HSF C6 INT - How Do Things Get Around The Body (S2 2016) ANSWERS

Compendium 6 INT - How do things get around the body?
6.0 Compendium 6 – How do things get around the body?

6.1 Learning outcomes
1. Describe the major anatomical structures of the heart including chambers, valves, inflow and
outflow.
2. Describe the position of the heart within the mediastinum including its coverings.
3. Differentiate between systemic and pulmonary circulation.
4. Define the effects of exercise on cardiac output.
5. Describe the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood.
6.1.1 Key terms

The terms you will encounter during your workshop activities are:
Pulse point, facial, carotid, brachial, radial, Doppler, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, artery,
vein, capillary, ventricle, atrium, lumen, orifice, chamber, bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve,
atrioventricular valve, papillary muscle, chordae tendinae, mediastinum, parietal pericardium,
visceral pericardium, systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation, semilunar valve, trabeculae
carnae, pericardial sac, apex, base, blood components, lymph.
6.1.2 Questions
After completing this Compendium you should be able to answer the following questions:
1. What is carried by the circulation and how?
2. What is the driving force for movement of fluid around the body?
3. What are the anatomical structures of the heart and how does the left side of the heart differ
from the right?
4. What structures does blood pass through as it travels through the heart?
5. How does the heart help the lungs do their job?
6. How are increased metabolic demands of tissues met by changes to blood circulation?
7. What are the layers that surround the heart and where is the heart located within the thoracic
cavity?
8. How are arteries and veins similar and different?
9. Describe the basic components of blood?
Risk assessment
A risk assessment for the Compendium 6 workshop has been carried out and there some very minor
risks associated with this workshop. Students and tutors will be required to wear closed-in shoes,
safety glasses and laboratory coats when handling the fresh animal tissue in this workshop.
To see the risk assessment for this workshop please visit the Hooked2Biomed Blackboard site
under Course Information.
For more information on safety and health at Curtin University please visit:
http://healthandsafety.curtin.edu.au/
HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 1 of 23

9 September 2016 CRICOS Provider Code
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6.2 Preparation
This week is all about the movement of fluid around the body, which is necessary to supply cells
with oxygen and nutrients, and remove wastes. The movement of fluid around the body is primarily
the job of the circulatory system.
6.2.1 - Listen to the iLectures

 Anatomy of the cardiovascular system
 Physiology of the cardiovascular system
6.2.2 - Read the following pages of your textbook

 VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L. & Russo, A. F. (2014). Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology (10th
edition). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill
o Chapter 19: pages 637-644
o Chapter 20: pages 665-678 and 691-691
 VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L. & Russo, A. F. (2010). Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology (9th
edition). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill
o Chapter 20: pages 674-688 and 700-702
6.2.3 - Watch the two videos

Watch the two videos on Blackboard in the Workshop Videos folder under Compendium 6 on
Blackboard. The videos are titled:
 Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body

This animation demonstrates how oxygen moves into the blood stream in the lungs and out of the
blood in the tissues, to supply cells with oxygen. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from areas of
high concentration to low concentration. In the animation, the concentration of O 2 and CO2 is talked
about in terms of “partial pressure”, with the gases moving from areas of high partial pressure
(concentration) to lower partial pressure, until the concentrations are equal.
 Fluid exchange across the walls of capillaries

In the tissues, gas and nutrient exchange occurs between the cells and the blood supplied by the
capillaries. Some of the fluid (rich in nutrients and oxygen) is pushed out of the capillaries at the start
of the capillary bed and becomes interstitial fluid bathing the cells. This fluid then exchanges gases
and nutrients with the cells. At the end of the capillary bed, most of this fluid is transported back into
the capillaries and flows into the veins.

