UNIT 4

POWER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN SMART GRID

EMC – ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

The physical characteristic of Smart Grids technologies with an increased incorporation of

potentially sensitive electronics has naturally implications with respect to Electromagnetic
Compatibility – EMC.

The satisfactory function of electrical and electronic equipment with respect to electromagnetic
disturbances is the aim of EMC.

The IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission defines Electromagnetic Compatibility as ―the

ability of an equipment or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment
without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment‖. In
the European Union EMC Directive ―equipment and system‖ of IEC corresponds to the EU term
equipment, where equipment is subdivided into apparatus and fixed installation.

Electromagnetic disturbances may be radiated or conducted and electrical/electronic equipment

potentially sensitive to any or to both of these types of disturbances. Disturbances are in turn
subdivided into a number of low and high frequency phenomena, where IEC defines low frequency
up to and including 9 kilohertz.

Relation between Voltage Quality and EMC Both IEC and EU define EMC to cover electromagnetic
phenomena from zero hertz.

Furthermore the IEC defines the following principal electromagnetic conducted phenomena
Conducted low-frequency phenomena:

• Harmonics, interharmonics

• Signals superimposed on power lines

• Voltage fluctuations Voltage dips and interruptions

• Voltage unbalance

• Power frequency variations

• Induced low frequency voltages

• DC component in AC networks Conducted high-frequency phenomena:

• Induced voltages or currents

• Unidirectional transients

• Oscillatory transients

Voltage Quality can be seen as an umbrella name for deviations from ideal voltage conditions at a
site in a network. This is equivalent to electromagnetic disturbances of the voltage at the site. With
no disturbances the Voltage Quality is perfect, otherwise not. Electromagnetic disturbances are
defined as electromagnetic phenomena that may degrade the performance of equipment. Adequate
Voltage Quality contributes to the satisfactory function of electrical and electronic equipment in
terms of Electromagnetic Compatibility. Electromagnetic disturbances as imperfect Voltage Quality
at a site in a network can be regarded as electromagnetic emission from the network [20]. According
to the EMC Directive network is equipment. This is in line with the original name of IEC Technical
Committee (TC) 77 which was ―EMC between electrical equipment including networks‖; now simply
EMC.

The technical function of an electrical network is electromagnetic energy transfer with adequate
Voltage Quality at its sites, i.e. at connection points. Similarly, immunity of an electrical network can
be seen as the ability to absorb disturbing emissions such as distorted current with adequate Voltage
Quality while transferring energy, i.e. with satisfactory function. For e.g. low order harmonics and
voltage fluctuations, network strength is relevant for network immunity. Geomagnetically induced
current caused by space weather is another example of electromagnetic immunity relevant to an
electric grid to keep its function satisfactory. The importance of Voltage Quality to achieve EMC is
clearly stated in a report from CEER – Council of European Energy Regulators: ―Due to the nature of
electricity, voltage quality is affected by all the parties connected to the power system. When
voltage quality is too poor, a key question is whether the disturbance (e.g. a harmonic disturbance)
from a customer‘s installation in to the power system is too big or whether the power system (the
short circuit power) at the point of connection is too weak. The aim should be to have an
electromagnetic environment where electrical equipment and systems function satisfactorily
without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to other equipment. This situation is
referred to as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).‖ Field Experiences with Smart Grid Technology
Examples of lack of EMC in relation to evolving Smart Grid technologies have been reported in
Sweden. Kilowatt-hour meters in households sending data signals on the power lines have caused
interference with e.g. dimmer controlled lamps and electrical appliances. There are also cases
reported where electrical apparatuses in households have interfered with electronic kilowatt-hour
meters with adverse errors in registration of energy. Power electronics in wind power plants have
emitted disturbances interfering with transfer of kilowatt-hour meter readings as signals on power
lines. Power electronic based photovoltaic solar and wind energy equipment may emit disturbances
causing e.g. voltage fluctuations and unbalance. However, with a proper design such equipment may
well improve Voltage Quality, e.g. reducing depth of voltage dips. EMC DIRECTIVE AND ELECTRICAL
NETWORKS The preamble of the EMC Directive 2004/108/EC of European Union reads: ―
Manufacturers of equipment intended to be connected to networks should construct such
equipment in a way that prevents networks from suffering unacceptable degradation of service
when used under normal operating conditions. Network operators should construct their networks
in such a way that manufacturers of equipment liable to be connected to networks do not suffer a
disproportionate burden in order to prevent networks from suffering an unacceptable degradation
of service. The European standardization organizations should take due account of that objective
(including the cumulative effects of the relevant types of electromagnetic phenomena) when
developing harmonized standards.‖ This means that both parties responsible for networks (being
equipments) as well as for equipment connected to networks are supposed to contribute to EMC.
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY IN POWER SYSTEMS A Power System is exemplified in Fig. 2.
Fixed installations are indicated with closed loops in light blue colour.

