IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS IN COMPUTER

SCIENCE

SPINNING DISK

SIR UMAR FAROOQ

Group Members:
Asgher ali khan(BSE193141)
Muhammad Shahwaiz(BSE193115)
Hammad zulfiqar (BSE193)
Afnan Haider (BSE193132)
 Submitted to:
PROF. UMER FAROOQ

Contents:

● Introduction: ……………………………………………………………..4

● History: …………………………………………………………………..4

● Definition: .........................................................................................5

● Components of Spinning Disk: ………………………………………..5

A. Platters: ...................................................................................5
B. The Spindle: ……………………………………………………….6
C. The Read/Write arm:................................................................6
D. Actuator: …………………………………………………………….7
E. Other Components: ……………………………………………….7

● Construction……………………………………………………………...7

● Working of Spinning disk………………………………………………...8

● Magnetism way of Storing……………………………………………….9

● Physics behind spinning disk:...........................................................9

● Future of Spinning disk:.....................................................................9

 ● Conclusions…………………………………………………….10

● Reference………………………………………………………11

● INTRODUCTION:

This report shall explain the main function and working of spinning disk and the relation of
spinning disk with physics.
We are going to explain the following things in this report:

1. Definition
2. Components of spinning disk
3. Working of spinning disk
4. Relation with Physics
5. Conclusion

History:
Like many revolutions in computing,hard drives were invented by IBM to give computer a
rapidly accessible to RAM.The first Hard drive was invented by IBM's Reynold B.Johnson on
September 4,1956.IBM engineers also introduced floppy disk,which were removable magnetic
disk packed in plastic case(originally 20cm or 8cm in diameter and enclosed in flexible plastic
sleeves,later 133mm or 5.25 in diameter).Developed by IBM's Warren dalziel in 1967 and the
first copy was sold in 1971,they became greatly popular in microcomputer in the late 1970s and
early 1980s.With a capacity of only 1.44MB storage.But these floppy disk was superseded by
USB Flash thats offers hundreds or thousands of times more memory in a tiny fraction size
plastic size.

Comparison between traditional traditional hard-disk drive and SSD.

 HDD SSD

Access 10 0.1
time(ms)

Read 50-100 200-500

speed(MB/s)

Weight(g) 500 50

Power 6 2-3
consumption(
W)
Definition of Spinning disk:

A spinning disk is a device within a hard disk drive on which the memory is written.Rotating
platter are attached to an arm which are used to write data.This spinning disk mechanism is
similar to a recording player.The plated are magnetized to store data that is written using copper
head.

Components of spinning disk:

● Platters:

Circular discs inside the hard drive where the 0s and 1s that make up your files are stored are
called platters.They are made of aluminum,glass or ceramic.Data is permanently stored on the
magnetic surface.Several platters are used on larger device to increase the capacity of the
drive.Data is stored on the tracks,sectors and cylinders of platters to keep it organized and easy to
find.
● The Spindle:

The spindle rotates and keeps the platter in position.The revolution-per-minute rating
decides how fast the data can be written to and read from the drive.There are many
slower and faster speeds are available in internal desktop drive,but a typical drive runs at
7,200 RPM(revolutions per minute).The spindle keeps the platter at a fixed Distance from
each other to allow them to read/write arm to complete the task.

● The Read/Write Arm:

These arms are used to control the movement of read/write head.they convert the
magnetic surface into electric current to read and write on the disk platter.The arm keeps
the head on right position based on the data that needs to be accessed or written.There is
one read/write head for every platter side,which floats 3 to 20 millionths of an inch above
the surface of the platter.

● Actuator:
 Head actuator or actuator is a small motor that takes takes commands from dives's circuit
board to control the motion of the arm and manage the transfer of data to and from the
platters.It's responsible for ensuring that the heads of read/write are at the right position
all the time.

● Others Components:

The outer casing holds all the components of hard disk together,the front-end circuit
board controls the input and output signals in arrangement with ports at the end of drive.It
has one port for power supply and other for transferring data and instructions for the rest
of the systems.