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6.2.4 - Answer the following pre-workshop questions

1. What type of epithelium lines blood capillaries allowing for quick diffusion of gases?
a. stratified squamous
b. simple columnar
c. simple squamous **CORRECT ANSWER
d. pseudostratified columnar
2. What components make up the circulatory system?

a. pulmonary and systemic circulation **CORRECT ANSWER
b. pulmonary and cardiac circulation
c. hepatic portal and systemic circulation
d. pulmonary and venous circulation
3. Which one of the following chamber first receives freshly oxygenated blood?
a. left atrium **CORRECT ANSWER
b. right atrium
c. right ventricle
d. left ventricle
4. What one of the following forms the thickest layer of the heart wall?
a. endocardium
b. epicardium
c. myocardium **CORRECT ANSWER
d. pericardium
5. What one of the following is an alternative name for the right atrioventricular valve?
a. bicuspid valve
b. mitral valve
c. pulmonary semilunar valve
d. tricuspid valve **CORRECT ANSWER
6. From which two structures does the pulmonary semilunar valve prevent backflow of blood?
a. pulmonary trunk into right ventricle **CORRECT ANSWER
b. pulmonary vein into right ventricle
c. pulmonary artery into left ventricle
d. right ventricle into right atrium
7. Which vessel brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body into the right atrium?
a. inferior vena cava
b. superior vena cava **CORRECT ANSWER
c. pulmonary vein
d. pulmonary trunk

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8. What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?
a. tricuspid valve **CORRECT ANSWER
b. bicuspid valve
c. mitral valve
d. pulmonary semilunar valve
9. What are the three layers of tissue that make up blood vessels from the innermost to the
outermost?
a. tunica externa, tunica intima and tunica media
b. tunica intima, tunica media and tunica externa **CORRECT ANSWER
c. tunica tendinae, tunica externa and tunica media
d. tunica media, tunica tendinae and tunica intima
10. What type of primary tissue makes up the tunica externa of blood vessels?
a. muscle tissue
b. epithelial tissue
c. connective tissue **CORRECT ANSWER
d. nervous tissue
6.3 Workshop
6.3.1 The pulse
The ejection of blood from the heart into the aorta produces a pressure wave or pulse that travels
along arteries. This pulse reflects the rate at which the heart beats and its rhythm. It can be felt at
many locations throughout the body, known as pulse points (Figure 6.1), and is most easily felt
where an artery rests against bone, such as the radial artery sitting on the end of the radius (inner
wrist) and the facial artery crossing the mandible (jaw).
Doppler machine tutor demonstration

 The Doppler machine is a quick and non-invasive way to assess blood flow velocities in
arteries. It is often used when assessing blood flow to the foot by placing it on the dorsalis
pedis artery. It is also used regularly when monitoring foetal heart rate.
 When the Doppler is placed on the radial artery (Figure 6.1) the pulse can be heard.
 If the cuff from a sphygmomanometer is placed on the upper arm and the pressure is
increased, it will eventually be high enough to cause the brachial artery to collapse
preventing blood entering the radial artery.
 Consequently the sound of the pulse at the radial artery using the Doppler machine will
disappear.
 When the cuff is deflated, reducing the pressure, there will be a point at which blood can
start to spurt through the artery again resulting in the pulse sound returning.
 The pressure at which the sound returns is the systolic blood pressure.

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Figure 6.1 – Pulse points
1. How do you define ‘pulse’?

The pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle.
This pressure travels along the arteries in your body to create pulse points at different parts of
the body.
2. Why do you have pulse points on certain parts of the body but not others? i.e. what makes a
pulse point?
Pulse points are areas where large arteries in the body are closer to the skin’s surface, or
close to or on top of bone i.e. they are in superficial places
3. Find the following 4 pulse points on your body using Figure 6.1 to guide you.
 Facial
 Carotid
 Brachial
 Radial
4. Which pulse point was the strongest for you? Record this in Table 6.1. Use your strongest pulse
point to record your own pulse (as described below) and make sure you write down which pulse
point you used.