Applying the concept of fixed installation, there is principally no difference between electrical
networks or connected equipment in terms of electromagnetic disturbances. Both networks and
connected equipment can emit electromagnetic disturbances and immunity is similarly relevant
in this context. A network may well be connected to other network(s) which may emit
disturbances or be affected by disturbances in terms of imperfect Voltage Quality. Lack of
immunity can also degrade the very basic function of the grid of energy transfer. One such case
is where energy transfer is interrupted due to interference caused by geomagnetically induced
currents.
Disturbances can propagate from a network to connected equipment or vice versa as presented
in Fig. 3. Disturbances may also propagate between networks as illustrated in Fig. 4 and
emission from a network may be seen as a cumulative effect of emissions from a large number
of connected equipment in terms of imperfect Voltage Quality at a specific site.

GRID INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS:

Solar Photovoltaic systems:
Though the output of a PV panel depends on the solar intensity and cloud cover, the PQ
problems not only depend on irradiation but also are based on the overall performance of solar
photovoltaic system including PV modules, inverter, filters controlling mechanism etc. studies
presented show that the short fluctuation of irradiance and cloud cover play an important role
for low-voltage distribution grids with high penetration of PV. Therefore, special attention
should be paid to the voltage profile and the power flow on the line. It also suggest that voltage
and power mitigation can be achieved using super-capacitors which result in an increase of
about 20% in the cost of the PV system. Voltage swell may also occur when heavy load is
removed from the connection. Concerning DG, voltage disturbance can cause the disconnection
of inverters from the grid and therefore result in losses of energy (Fig 1). Also long term
performance of grid connected PV systems shows a remarkable degradation of efficiency due to
the variation of source and performance of inverter.
The general block diagram of grid connected PV system is shown in Fig 2. And the system can
be a single-phase or three phase depending on the grid connection requirements. The PV array
can be a single or a string of PV panels either in series or parallel mode connection. Centralized
or decentralized mode of PV systems can also be used and the overview of these PV-Inverter-
Grid connection topologies along with their advantages and disadvantages
These power electronics converters, together with the operation of non-linear appliances, inject
harmonics to the grid. In addition to the voltage fluctuation due to irradiation, cloud cover or
shading effects could make the PV system unstable in terms of grid connection. Therefore, this
needs to be considered in the controller design for the inverter
In general, a grid-connected PV inverter is not able to control the reactive and harmonic currents
drawn from non-linear loads. An interesting controlling mechanism has been presented where a
PV system is used as an active filter to compensate the reactive and harmonic current as well as
injecting power to the grid. This system can also operate in stand-alone mode. But the overall
control circuit becomes somewhat more complex.
A multifunctional PV inverter for a grid connected system (Fig 3) has been developed recently.
This system functionality, harmonic compensation, reactive power compensation capability
together with the connection capability during the voltage sag condition. However, the results
show that the PQ improvement remains out of the IEEE range.

Wind Energy Systems:

A simplified diagram representing some of the common types of wind energy systems are
shown in fig 4. From the design perspective it is found that some generators are directly
connected to the grid through a dedicated transformer while others incorporate power

electronics. Many designs, however, include some level of power electronics to improve
controllability and operating range. Whatever connection configuration is used, each turbine
itself has an effect on the power quality of the transmission system. Recent analysis and study
shows that the impact of the yaw error and horizontal wind shear on the power (torque) and
voltage oscillations is more severe than the effects due to the tower shadow and vertical wind
shear.

