete elements (filter components, termination impedances,
II. T HEORETICAL BACKGROUND current sources, etc.) are then added to the EEC. The validity
of this method for sensor simulations has already been shown
A. Eigenmodes in Field Theory
in [1]. We restrict ourselves to weakly damped systems without
The eigenvalue problem for a lossless, linear system of series resistances.
perfect electric conductors (PECs) is the search for eigenfre- The resulting electrical circuit is commonly described by the
quencies ωi ∈ R, ω > 0 and the associated eigenmodes of the modified nodal analysis [16]. However, due to the symmetric
electric field strength E(ωi , x) 6= 0, x ∈ Ω, given that [12] properties of the matrices, the nodal analysis
∇ × µ−1 ∇ × E(ω) − ω 2  E(ω) = 0 in Ω, (1) 1 −1
[Y]V~n = [ L + G + jωC]V~n = I~s (2)
n × E(ω) = 0 on ∂Ω. jω

The real valued, frequency independent permittivity  and is advantageous for RLC circuits and will be used to analyze
reluctivity µ−1 tensors model material properties in the fixed the circuit [17]. The inductance matrix L−1 , the conductance
non-conductive closed space Ω between the PECs. The con- matrix G and the capacitance matrix C link the node voltage
ductors themselves are considered perfectly conducting, in- vector V~n with the external source vector I~s as a function of
cluding the outer boundary of the domain Ω. The spatial do- the complex frequency jω. The node voltages
main Ω ∈ R3 excludes the PEC bodies and creates interfaces adj(Y) ~
(boundary surfaces). This is expressed in the electric boundary V~n = Y−1 I~s = Is (3)
det(Y)
condition.
After transforming the eigenmodes to the potential represen- are large if det(Y) is very small or zero. The complex poles ω i
tation using the Lorenz gauge, the electric potential φ can be of a weakly damped system in Eq. (3) with det( jω1 L−1 +G+
i
easily visualized to give an interpretable representation. The jω i C) = 0 are close to the poles ωi of a lossless system with
numerical calculation of the eigenvalue problem in (1) and det( jω1 i L−1 + jωi C) = 0. Thus, the poles ωi of the lossless
the representation of the eigenmodes can be done in the CST system will be further investigated.
Studio Suite [7]. The poles ωi correspond to the eigenvalues of the general-
Fig. 1 shows the distribution of the electrical potential of ized eigenvalue problem,
two eigenmodes from the pressure sensor in Fig. 2. Here, red
[L−1 − λi C]V
~i = 0, (4)
or blue represent regions with positive or negative potential.
The color saturation visualizes the level of the electrical poten- with the eigenvalues λi = ωi2 = (2πfi )2 and the eigenvectors
tial and allows a spatial localization of the resonance. Thus it V~i . Therefore, the resonances in (2) can be associated to the
can be seen that the eigenmodes in Figs. 1a and 1b occur at the eigenmodes of the generalized eigenvalue problem in (4).
connection between MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) With a positive definite capacitance matrix C (4) can be
and ASIC. Even a small differential voltage VASIC at the two written as [18]
bonds (enlarged section in the Figs. 1a and 1b) of the sensor [L−1 − ΛC]Vm = 0. (5)
can disturb its function [13].
While the mode in Fig. 1a mainly causes a CM voltage Multiplying with the eigenvector matrix V|m leads to
(same color at the two bonds), the mode in Fig. 1b causes a V|m L−1 Vm − ΛV|m CVm = 0. (6)
high differential voltage (different color at the two bonds).
Using the eigenmode analysis, resonant regions of an elec- The eigenvector matrix Vm can be chosen such that
trical circuit can quickly be identified. Apart from frequency V|m CVm = ΛC and V|m L−1 Vm = ΛL−1 become diagonal
and spatial distribution of the resonance, however, no state- [18]. Inserting ΛL−1 and ΛC into (2) results in
ment can be made about the resonance amplitude in the case 1
of an external excitation. Thus, it can be seen that the mode [ Λ −1 + V|m GVm + jωΛC ]V−1 ~ | ~
m Vn = Vm Is . (7)
jω L
 We define the vector ~z = V−1 ~
m Vn which links the eigenvec-
tor matrix Vm to the nodal voltages V~n .
Under the assumption that V|m GVm becomes diagonal as
well, the system of equations from (7) is decoupled and
the eigenmodes can be considered separately. For the i-th
eigenmode one obtains
1 ~ | −1 ~ ~ | GV ~ | CV
~i + jω V ~ | I~s . (8)
~i ]zi = V
[ V L Vi + V
jω i i i i