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5. Use your index and middle finger to take your pulse for 30 seconds then multiply by two to give
rate (beats per minute), and record the average of three trials in Table 6.1. Alternatively, you
can take your pulse for 15 seconds and multiply it by four.
Table 6.1 - Individual pulse rate measured at your strongest pulse point
Pulse point used - ___________________
Pulse trial Beats per minute

1
2
3
Total
Average
6. Why do you think it not advised to use the thumb to take a pulse?
The thumb has a pulse
6.3.2 The effect of exercise on the heart
In Compendium 4 you saw the effect of increased metabolic needs (i.e. exercise) on breathing. Now
we are going to consider how the increased oxygen absorbed by the lungs will get to the cells,
where it is needed to meet increased metabolic needs.
Work in your groups for this exercise
 Choose a willing person to be the subject. The subject will have their pulse taken before,
during and after they JOG ON THE SPOT at a comfortable pace for 5 minutes.
 Choose a second person to take the pulse of the subject per minute. The subject may have
to help out if it is hard to take a pulse while the person is jogging. It may be easier to take a
15 second count and multiple that count by 4 to get the subject’s pulse per minute.
 A third person will keep track of the time, and record the pulse rate in Table 6.2.
 The fourth person will act as a monitor to keep watch and ensure the subject is able to talk
during the exercise, and does not feel light-headed or unwell. If the subject does start to feel
unwell, stop the experiment immediately.
 Record your results in the first column of Table 6.2.

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Table 6.2 - Cardiac output changes in response to exercise

HR (beats per SV CO1 CO1
min) (ml/beat) (ml/min) (L/min)
60 X 70 mls = 4200/1000
Example 60 beats/min 70 ml/beat
4200 ml/min = 4.2 L/min
Subject at rest 70
2 min mark – reading to be taken
2 mins after the start of the
70
exercise and subject has to
remain jogging
5 min mark – reading to be taken
3 minutes after the 2 minute mark
70
above and immediately after the
subject has stopped jogging
1 min post-exercise
70
5 min post-exercise
70
1
Estimated CO
1. Once you have compiled the pulse rate data, we can use that information to estimate the total
output of the heart and how it changes with exercise.
 To do this calculation, use the pulse rate as an approximation of the heart rate (HR).
 Each time your heart beats the ventricles eject approximately 70 mls of blood (70 ml/beat)
and this is called the stroke volume (SV)
 Therefore, you can work out your Cardiac Output (CO), which is the amount of blood
pumped by the heart per minute, using the formula CO = HR x SV.
Using this formula, calculate an estimated Cardiac Output (CO) and enter your results in the last
two columns of Table 6.2.
Cardiac output (ml/min) = heart rate (beat/min) x stroke volume (ml/beat).
2. Graph the estimated cardiac output (L/min from Table 6.2) versus the exercise time in the graph
below.

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Cardiac output per minute during exercise

(L/min)
Volume
Cardiac output (L)
0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Exercise Rest
Time (mins)
3. Did the heart rate, and consequently the cardiac output, change from resting to the 2 minutes
after the exercise had started period?
Most students would have seen HR and CO increase
4. Did the heart rate and consequently the cardiac output change from resting to the immediately
after the exercise is completed and the 1 and 5 minutes post exercise period?
Most students would have seen HR and CO increase then almost or completely return to
normal by the 5 mins period
5. Why do we need to increase cardiac output with exercise?
To supply the cells (skeletal and cardiac muscle), which are working a lot harder than they were
at rest, with the extra oxygen and nutrients they need, and to remove wastes
6. Calculate the percentage increase between the CO at rest and immediately after exercise by
adding values into the following formula:
Step 1: (CO immediately after the exercise is completed) minus (CO at rest)
= increase in CO in L/min

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E.g. if your CO at rest was 4.2 L/min then immediately after exercise it was 5.6 L/min then the
difference is:
5.6 L/min - 4.2 L/min = 1.4 L/min
Step 2: increased CO in L/min x 100 = % change in CO

CO at rest in L/min
E.g. In this example, the CO increased by 1.4 L/min. To find the percentage change:
1.4/4.2 x 100 = 33.3% change (it increased by 33.3%)
Your calculations:
7. During exercise the contracting muscles in the body compress the blood vessels and cause blood
to flow more rapidly towards the heart. What effect do you think this will have on stroke volume?
Increases SV. Muscles particularly in the lower limbs are working harder and increasing venous
return, which increases SV and CO. More blood goes into the heart, whilst at the same time the
heart is contracting more forcefully.
8. Throughout your experiment you used a SV of 70mls/beat to calculate the CO. Do you think this
will be an accurate representation of the CO during the experiment and during the post-exercise
period?
No, SV will increase with exercise as explained above. Thus, using the same SV for both
conditions will NOT give accurate results
Note: A longer-term increase in SV is achieved with a training effect, which is why athletes can
have a lower resting HR but still have adequate CO

