Sickle Cell Anemia

Topic:

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Sickle Cell Anemia

Name: Umme Habiba

Submitted to: Mam Saher
Roll No: 18159
Department: Zoology
Semester: 5th SSDP(Evening)
Course title: Genetics
Course code: Zoo-353

G. C. W. U. S

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Sickle Cell Anemia

Content Page:

Sr No Content page Page No

1 Sickle Cell Anemia 4

2 Types 4,5

3 Symptoms 5

4 Treatment 6

5 Prevention 6

6 Causes 7

7 Complication 8

8 Conclusion 9

9 References 10

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Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia:

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited red blood cell disorder in which there aren't enough healthy
red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body. Normally, the flexible, round red
blood cells move easily through blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia, the red blood is shaped
like sickles or crescent moons.

Types of Sickle Cell Disease:

There are several types of sickle cell disease. The most common are: Sickle Cell Anemia
(SS), Sickle Hemoglobin-C Disease (SC), Sickle Beta-Plus Thalassemia and Sickle Beta-
Zero Thalassemia.

Sickle Cell Anemia (SS):

When a child inherits one substitution beta globin genes (the sickle cell gene) from
each parent, the child has Sickle Cell Anemia (SS). Populations that have a high
frequency of sickle cell anemia are those of African and Indian descents.

Sickle Hemoglobin- C Disease (SC):

Individuals with Sickle Hemoglobin-C Disease (SC) have a slightly different substitution in
their beta globin genes that produces both hemoglobin C and hemoglobin S. Sickle
Hemoglobin-C disease may cause similar symptoms as sickle cell anemia but less anemia due
to a higher blood count level. Populations that have a high frequency of Sickle Hemoglobin-
C disease are those of West African, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descents.

Sickle Beta-Plus Thalassemia:

Individuals with Sickle Beta Thalassemia (SB) disease also contain substitutions in both beta
globin genes. The severity of the disease varies according to the amount of normal beta
globin produced. When no beta globin is produced, the symptoms are almost identical to
sickle cell anemia, with severe cases needing chronic blood transfusions. Populations that
have a high frequency of Sickle Beta Thalassemia are those of Mediterranean and Caribbean
descents.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle Hemoglobin-D Disease:

Through research, hemoglobin D, which is a different substitution of the beta globin gene,
has been found to interact with the sickle hemoglobin gene. Individuals with Sickle
Hemoglobin-D disease (SD) have moderately severe anemia and occasional pain
episodes. Populations that have a high frequency of Sickle Hemoglobin-D disease are
those of Asian and Latin American descents.

Sickle Hemoglobin-O Disease:

Hemoglobin O, another type of substitution in the beta globin gene, also interacts
with sickle hemoglobin. Individuals with Sickle Hemoglobin- O disease (SO) can have
symptoms of sickle cell anemia. Populations that have a high frequency of Sickle
Hemoglobin-O disease are those of Arabian, North African and Eastern Mediterranean
descents.

Syptoms:
 Anemia. Sickle cells break apart easily and die, leaving you with too few
red blood cells.
 Episodes of pain. Periodic episodes of pain, called pain crises, are a major symptom
of sickle cell anemia.
 Swelling of hands and feet.
 Frequent infections.
 Delayed growth or puberty.
 Vision problems.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

How is sickle cell anemia treated?

A number of different treatments are available for SCD:

 Rehydration with intravenous fluids helps red blood cells return to a normal state. The
red blood cells are more likely to deform and assume the sickle shape if you’re
dehydration.

 Treating underlying or associated infections is an important part of managing the

crisis, as the stress of an infection can result in a sickle cell crisis. An infection may
also result as a complication of a crisis.

 Blood transfusions improve transport of oxygen and nutrients as needed. Packed red
cells are removed from donated blood and given to patients.

 Supplemental oxygen is given through a mask. It makes breathing easier and

improves oxygen levels in the blood.

 Pain medication is used to relieve the pain during a sickle crisis. You may need over-
the-counter drugs or strong prescription pain medication like morphine.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

Prevention:

Causes:
Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that tells your body to make the iron-
rich compound that makes blood red and enables red blood cells to carry oxygen from your
lungs throughout your body (hemoglobin). In sickle cell anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin
causes red blood cells to become rigid, sticky and misshapen. Both mother and father must
pass the defective form of the gene for a child to be affected. If only one parent passes the
sickle cell gene to the child, that child will have the sickle cell trait. With one normal
hemoglobin gene and one defective form of the gene, people with the sickle cell trait make
both normal hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin. Their blood might contain some sickle
cells, but they generally don't have symptoms. They're carriers of the disease, however, which
means they can pass the gene to their children.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

Complications:

Sickle cell anemia can lead to a host of complications, including: Stroke. Sickle cells can
block blood flow to an area of your brain. Signs of stroke include seizures, weakness or
numbness of your arms and legs, sudden speech difficulties, and loss of consciousness.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

Conclusion:

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Sickle Cell Anemia

References:
https://www.google.com/search?
q=sickle+cell+anemia&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK886PK886&oq=s&aqs=chrome.2.69i59l3j69i57
j0i433i457j69i59j0i131i433j46i131i433.2049j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK886PK886&ei=h5zGX_P4AtLKgQbpro6QDQ&q=treatment+of+sickle
+cell+anemia&oq=sickle+cell+anemia&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgQIABBHMgQIA
BBHMgQIABBHMgQIABBHMgQIABBHMgQIABBHMgQIABBHMgQIABBHUABYA
GDalgNoAHACeACAAQCIAQCSAQCYAQCqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEIwAEB&sclient=psy-
ab

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