2 C.J.

444-445

Doctrines
In an agency by estoppel (caused for instance by estoppel on the part of the agent), the
“agent” is not a true agent; hence he has no rights as such.

If the estoppel is caused by the principal, he is liable, but only if the third person acted
on the misrepresentation; in an implied agency, the prin- cipal is always liable.

*case is not available anywhere online; these are the doctrines found on the Civil Code
of the Philippines Annotated book by Paras that mentioned 2 C.J. 444-445