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6.3.3 Structure and function of the cardiovascular system
You will work your way around three stations and will complete activities and answer questions
relevant to each station.
Station 1a – The difference between an artery and a vein

Arteries and veins are part of the blood vessel network that moves things around the body such as
oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and wastes. They have structural similarities and differences,
which relate to their function.
V
A
Figure 6.2 – Photomicrograph of an artery (A) and a vein (V)
1. This station has a model of an artery (labelled 1) and a vein (labelled 2). Discuss amongst your
group the following characteristics that can help distinguish between an artery and a vein.
Table 6.3. Differences between an artery and a vein
Characteristic Artery Vein

Carries blood….
 to the heart?
Blood away from the heart Blood towards the heart
 away from the heart?
 both?
The wall is…..
Thick, compared to the size of Thin, compared to the size of
 thick
the lumen the lumen
 thin
The lumen is….
 flat Round Flat
 round
Both. Pulmonary veins carry
What types of blood does Both. Pulmonary arteries carry
oxygenated blood from the
the vessel carry? deoxygenated blood to the
lungs to the heart, and most
 De-oxygenated only lungs, and most other arteries
other veins carry de-
 Oxygenated only carry oxygenated blood
oxygenated blood around the
 Both around the body
body

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Arteries and veins are structurally very different. The arteries in the systemic circulation are deep
and can only be felt at pulse points. Veins are also deep but there are many veins that are
superficial, especially in the arms and legs. These are easiest seen on the back of the hands and
tops (dorsum) of the foot. When you have a blood test, the blood is taken from a superficial vein.
2. Can you see any veins on your hands or feet?

Yes, you should be able to see an abundance of them.
3. Sally has been at work all day standing on her feet. Her legs are tired and sore and she just
wants to put her feet up. Once she got home from work, she said to cat George “I am so glad I
have valves in my veins, especially in my legs”. Can you think of a reason why Sally would think it
was beneficial to have valves in her veins
As Sally is standing upright and gravity increases venous pooling and the potential for swelling,
she was glad that valves in her veins decreased the likelihood of this occurring by preventing
backflow.
4. Figure 6.3 represents valves within a vein. Look at the direction of the valve flaps within the vein
and use this to help determine the direction of blood. Place an arrow on Figure 6.3 indicating
direction of flow.
Wall of the vein
Valves
Figure 6.3 - Vein with valves

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Station 1b – Blood plasma

Body fluids are divided into 2 overall compartments – intracellular and extracellular fluid.
Approximately 2/3 of body fluid is intracellular and 1/3 is extracellular. The extracellular fluid (ECF) is
further divided into intravascular and that which is found in the microscopic spaced between cells
called intercellular or interstitial fluid. The intravascular fluid compartment refers to the blood
within blood vessels (vascular). Body fluids are dynamic, this means that fluid moves between the
compartments of the body. The cardiovascular system delivers blood and vital nutrients (via blood
vessels) to the cells and tissues of the body. Blood consists of blood plasma and formed elements in
the percentages shown in the test tube of blood below.
For your information, when you take a sample of blood from someone, it is common to use a
centrifuge to spin it very fast so it separates into its components, with the heaviest at the bottom.
Then various parts of the blood can be tested depending on what test you are having done i.e.
glucose levels or iron levels, etc.
Proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen),

ions (e.g. sodium, calcium, magnesium
and potassium), nutrients (e.g. glucose),
waste products, gases, regulatory
substances (e.g. enzymes, hormones)
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets (cell fragments)
1. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the cells in the body. What structural specialisations act to
increase their surface area and thus their oxygen-carrying capacity?
No nucleus and a biconcave shape.
2. How do red blood cells carry oxygen?

Oxygen is attached to the haemoglobin protein found in blood (~1/3 of each RBC is
haemoglobin and haemoglobin gives the red colour of blood).
3. How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

Dissolved in plasma (7%), combined with haemoglobin (23%), as bicarbonate ions (70%).
4. What is the function of platelets in the blood?