The term V ~ | I~s has the physical unit of power, and it indi-
i
cates the coupling between the external excitation and the
eigenmode. It represents a projection of the excitation onto
the eigenmode. At the resonance frequency fi , the energy
stored in the inductances is equal to the energy stored in the Fig. 2. Layout of the investigated pressure sensor
capacitances [14]. Eq. (8) is simplified to
~ |~
~ | GV
V ~ | I~s or zi = Vi Is .
~i zi = V (9) chain rule, the 3D sensitivities can be decomposed into a
i i ~ | GV
~i
V i product of geometric sensitivities and modal sensitivities,
~ | I~s correlates directly to zi . With
V dVASIC

∂VASIC
|
dX
i
= · . (12)
~n = V
V ~ m ~z ≈ V~i zi (10) dpi ∂X dpi
| {z } |{z}
~n at the resonance frequency Smod. Sgeo.
the resonance amplitude of V
fi is dominated by the eigenmode V ~i . The scalar zi can be Here, X represents the network impedances R, L, or C
interpreted as the excitation of the eigenmode V ~i . (matrix-variate and stacked into a vector) and pi represents
If V|m GVm is not diagonal, which is the common case, the geometric model parameters, e.g. the parametrization of
the system of equations in (7) is coupled via the conductance the conducting surfaces. The geometric sensitivities
matrix G. The parameter zi must now be calculated by solving dX
(7). Nevertheless, the parameter zi can be interpreted at the Sgeo. = (13)
dpi
resonance frequency fi as an excitation of the eigenmode V ~i .
In most cases a critical voltage must be reduced to increase describe the sensitivities of the geometric model parameters
the immunity of the sensor [2], [13]. with regard to the parasitic impedances computed by the
As an example, the differential voltage VASIC = V ~n [a] − PHREEC method. Modal sensitivities
~n [b] at the ASIC in Fig. 2 will be used. Therefore, the
V ∂VASIC
Smod. = (14)
voltage overshoot at the ASIC due to the resonances can be ∂X
approximated at each resonance i by describe the sensitivities of the parasitic network impedances
~i [a] − V~i [b]) . with regard to the VASIC . Applying (14) to (11), the modal
VASIC ≈ zi · (V (11)
|{z} | {z } sensitivities with respect to the excitation and impact are
Excitation Impact obtained.
The extension of the eigenmode analysis now allows a state-
III. E XAMPLE : P RESSURE S ENSOR
ment about the system behavior under external excitation. As
depicted in (11), each resonance amplitude can be represented In this chapter the pressure sensor of Fig. 2 will be examined
as the product of the excitation of the resonance and its impact using the presented method.
on the target signal. In immunity tests the sensor is floating 5 cm above the table.
In this way, a reduced resonance amplitude or, respectively, The referenced PHREEC method is used to translate the 3D
a higher immunity of the sensor is achieved by a lower geometry of the sensor in Fig. 2 into an EEC. Additional
excitation zi of the resonances or a lower impact of the discrete elements (filter components, termination impedances,
resonances on VASIC . This does not necessarily affect the etc.) are afterwards added to the network. Series resistances
frequency or attenuation of the resonance. are neglected.
A CM current Is is fed via a cable harness into the
C. Sensitivity Analysis connector pins as shown in Fig. 2. The BCI (Bulk Current
To increase the immunity of the sensor, the amplitude of Injection) closed-loop target current (300 mA) is assumed in
resonances of the voltage VASIC must be reduced. To achieve the following as a worst-case and is therefore used as an
this the 3D optimization method based on the work shown in excitation [22].
[19], [20] and [21] is used. The nodal potential analysis in (2) is solved in a circuit
A sensitive region means, that a vertical translation of the simulator. Seven resonances of VASIC can be observed in the
surface element will significantly influence VASIC . Using the frequency range up to 2 GHz (Fig. 3). For our investigation,

Fig. 3. Resonances of VASIC at constant CM current excitation
we pick the three largest ones at 709 MHz, 1180 MHz, and
1470 MHz.
For example, the excitation zi of the resonance at 1470 MHz
is more than 13 times greater than the excitation zi of the
resonance at 1180 MHz. As a result, the similar resonance
amplitudes VASIC can be explained.
B. Sensitivity Analysis
In order to identify possible geometric changes to reduce
the resonance amplitudes shown in Fig. 3, the 3D sensitivity
analysis presented in section II-C is performed. First, the
modal sensitivities in (14) are calculated for each of the
resonances. Additionally, geometric sensitivities for parasitic
elements of the 3D model are calculated. Linking the sensi-
tivities according to (12) results in three 3D sensitivity maps
that indicate the potential for improvement in sensor design.
The resulting 3D sensitivities are exemplarily visualized for