A literature survey of the new grid codes adopted for wind power integration identified the
problems of integrating large amounts of wind energy to the electric grid. It suggests that new
wind farms must be able to provide voltage and reactive power control, frequency control and
fault ride-through capability in order to maintain the electric system stability. For the existing
wind farms with variable speed, double-fed induction generators (DFIG) and synchronous
generators (SG), a frequency response in the turbine control system can be incorporated by a
software upgrade. Wind farms with fixed speed induction generators (FSIG) have to be phased
out because they cannot offer the required voltage or frequency control. An overview of the
developed controllers for the converters of grid connected system showed that the DFIG has
now the most efficient design for the regulation of reactive power and adjustment of angular
velocity to maximize the output power efficiency. These generators can also support the system
during voltage sags. However, the drawbacks of converter-based systems are harmonic
distortions injected into the system. Being a single-stage buck-boost inverter, the recently
proposed ZSI can be a good candidate to mitigate the PQ problems for future DG systems
connected to the grid.
Anti-islanding is one of the important issues for grid connected DG system. a major challenge for
the islanding operation and control schemes is the protection coordination of distribution
systems with bidirectional flows of fault current. This is unlike the conventional over-current
protection for radial systems with unidirectional flow of fault current. Therefore extensive
research in being carried out and an overview of the existing protection techniques with
islanding operation and control, for preventing disconnection of DGs during loss of grid.

PQ AUDIT
The Need for Quality and Reliable Power
Today‘s Internet-driven and microprocessor-based economy relies on electric power to fuel its
growth. Increasingly, power quality impacts the bottom line of commercial power users. In
addition to most of the North American Industrial power needs requiring ―six nines‖ or better
reliability, industrial and other commercial facilities are using equipment that is highly sensitive
to power system disturbances and reliability problems.
Power Quebec, World‘s leading power system engineering company is ready to help you identify
power system concerns and implement solutions that will improve your facility performance and
bottom line.
How Power Quality and System Reliability Can Impact You
The question "What is power quality?" has many different answers, depending on whether you
talk to utilities, equipment manufacturers, or power customers. There is a wide range of factors
that can cause power quality problems in your facility. Our experience has shown that power
quality problems are compounded by the difficulty of identifying potential causes. This is
primarily because the cause may be within your facility or hundreds of miles away on the utility
power grid.Power quality investigations focus on the cost impact of power problems. These can
include

Each problem can generate a number of these costs. Predicting the exact cost is difficult, but poor
power quality and poor power system performance can cause sufficient losses to justify fixing the
problem.
PQ Audit - The Right Choice to Ensure Power System Reliability
Modern power systems are highly complex, and to ensure reliable performance, require
consideration of all issues, probable problems and their causes, and potential solutions. Our over
ten years of experience in power and distribution system studies, and our extensive track record
in working with customers and their power providers to identify and solve power system
problems, makes us the people to call. The PQ Audit (power quebec audit) can address all aspects
of power quality. It focuses on common issues such as harmonic distortion, low voltage, voltage
sags, Unbalanced Loads, wiring and grounding, Energy wastage on unoccupied space and poor
power factor. By using the PQ Audit, you can identify potential problems, plan and take
corrective measures, and prevent facility downtime, saving both time and money.
The PQ Audit assesses these problems
Equipment failure
Low power factor
Prevent Wastage of energy
Harmonic resonance/high distortion
Transformer overheating
Load Unbalancing
WEB-BASED POWER QUALITY MONITORING
Initially, the primary method of monitoring steady state voltage regulation in the Consolidated
Edison Company of New York, Inc. (Con Edison) secondary distribution networks was via
recording devices placed at the electrical load center, or master point. These devices were strip
chart electro-mechanical voltage recorders with approximately a 1/3 second response time to
RMS voltage variations. They are mounted at one or two "master point" locations within the
network. Because of the slow response time, these devices could only be utilized to trend the
steady state voltage in the network. This could be utilized to track correct operation of the area
substation load tap changers, and validate each area substation's respective load/voltage schedule.
Each device is capable of recording one phase of the three phase secondary system, and requires
collection and replacement of the strip chart at this field location every two weeks. In addition, a
significant amount of time is required in the office to review each paper strip chart for anomalies
and average regulation levels.
The necessity for evaluating new technologies to replace these existing devices was based on
the following:
1. A desire to utilize field and technical forces in a more efficient and productive manner.
2. The need to enhance the quality and levels of information supplied by the device.
3. The need for data that could be accessed in a timely manner and made available to
both utility and customer personnel. The need for this was driven by customers,
who require detailed information on power quality levels on the distribution
network that supplies their power.
In June 1992, Con Edison initiated an R&D project to evaluate the Dranetz-BMI 8010
PQNode as a suitable enhanced recording device to replace the existing master point devices.