Small cell fragments that assist with blood clotting and sealing holes in blood vessels.

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5. What is the function of white blood cells in the blood?

WBC or leukocytes (e.g. neutrophils and lymphocytes) are involved in immunity and
inflammation and they act to protect the body from invading pathogens.
Station 2a – Pin the vessel on the heart (stay at station table and use white board)
At this station you will investigate the flow of blood through the heart. The first three questions can
be completed at your station table but the remainder of the questions will be completed at the
whiteboard. Please work through this station quickly.
On your station table, there are several plastinated pig hearts which can be picked up with your bare
hands.
1. Pick up one of the plastinated pig hearts and identify the anterior aspect of the heart. You may
need to use a textbook and images at this station to help you differentiate between the anterior and
posterior view of the heart. What features could you use to distinguish anterior from posterior?
The pulmonary trunk is one of way to differentiate between anterior and posterior side of the
heart: from the anterior view, you will see the large pulmonary trunk which sits anterior to the
large aorta. Another technique to differentiate between the anterior and posterior side is to
identify the pulmonary veins on the posterior view which makes this side look “messy”
compared to the anterior view.
2. On the external surface, identify the four chambers of the heart, which are the right and left atria
(atrium is singular), and the right and left ventricles.
3. Can you see any fat on the surface of the heart? This generally accumulates between the left and
right ventricles and between the ventricles and atria.
Many small blood vessels can also be seen on the surface of the heart, particularly where there
are fat deposits. These vessels are responsible for the blood supply to the heart wall. Any
blockage or narrowing of this blood supply will affect how well the heart pumps blood. It is when
there is a blockage of these vessels that we say someone is having a ‘heart attack’ (also known as
a myocardial infarction). Interestingly, exercise can increase the number of these vessels and how
well they connect to each other.
As a group, move over to the electronic whiteboard. If your tutor has not projected the image of the
heart already, please ask them to do so now. There are 14 magnetic labels stuck on the white
board which you will need for this activity. Follow the instructions below and answer the related
questions.

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4. Two veins carry deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation into the right atria. Name these
two veins in the table below and place a magnetic label of them on the heart image projected on the
whiteboard.
Superior vena cava (SVC) Drains blood from the upper part of the body
Inferior vena cava (IVC) Drains blood from the lower part of the body
5. After blood moves out of these veins, the blood flows into the right atrium. Name the chamber
the blood moves into after leaving the right atrium and place a magnetic label of both chambers on
the heart image on the whiteboard.
Right ventricle (RV)
6. Blood leaves the right side of the heart and is pumped into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary
trunk splits into the left pulmonary artery and the right pulmonary artery. Label the pulmonary
trunk, left pulmonary artery and right pulmonary artery on the heart image on the whiteboard.
7. Where is this blood going after it leaves the left and right pulmonary arteries? Label this structure
on the heart image on the whiteboard. HINT: focus on their names of the arteries to help you answer
this question.
To the lungs
8. After this, the blood flows back via the left pulmonary veins and right pulmonary veins. Label
these two veins on the heart image on the whiteboard.
9. Into which chamber of the heart does this blood flow into? Label this on the heart image on the
whiteboard.
Left atrium
9. Into which chamber of the heart does blood then move into? Label this on the heart image on the
whiteboard.
Left ventricle
10. Through which vessel does blood leave the heart to move into the systemic circulation? Label
this on the heart image on the whiteboard.
Aorta

