1. Love is sweet NB:!

Verify solutions from handouts

SECTION A:

1. Materials are classified as crystalline or amorphous according to how the atoms or

molecules are arranged in the solid. (TRUE)

2. Crystalline materials have short range-order. (FALSE)

3. If the arrangement of atoms is just localized and does not repeat itself in three
dimensions, the material is said to be amorphous. (TRUE)

4. Short-range order is similar to the structure of liquids and may be inherited from the
liquid state when the materials solidify.…………………………… (TRUE)

5. Although most metals and alloys are ordinarily crystalline, some become amorphous
when they are quenched very drastically from the liquid state.……… (TRUE)

6. All solid materials are crystalline.……………(FALSE)

7. Some liquids exhibit long-range order.…… (TRUE)

8. A crystalline material diffracts and exhibits diffraction patterns, while anamorphous

material does not.………………………………….. (TRUE)

9. Buckminsterfullerene is an example of an atomic solid.…………… (TRUE)

10. For a body centred cubic (BCC) structure, the spheres touch along the face diagonal.
(TRUE)

11. The total number of spheres per unit cell in a BCC structure is4. (FALSE)

12. The atomic packing fraction for the hexagonal closed packed structure is
approximately0.74. (TRUE)
13. The body-centered arrangement of spheres is not a closest packed structure. (TRUE)

14. Allotropy or polymorphism is the ability of crystalline materials to assume two or more
crystalline structures. (TRUE)

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15. Silica is used extensively as a refractory in furnaces because it does not exhibit
polymorphism. (FALSE)

16. In interstitial alloys the presence of the interstitial atoms changes the properties of the
host metal (TRUE)

17. During the process of corrosion a metal exposed to the environment undergoes
reduction. (FALSE)

18. Rusting is a special case of corrosion where metallic iron or steel forms hydrated iron
oxide. (TRUE)

19. Material failures resulting from purely mechanical factors such as erosion,wear,
fatigue are considered to be corrosion failures (FALSE)

20. Pitting and erosion corrosion are typical causes of failure in oil production pipes and
equipment (TRUE)

SECTION B

21. For a BCC structure the total number of atoms per unit cells is c) 3

22. In a BCC structure the relation between the atomic size r and the lattice parameter is: 4r e
a) 3

Using the following preamble to answer Q 23-25.

Cobalt crystallises out as an HCP structure, with estimated lattice parameters of a= 2.50Å
and c= 4.085Å.Theatomic mass of cobalt is58.93 g/mol.

23. The volume of the hexagonal unit cell can be expressed as c) a2c cos30°

24. The volume packing fraction of cobalt is

a) 0.74

25. The density of cobalt is

d) 8.856g/cm3
The following piece is about imperfections in solids with the solutions in
bold form.

Although crystalline materials are highly ordered and most of the components are where
they are expected to be, all real crystals have imperfections called Q26 lattice
defects. Q27 Point defect refer to totally missing particles

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(atoms,ions,ormolecules)or to cases where the particle is in a nonstandard location. A
crystal with missing particles is said to have Q28 Schottky defects. When ions are
missing from an ionic compound, they must be missing in a way that preserves Q29
Overall electrical neutrality of the substance. For example, for every missing Ca2+ion
in CaF2,there must be Q30 Two missing F-ions. Crystals in which particles
have migrated to nonstandard positions are said to exhibit
Q31 Frenkel defects

Using the following preamble to answer Q 32-35.