The project was run as a pilot in eight networks in the Manhattan Customer Service areas.
Following the success of this pilot, Con Edison installed PQNodes in all the distribution
networks in Manhattan. The project has been expanded to several of the surrounding
boroughs and an adjoining county with great success.
Along with this expanding power quality monitoring program, Con Edison has established a
power quality service center in their Manhattan service territory. Although this service center
is located in Manhattan, it serves as a resource for the entire company. For this reason, it
became necessary to develop and implement a system that would allow engineers from all
operating districts and boroughs to query measurement data and case study information.
The Monitoring System - Hardware
The monitoring system consists of Dranetz-BMI 8010 PQNodes and 3100 PQPagers. Sixty of the
PQNodes were deployed in the first phase of the system and the PQPagers were added as they
became available. Ultimately, Con Edison plans to have a total of 120 monitors installed at the
end of Phase 2. Both the PQNode and the PQPager are configurable via modem, and the data can
be collected via telephone line and modem as well.
The Monitoring System - Software
The heart of any monitoring system is the software that drives the system. Without the proper
software, gathering, analyzing, and reporting the monitoring data would be a tedious task. The
following sections describe the software used to communicate with the monitoring
instruments, analyze the monitoring data, and report the data to the user via the Internet.
Figure 2 illustrates the basic monitoring system.

The system consists of four basic components

· Monitoring instruments
· Downloading computers
· Master station
· Internet or company intranet

The monitoring instruments are used to gather the required measurements. Thresholds are
selected by engineers to allow the instruments to capture power quality phenomena without
capturing unwanted data. This process normally takes one to two weeks to fully evaluate how the
power system operates and to fine-tune the measurement parameters of the instruments. Every
two hours, the download computers ―call‖ and download the monitoring instruments. A
monitoring system may have as many as five download computers. It is normally recommended
that each download computer be responsible for up to 20 monitoring
instruments.
The master station is used to communicate with the download computers and store the
Monitoring data. This computer is generally a dual processor Microsoft Windows NT based
system. A multi-gigabyte drive is used to store the power quality data. With this drive, Con
Edison has the capability of storing approximately two years worth of data on-line.
The Internet is used to disseminate the power quality data to the appropriate engineers and
technicians. Using custom software, it is possible for many engineers, technicians, and
customers to view the power quality data. This is accomplished with minimal training and
software. For a person to view the data, three things are required.
· A computer with an Internet connection and a Web browser supporting Java Script
· The URL for the power quality data site
· Appropriate user ID and password to access the data.
No special hardware, software, or training is required for the users.
WebPASS
WebPASS was developed for use on the Con Edison intranet to enable engineers and
technicians throughout the company to view and analyze power quality data. The Con Edison
power quality group was concerned about the security of the data files and decided to seek a
way to give users read-only access to the databases. In addition, Con Edison was concerned
about the extensive training requirements for the PQNode Application System Software
(PASS) used to setup and communicate with the monitoring instruments.
By relying on Internet browsers and hyperlinks, WebPASS allows users to have read-only access
to the power quality data and requires no extensive training. In addition, its extensive online help
makes the software easier to use.
WebPASS allows the user to plot trends of the RMS voltages and currents. These trends can be
selected for one day, one week, one month, one year, or any arbitrary period of time. The trend
data displays the minimum, maximum, and average RMS values of all cycles. It is a convenient
method to summarize the power quality of a site over a given period of time. This plot is also
useful to show voltage regulation and load change patterns.
Steady-state snapshot results can also be displayed in WebPASS. These events reveal loading
conditions prior to an event and allow the user to monitor normal conditions.
All of this allows the users to view power quality data without having to install a large amount of
software on their computers. All of the work is done on the Web server, so the user only needs a
standard Web browser to view the data.
PQWeb
With the tremendous volume of power quality data available at most utilities, a need existed to
allow engineers in other customer service areas to view the information. This was accomplished
with the development and release of the Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI) PQ Database. However, several utilities also needed to respond to both customer and
company inquiries into power quality measurements. In the past, one central location in the
utility was used to monitor power quality data from around the utility operating area. This
information was then stored on a computer and analyzed by power quality engineers. If a
customer or utility engineer needed this information, a request was submitted to the power
quality group in the utility. The request was then processed and a report was generated and
delivered to the party requesting the information. It was Con Edison‘s and EPRI‘s goal to
make this information more readily available to key customers and Con Edison personnel in
other Customer Service Areas.
In response to this need, PQWeb was developed by Electrotek Concepts. PQWeb is an Intraand
Internet application based on the EPRI/Electrotek PQView software developed to analyse power
quality data and integrated into the Measurement Module of the EPRI Power Quality Diagnostic
System. PQWeb allows users to view data over the web from a power quality measurement
database characterized and managed by PQView. While the data gathering and characterization
is conducted at a central location, the information is available to any user with a Web browser.
Security protocols and passwords were built in to keep unauthorized personnel from viewing
highly confidential and often proprietary data.
What You Get with a PQ Audit
Preliminary-review Before performing an onsite survey, it is important to review your facility's
power system performance. This preliminary analysis characterizes the problem, identifies
important changes to the facility or to the electric supply system (equipment or wiring changes,
modifications, etc.) that could be causing power quality problems, and helps determine a plan for
the site survey. Consisting of a conference call, this preliminary review sets the stage for the site
survey. Thanks to our expertise, we can sometimes diagnose current or potential problems at this
stage, thus reducing the need for or scope of the onsite survey and helping to focus attention where
it is most needed.