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11. Where does the blood in the aorta go to now? Label this on the heart image on the whiteboard.
To the body
12. You should not have any labels left over. Please check the labelling with your tutor before
moving onto the next station. Please also take the labels off the heart image for the next group.
Station 2b – Internal features of the heart (fresh heart specimen)
There are some fresh pig hearts located in the laboratory today. Please wear a lab coats, safety
glasses and gloves when handling the hearts. Your tutor will assist you with this station.
To see the internal features of the heart, select one of the pigs’ hearts that has been cut in a
coronal plane. This is where the heart has been sliced so it is divided into anterior and posterior
sections.
1. Pick up one of the sectioned pigs hearts and identify the following four chambers of the heart:
right and left atria and right and left ventricle.
Right side of the heart
2. The right atrium has three openings (orifices) into its chamber where the inferior and superior
vena cava and coronary sinus (blood draining from the heart wall itself) empty into the atrium.
Look for these on the pig hearts and heart model. Ask your tutor for help if you can’t see them.
The inner lining of the right atrium is mostly smooth to allow blood to move easily into the chamber
apart from a small part of the wall containing muscular ridges (pectinate muscles)
3. The right ventricle has two openings into its chamber; the right atrioventricular orifice and
the orifice of the pulmonary trunk. Identify these on the pig’s hearts.
4. There is a valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Name this valve.
Tricuspid or right atrioventricular valve
5. Observe the strong fibrous cords that attach to the flaps of the valve. What are these called?
Chordae tendinae

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6. Have a look at the ends of the chordae tendinae and you will see they are attached to muscles
that project from the ventricular walls. Name these muscles. What is their function?
Papillary muscles
Their function is to contract which pulls on the chordae tendineae and this prevents the valves
from opening into the atria. This prevents blood flowing back into the atria
There is an orifice in the right ventricle for the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk divides into left
and right pulmonary arteries, which carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The pulmonary
trunk is best seen on the whole heart specimens when looking at the heart from an anterior
perspective.
7. The interior lining of the right ventricle contains visible ridges produced by muscle within the wall
of the heart. What are these ridges called and what is their role?
Trabeculae carnae which act to increase turbulence and improve blood flow
8. Examine the base of the pulmonary trunk (where it leaves the heart) and observe the valve
spanning it. What is the name of this valve?
Pulmonary semilunar valve
The valve at the base of the pulmonary trunk is formed of flaps, but unlike the atrioventricular valves,
it does not have chordae tendinae attached to its cusps.
Left side of the heart
The left atrium has four relatively uniform openings from the four pulmonary veins. You will be able
to see all four of these openings on the heart models but not on the pig hearts. Also note the mostly
smooth inner surface of the left atrium.
9. What organ is the blood in the pulmonary veins returning from?
Lungs
10. Identify the two orifices leading into the left ventricle, the left atrioventricular orifice and the aortic
orifice. Find the valves spanning these two orifices and name them.
Bicuspid or left atrioventricular valve, and aortic semilunar valve
Station 3a - Systemic vs. pulmonary circulation
The heart and blood vessels are components of the circulatory system. This system can be divided
into two parts: systemic and pulmonary.

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1. Describe which parts of the body the systemic and pulmonary circulation deliver blood to. Which
side of the heart delivers blood to each circulation?
Systemic supplies oxygen and nutrients to, and removes wastes and carbon dioxide
from, tissues of the body. Blood flows from the left ventricle to all the tissues in
the body, and back to the right atrium
Pulmonary supplies oxygen and nutrients to, and removes wastes and carbon dioxide
from the lungs. Picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide in the lungs.
After leaving the lungs, blood, which is now high in oxygen, flows from the
lungs back to the left atrium
2. The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the right ventricle. Why do you think this
difference exists? (Hint: this relates to pulmonary versus system circulation).
Pulmonary circulation is close to heart so right ventricle doesn’t have to push blood very far,
whereas the left ventricle is responsible for supplying blood to all other tissues in the body.
Therefore the left ventricle needs to generate a lot more power in its contraction; it is also
working against a higher pressure

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Figure 6.5 - Systemic and pulmonary circulations
3. Complete Table 6.4 indicating the direction of movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
parts of the circulatory system labelled A, B and C on Figure 6.4.