The charge transfer reactions which result in zinc dissolution in acid solution are the
following:
Zn2++2e- = Zn 1
Zn(OH)2(s)+2H++2e- = Zn+2H2O 2
HZnO2-+3H++2e- = Zn+2H2O 3
ZnO22-+4H++2e- = Zn+2H2O 4
The relevant ∆G f data are given in the table below:
o

Species ΔG o(kJ/mol)
f
Zn2+ -147.2
Zn(OH)2 -559.1
HZnO2 -464.0
-
ZnO22- -389.2
H2 O -237.2
H+ 0

The standard reversible potential for equations 1, 2, 3 and 3 are:

32. a) E1rev=-0.763–0.0295pZn
33.c) E2rev=-0. 439 –0.0591PH
34. c) E3rev=0.054–0.0295pZn–0.0887pH
35.a) E4rev=0.441–0.0295pZn –0.118pH

36. Cathodic protection is unfeasible in acid environments because of:

d) high rate of hydrogen evolution

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 37. Which of the following is the most important alloying element for iron in the
production of steel? Ans: a) carbon

38. List the four important austenite producers.

1. Nickel
2. Nitrogen
3. Manganese
4. Carbon

39. List the four important ferrite producers

1. Chromium
2. Silicon
3. Niobium
4. Molybdenum

40. Which of the following elements/alloys is widely believed to possess ultimate corrosion
resistance?

b) Titanium

Que 41 to 45: Classify each of the following as thermoplastics, thermosets,

or elastomers:

Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers

Polyvinylchloride (pvc) Bakelite Styrene butadiene rubber
Nylon
Polyethylene terephthalate

Que 46 to 53: State the plastics identification code for each of the following
plastics:
Plastics Identification code
Polyvinylchloride 3
Polystyrene 6
Polyethylene terephthalate 1

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Polypropylene 5
High density polyethylene 2
Nylon 7
Low density polyethylene 4
Expanded polystyrene 6

Que 54-61: In a single sentence only, explain each of the following

54. Thermoplastic polymer: Polymers that can be melted and recast indefinitely.

55. Thermosetting polymer : Polymers that form a cross-linked structure during the
curing process, preventing them from being melted.

56. Elastomer: A natural or synthetic polymer having elastic properties.

57. Alloy: A substance composed of two or more metals or of a intimately mixed, as by

fusion.

58. Substitutional alloy: With this from each element can occupy the same sites as
their counterpart.

59. Interstitial alloy: A compound that is formed when atom with a small enough
radius sits in interstitial (hole) in a metal lattice.

60. Eutectic transformation: A three-phase reaction where the transformation of

liquid into two solid phase take place.

61.Eutectoid transformation : The breaking down of a single solid phase as it cools.

A section of the iron-carbon phase diagram is shown below. Use it to

answer Questions 62-70:

62. State the composition of the eutectic point

4.30%C
63. State the composition of the eutectoid point
0.76%C

64. State the melting point of iron Ans:1538

65. Estimate the melting point of cementite is 1320
66. Determine the minimum temperature required to convert ferrite to austenite 912
degress celcius
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 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…… An iron-carbon alloy of composition 4% C is heated from room
temperature to 600 °C.
67. What are the phases of this alloy at 600 °C

Ferrite
Cementite

68. At what temperature would this alloy melt completely if the heating continues beyond
600°C?

1200 degrees celcius

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 SOLUTION TO Q2
Structure of cobalt above 417°c=CCP
N=4
Atomic mass (NC=58.9g/mol)
Unit volume
(4r)^2 =e2 +e2 –pythgoras theorem
8r2=e2
E=r
V=e3 = 3

V , but r=1.25A°
Substituting the variables into the equation
V
=
44.194 x10-23cm3

Density=
Density=8.856g/cm3

From above calculation we can say , the density of cobalt reduces from 8.90g/cm3 to 8.856g/cm3 .

SOLUTION TO Q3
Given ; edge length (a)=392.0pm
Volume of unit cell=volume of cube

Volume of unit cell=(392pm)^3 x

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Volume of unit cell =6.0236 1o^-23cm^3

Given density=21.45

Mass=6.0236 ×10^-

Mass unit cell=1.292x10^-21 g metal/unit cell

Number of atoms =(8×

Number of atoms=4

Number of moles=6.642×10^-24mol

Atomic mass = mol=195g/mol

The metal is platinum (Pt)

Atomic radius

A=2 .r

R=138.6pm

Therefore from the above calculation ; the metal is platinum with an atomic
mass of 195g/mol and atomic radius of 138.6pm.

MR3