POWER QUALITY CONDITIONERS FOR SMART GRID

A conventional power conditioner will protect the grid voltage by cutting back solar
generation when the power being generated begins to significantly exceed electrical
consumption. Such operation can lead to situations where the system’s solar generation
capacity is underutilized. However, if the conditioner has an internal storage capability, it can
boost utilization and efficiency by enabling a balanced supply of power into the grid without
restricting solar power generation. This operational capability also helps to protect the grid’s
power quality on holidays and other occasions when excess power is widely generated.

This article presents the high performance microcontrollers that helps the advancement of
power conditioners that contribute to Smart-Grid energy savings and storage.
Designing Safe Power Conditioners that Use Faster Switching Devices
A major design requirement for power conditioners is that they always ensure a safe
connection to the grid. They have to comply with relevant electrical equipment standards, of
course, and they must be able to protect the grid by shutting down equipment in the event of
an abnormal current, voltage, or frequency.
In order for a power conditioner to provide storage capability and to meet strict safety
requirements, it has to be equipped with fast, very precise, synchronous A/D converters and
use a microcontroller unit (MCU) capable of making the high-speed calculations that
determine the exact timing of the electronic switching devices in the conditioner’s DC-to-AC
inverter. Significantly, there is a growing need for MCUs with speedier calculating
capabilities because the design trend is toward raising power efficiency by using the faster
semiconductor switches now being developed by suppliers such as Renesas.
Today’s mainstream switching device, the IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor), has a
switching frequency of about 20 kHz. New generations of switches based on materials such
as SiC and GaN can switch at 100 kHz or faster. Although their application improves power-
conditioner performance, these advanced components mandate MCUs with even faster A/D
conversion speeds, devices that can also process more sophisticated methods of inverter
control.
Providing MCU Solutions for Solar-Generation Power Conditioner Applications
A solar-generation power conditioner can be implemented in several ways. For example, in a
standard system, the conditioner connects in series to the solar panels, supplies power to the
household through the distribution board, and feeds (sells) any excess power that’s generated.
If the conditioner is enhanced with a maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) function, it can
optically control the electrical efficiency of each solar panel to achieve the best system
performance. Its capabilities can be further expanded by the addition of a separate control IC
and inverter for each solar panel. A typical implementation is illustrated in Figure 2.

Renesas microcontrollers recommended for new power-conditioner designs.

Offering more than just MCU Chips for Power Conditioner Designs
Solar-power conditioner designs require more than just superior MCUs, as Figure 1 indicates.
Renesas supplies many other chips for this type of application, and also provides support
products that simplify and shorten the system-design process. Our advanced semiconductors
include more than the MOSFETs, IGBTs, and other high-efficiency power-conversion
devices for inverter switching function. We offer the photocouplers used as voltage isolators,
as well as the op-amps needed for buffering signals from voltage and current sensors, among
other devices. Further, we supply chipset products that reduce circuit design problems. These
various types of components can be configured to provide optimal solutions for diverse
power-conditioner applications
POWER QUALITY
 The quality of electrical power supply is a set of parameters which describe
the process of electric power delivery to the user under normal operating
conditions, determine the continuity of supply (short and long supply
interruptions) and characterize the supply voltage (magnitude, asymmetry,
frequency, and waveform shape).
 Power quality phenomena can be divided into two types :-

. A characteristic of voltage or current (e.g., frequency or power factor) is

never exactly equal to its nominal and desired value. The small deviations
are called voltage variations or current variations.