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Table 6.4
Pulmonary or Supplies blood Gases Direction of gaseous movement:
systemic circulation to: a) out of blood to lungs
a) body cells or b) into blood from lungs
b) lungs? c) into blood from tissues
d) out of blood to supply tissues
A Systemic Body tissues Carbon dioxide c) Into blood from tissues

Oxygen d) Out of blood to supply tissues
B Pulmonary lungs Carbon dioxide a) Out of blood to lungs
Oxygen b) Into blood from lungs
C Systemic body tissues Carbon dioxide c) Into blood from tissues
Oxygen d) Out of blood to supply tissues
Station 3B – Anatomage table
View preset screen 1 (frontal orientation) and find the find the heart amongst the other major
organs.
1. What are the names given to the most superior part of the heart and the most inferior part?
Superior – base
Inferior - apex
2. Note how the majority of the heart is located towards the left hand side of the body, as a result
which of the two lungs is largest?
Right lung is larger than the left lung
3. Select the ruler tool and measure the width of the heart transversely (from right to left) at its
largest point, then measure the cut surface of the chest and compare these measurements. The
heart size should normally be no greater than half the width of the chest.
Transverse width of heart = ~132mm, width of chest = ~ 224mm.

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This measurement is called the cardiothoracic ratio and is normally measured on a chest radiograph
to help diagnose cardiac abnormalities, which may lead to an increase in heart size.
View preset screen 2 and view the cadaver in a sagittal orientation.
4. Name the two major arteries that leave the heart and the chamber they exit from?
Pulmonary trunk – right ventricle
Aorta – left ventricle
On the Anatomage table identify the major arteries leaving the heart - the pulmonary trunk and
aorta. The aorta arches over, descends down through the thorax and diaphragm and continues into
the abdominal cavity – try and trace this artery through the body. There are several large arteries
that branch from the aorta to supply parts of the body with blood. Can you see any?
View preset screen 3 and orientate the body in the frontal plane.
5. What are the names of the major veins entering the heart? Can you identify them on the
Anatomage table?
Superior and inferior vena cavae (into the right atrium)

Pulmonary veins (into the left atrium)

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6.4 - Follow up
6.4.1 - Feedback and practice tests
1. To get some feedback on how much of the preparation, iLecture and workshop you have
understood and remembered in Compendium 6, complete the activities in the Compendium 6 folder
on Connect.
2. Determine which statements are TRUE or FALSE and provide an explanation for your answer.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
Arteries deliver deoxygenated blood back to the right
Veins do to including superior and inferior
atrium
vena cavae
The pressure exerted on the walls of systemic TRUE
arteries is much greater than the pressure in a Arteries are under much higher pressure.
systemic vein Veins are low pressure capacitance
vessels
TRUE
The walls of the heart contain a lot of muscle
Thick myocardium
FALSE
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped from
SV is the amount of blood pumped out of
the atria to the ventricles
the ventricles when they contract
Cardiac output equals heart rate minus the stroke FALSE
volume CO = HR x SV
At tissue capillaries, oxygen moves out of the TRUE

capillaries and into cells and carbon dioxide moves Oxygen and carbon dioxide move down
out of the cells and into capillaries their concentration gradient
FALSE
The pulmonary trunk divides into the left and right
The pulmonary trunk divides into left and
pulmonary veins
right pulmonary arteries
The heart coverings

The heart is encased in a pericardial sac that consists of two layers. The outer part of the
pericardial sac is rougher because it is made of fibrous tissue. It forms the cavity containing the
heart, just like the rib cage forms the cavity for the lungs. The inside of the pericardial sac is smooth
because it is lined by a serous membrane.
3. The serous membrane, like the lungs, has a parietal and visceral layer, one of which directly
covers the heart. Which one covers the heart?
Visceral

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4. What structure does the fibrous pericardium attach to inferiorly?
Diaphragm
5. Label the following on Figure 6.6

 fibrous pericardium
 visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium
 pulmonary trunk and aorta
 apex and base (these are general areas, not specific structures)
Pulmonary Base
trunk
Aorta
Fibrous pericardium Visceral

layer
Parietal
layer
Apex
Figure 6.6a - Anterior view of heart Figure 6.6b - Superior view of heart
in the thorax showing parietal and visceral
pericardia
Heart disease
According to a national health survey conducted by the Australian Bureau Statistics (ABS), heart
disease is a common problem in Australia. ABS data from 2014 - 2015 shows the number of
Australians with heart disease had increased to approximately 1.2 million from 1 million in 2011-
2012. Heart disease can include conditions such as angina, atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathy,
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chronic heart failure, heart attacks, and stroke. These conditions can be caused by structural
defects of the heart which often lead to functional defects.
Use the words provided below to complete the fill-in-the-blank activity. This activity describes some
of these heart conditions, their causes, symptoms and treatments.
You can refer to http://heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/heart-conditions to complete this activity.
6. Arrhythmia
implemented electrical system skipping beats stressful situations
Arrhythmia is characterised by sensations including racing, thumping, or ______ skipping beats