A. Eigenmode Based Resonance Analysis

Using (4) the eigenvalue problem is set up. The capacitance
matrix C contains parasitic capacitances from the sensor
geometries computed by PHREEC as well as discrete filter
capacitances. Partial parasitic inductances of the layout and
their couplings are included with the inductances of the ferrites
used in the sensor layout in the inductance matrix L−1 . The
eigenvectors V~i and the eigenfrequencies fi of the sensor can
then be calculated.
Due to a large number of discrete elements, which need to
be added to the circuit subsequently a total of 40 circuit nodes
is required. Therefore, 40 eigenmodes can be calculated using Fig. 4. Visualization of the 3D sensitivities of the mode amplitude at 1.18 GHz
Matlab resulting in a 40 by 40 matrix Vm [23]. These include
the 7 eigenmodes associated with the resonances in Fig. 3 as the resonance at 1180 MHz in Fig. 4. A high optimization
well as eigenmodes above or below the observed frequency potential at the bonds can be seen. It can be concluded that a
range. geometric change of the bonds has the greatest influence on
With the help of (10), the voltage VASIC calculated in Fig. the resonance amplitude. In order to reduce the amplitude,
3 can now be displayed regarding the eigenvectors V~i and the red colored bond should be increased in length, while
their excitation zi . In particular, the amplitude of VASIC at the blue colored bond should be decreased in length. Similar
the resonance frequency fi is dominated by the corresponding optimization potentials can be concluded if the 3D sensitivity
eigenmode. The amplitude of each resonance can therefore be analysis is applied to the remaining two resonances.
described by (11). C. Resonance Optimization
Thus, for each of the three selected resonances the excitation
Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, the bond
zi and the impact on VASIC of the associated eigenmode V~i
structures of the sensor are optimized accordingly.
is calculated by (11) at the eigenfrequency fi . In Tab. I the
The improvement could be achieved by extending and thus
increasing the inductance of the bond shown in Fig. 4. The
TABLE I
M ODAL PROPERTIES OF THE CRITICAL RESONANCES . new structure can be seen in Fig. 5.

Eigenfrequency Excitation Impact Amplitude

fi |zi | ~i [a] − V
|V ~i [b]| VASIC
709 MHz 7.6 58 mV 0.45 V
1180 MHz 2.9 1V 2.94 V
1470 MHz 39.4 55 mV 2.17 V

excitation and impact of the resonances as well as the resulting

resonance amplitudes VASIC are compared. Tab. I shows that
the resonance at 1180 MHz has an high impact V~i [a]− V~i [b] on
VASIC while the resonance at 1470 MHz has a small impact
on VASIC . However, the extended eigenmode analysis now Fig. 5. Optimized bond layout (red section) of the investigated pressure sensor
shows that the excitation zi of the modes also differ significant.
 Here, the middle bond was extended by the red colored significantly. This improves the overall immunity of the sensor.
section (≈500 µm). This corresponds to an increase of the Furthermore, no influence on not-investigated, low-frequency
bond inductance by 0.5 nH. modes is visible. By altering a single bond length by 500 µm
The modal properties of the resonances in Tab. I are
recalculated for the improved structure.
Tab. II shows the modal properties of the investigated
resonances after the optimization. The following conclusions
can be drawn when comparing Tabs. I and II:
• 705 MHz Mode: The resonance at 709 MHz was reduced
in its impact on VASIC from 58 mV to 38 mV by chang-
ing the bond. The excitation remained almost constant.
• 1140 MHz Mode: The resonance at 1140 MHz was re-
duced in its excitation from 2.9 to 1.56 by changing the
bond. The impact on VASIC remains unchanged.
• 1470 MHz Mode: The resonance at 1470 MHz was re- (a) 705 MHz (b) 1.14 GHz
duced in its impact on VASIC from 55 mV to 11 mV Fig. 7. Eigenmodes of the investigated pressure sensor after the layout
by changing the bond. The excitation remained almost optimization
constant.
an improvement of at least 6 dB of the resonance amplitude at
1180 MHz up to 18 dB at the 1470 MHz resonance has been
TABLE II
M ODAL PROPERTIES OF THE CRITICAL RESONANCES AFTER
reached.
OPTIMIZATION Fig. 7 shows the recalculated spatial distribution of the
eigenmodes in CST. Hardly any changes in the eigenmodes are
Eigenfrequency Excitation Impact Amplitude visible when comparing to the potentials in Fig. 1, although the
fi |zi | ~i [a] − V
V ~i [b] VASIC change in the layout greatly improved the differential voltage
705 MHz 7.3 38 mV 0.28 V VASIC . This confirms the necessity of linking the excitation
1140 MHz 1.56 1V 1.56 V
1470 MHz 41.6 11 mV 0.46 V
with the eigenmodes to locate potential improvements in the
resonance behavior of new sensors.

Finally, the voltage VASIC is recalculated and compared

to the original layout in Fig. 7. It can be seen that the
small change in the layout greatly changes the amplitudes
of the targeted resonances. While the frequencies of the
resonances change only slightly, the amplitudes are reduced

Fig. 6. Comparison of the resonances in the differential voltage VASIC at constant CM current excitation with optimized bond size
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