.When the voltage or current deviates significantly from its normal or ideal
wave shape. These sudden deviations are called events. Power quality
events are the phenomena which can lead to tripping of equipment, to
interruption of the production or of plant operation, or endanger power
system operation. This includes interruptions, under voltages, overvoltage,
phase angle jumps and three phase unbalance. 2

POWER QUALITY CONDITIONERS

A power conditioner (also known as a line conditioner or power line
conditioner) is a device intended to improve the quality of power that is
delivered to electrical load equipment.
In a smart grid the role of a power quality conditioner is to:-
o Deliver voltage & current of the proper level and characteristics to enable
load equipment to function properly.
o Ensure efficient power transfer between utility grid & micro grid.
o Isolate each micro grid and the utility grid from there respective noises and
disturbances.
o Energy creation i.e. to convert DC power generated by Solar panels to AC.
o Integration with energy storage system.

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TYPES OF POWER QUALITY CONDITIONERS
 Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM)
 Active power filters
-Shunt active power filters

-Series active power filters

-Hybrid Active Power Filters

o Unified Power Quality conditioner (UPQC)

DISTRIBUTION STATIC COMPENSATOR (DSTATCOM)

 The DSTATCOM is a custom power device based on a voltage Source
Converter (VSC) shunt connected to the distribution networks.
 A DSTATCOM is normally used to precisely regulate system voltage,
improve voltage profile, reduce voltage harmonics and for load
compensation.
 D-STATCOM can also mitigate voltage dips and can compensate both
magnitude and phase angle by injecting reactive or reactive power to the
point of connection with the grid.
 The VSC connected in shunt with the ac system provides a multifunctional
topology which can be used for up to three quite distinct purposes: voltage
regulation and compensation of reactive power, correction of power factor,
and elimination of current harmonics.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

The VSC converts the dc voltage across the storage device into a set of three-
phase ac output voltages. These voltages are in phase and coupled with
the ac system through the coupling transformer. Such configuration allows
the device to absorb or generate controllable active and reactive power.
8

ACTIVE POWER FILTERS

 Active power filter technology has evolved in the past quarter century with
varying configurations and control topologies as a full fledged technique for
providing compensation for reactive power, harmonics and neutral current
in ac networks. Active filters are also used to terminate the voltage
harmonics, to regulate terminal voltage, to inhibit voltage flicker and to
advance voltage balance in 3- phase systems.
 Generally there are three configurations in which they are connected in
power system :-
 Shunt active power filters

 Series active power filters

 Hybrid Active Power Filters

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SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTERS

 It compensate current harmonics by injecting equal-but-opposite harmonic

compensating current.
 It operates as a current source injecting the harmonic components
generated by the load but phase shifted by 180deg.
 They are usually connected across the load to compensate for all current
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related problem such as reactive power compensation, power factor
correction, current harmonics and load unbalance compensation.

SERIES ACTIVE POWER FILTERS

 It compensate current system distortion caused by non-linear loads.

The high impedance imposed by the series APF is created by generating a voltage of
the same frequency as that of harmonic component that needs to be eliminated.

It act as a controlled voltage source and can compensate all voltage related
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problems such as voltage harmonics, voltage sags & swells, voltage flicker etc.
 HYBRID ACTIVE POWER FILTERS

Fig. Hybrid Active power filter

 By controlling the amplitude of the voltage fundamental component across the

coupling transformer, the PF of the power distribution system can be adjusted.

 The control of the load power factor imposed a higher voltage across the filter
capacitor.
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 This type of configuration is very convenient for compensation of high power
medium voltage non linear loads
UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC)

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o The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) combines the Shunt Active
Power Filter with the Series Active Power Filter, sharing the same DC Link,
in order to compensate both voltages and currents, so that the load
voltages become sinusoidal and at nominal value, and the source currents
become sinusoidal and in phase with the source voltages.
o UPQC can compensate both voltage related problems such as voltage
harmonics, voltage sags/swells, voltage flicker as well as current related
problems like reactive power compensation, power factor correction,
current harmonics and load unbalance compensation.
o There is a significant increase in interest for using UPQC in distributed
generation associated with smart grids because of availability of high
frequency switching devices and advanced fast computing devices
(microcontrollers, DSP, FPGA) at lower cost.

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