of heart that can occur during exercise, whilst consuming caffeine/ nicotine, or in
______stressful situations. Arrhythmia can develop from blockages or irregularity in signals of
the heart’s ______electrical system. To treat arrhythmia, medical devices such as artificial
pacemakers or cardiac defibrillators can be ______implemented. These devices are surgically-
implanted in the chest to regulate the heart’s beat.
7. Cardiomyopathy
fluid breathlessness heart muscle lifestyle change weaker
Cardiomyopathy is a life threatening heart condition which causes the ______ heart muscle to
become gradually ______ weaker resulting in the insufficient supply of blood around the body.
Symptoms of cardiomyopathy can include ______ breathlessness, tiredness, and the
accumulation of ______ fluid in the legs and abdomen. Patients with cardiomyopathy can
reduce the risk of further heart complications by adopting ______ lifestyle changes such as
participating in regular moderate physical activities, quitting smoking, reducing salt consumption,
and restricting alcohol consumption.
8. Coronary heart disease
plaque stent implementation chest pain clogged
Coronary heart disease is a chronic condition which arises when coronary arteries of the heart
become narrow over-time. These arteries become narrow and ______ clogged due to the build-
up of fatty material known as ______plaque. Plaque deposition in the coronary arteries can
cause ______chest pain. However, when these arteries become completely blocked, a heart
attack can ensue resulting in sudden death. In order to avoid this, patients with coronary heart
disease can be treated by angioplasty and a ______ stent implementation procedure.
End of Compendium 6

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HSF C6 INT - How Do Things Get Around The Body (S2 2016) ANSWERS

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Compendium 6 INT - How do things get around the body?

6.0 Compendium 6 – How do things get around the body?

6.1.1 Key terms

HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 1 of 23

6.2.1 - Listen to the iLectures

6.2.2 - Read the following pages of your textbook

6.2.3 - Watch the two videos

 Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body

 Fluid exchange across the walls of capillaries

HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 2 of 23

6.2.4 - Answer the following pre-workshop questions

2. What components make up the circulatory system?

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Doppler machine tutor demonstration

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Figure 6.1 – Pulse points

1. How do you define ‘pulse’?

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Pulse point used - ___________________

Pulse trial Beats per minute

The thumb has a pulse

6.3.2 The effect of exercise on the heart

Work in your groups for this exercise

 Record your results in the first column of Table 6.2.

HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 6 of 23

Table 6.2 - Cardiac output changes in response to exercise

Cardiac output (ml/min) = heart rate (beat/min) x stroke volume (ml/beat).

HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 7 of 23

Cardiac output per minute during exercise

Most students would have seen HR and CO increase

5. Why do we need to increase cardiac output with exercise?

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Step 2: increased CO in L/min x 100 = % change in CO

HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 9 of 23

6.3.3 Structure and function of the cardiovascular system

Station 1a – The difference between an artery and a vein

Figure 6.2 – Photomicrograph of an artery (A) and a vein (V)

Table 6.3. Differences between an artery and a vein

Characteristic Artery Vein

HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 10 of 23

2. Can you see any veins on your hands or feet?

Wall of the vein

Figure 6.3 - Vein with valves

HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 11 of 23

Station 1b – Blood plasma

Proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen),

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets (cell fragments)

2. How do red blood cells carry oxygen?

3. How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

4. What is the function of platelets in the blood?

HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 12 of 23

5. What is the function of white blood cells in the blood?

HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 13 of 23

Right ventricle (RV)

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Station 2b – Internal features of the heart (fresh heart specimen)

Right side of the heart

Tricuspid or right atrioventricular valve

HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function Page 15 of 23

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Left side of the heart