● Construction:
 The two most important parts of hard drive is platter and magnetic head.The read/write
head is snappily pointed magnetic head used to magnetize and demagnetize the billions
of tiny places in platter.There are two heads reads-write heads for each of the platters,one
to read the bottom and the other to read the top surface,so for example a drive has five
platters they would need ten separate read-write heads.These heads are organized on an
electrically controlled arm that moves from the middle of drive to the outer edge and
back again.They do not touch the platters,to reduce wear and tear:there's a layer of fluid
or air between the head and platter surface.the platters rotates at 10,000 revolution per
minute(rpm) so these heads can access any part of them.

● Working of Spinning Disk:

A hard drive is a device that’s quickly store and reads data
mean by a group of magnetized pieces on spinning platters.You typically see one to fours
platters,each of them are 3.5 inches in diameter.they are also known as disks and are
coated with magnetically sensitive material on both sides of platter and are piled
millimeters on the spindle.A motor is located inside the drive that’s rotated the spindle
and platters.the disks in hard drives used in notebooks spins at the rate of
4200,5400,or7200 revolution per minute;these days desktop drives being manufactured
spin at 7200 or 10,00 revolution per minute.The faster the platters spin,the faster data can
be readed.Data is read and written as a series of bits,the smallest unit of byte.bits are
either 0s or 1s.These bits are constitute on platter's surface by longitudinal orientation of
pieces in the sensitive magnetically coated that are acknowledged or written by the
magnetic field of head.Data is not shifted directly raw on hard drive.It's is first organized
using multiplex mathematical formula.The firmware of drive's adds more bits to data that
let the drive to find and correct random errors.swiftly changing longitudinal magnetic
recording in new drive is a process called perpendicular magnetic recording.the medium
are organized perpendicular to the surface of platter's in this way of recording.In this way
they are stuffed closer together for larger mass,with more data per square inch.It also
means that more quantity of data is flowing under the head for faster through
 output.Information is written and read from platter on both sides using a mounted
mechanisms on arms that’s are moved automatically to and fro between the center and
outer rims of platters.This phenomenon is known as seeking,and the speed at which this
process is performed is called seeking time.Tracks are known as sectors that are divided
up into groups of logical units.Each sectors has his own specific address,which is used to
manage and find data.The PC stores data in bits.numbers are stored not as decimal but as
binary digits instead.For example,a decimal no. 382 is saved as the binary number
101111110.Letters and other characters can also be saved as binary
numbers.Thus,computers store capital letter A as the decimal number 65 which as binary
address of 1000001.so we only need 0's and 1's to store any kind of information or data in
computer.

● Magnetism way of Storing:

Iron nails can be temporarily magnetized and
demagnetized.suppose a disk with 1000 iron nails where each of nails can be
magnetized and demagnetized.in view of a magnetized iron nail to be 1 and 0 to
be demagnetized iron nail,we store data in binary format.

● Physics behind spinning disk:

In 1988,Grinberg and Fert individually announced that a thin multilayers of iron and
chromium showed a huge difference in electrical resistance when it is placed in magnetic
fileds.As both scientist realize quickly,the astonishing effect that small magnetic
changes in material affected greatly electron flow.This tool was perfect for reading
data from hard disk,where the information or data is electrically store.In the original
system of both researcher,a layer of non-magnetic chromium was pressed by layers of
ferromagnetic iron.If the atoms rotates in successive iron layers were organized in same
direction,makin all magnetisation of both layer parallel,electron could also align their
 rotations and access through the medium with little resistance.But electrical resistance
shot up when the other layer(second) had its magnetisation lined antiparallel to
first.That's because electrons which were organized their spin with one set of iron
atoms where then apart on confronting the next layer.Fert's joined a series of iron layers
with different magnetisation,which strongly effect on electron flow.This event-which Fert
called giant magnetoresistance-introduce a way to find the magnetic area alignment of
small segments of a magnetic disk,used to store bits of computer data.The giant
magnetoresistive medium in a read'head',hanging over spinning disk,has its magnetisation
changed by bits of flying data below it.This in turn alters the flow of electrical current
through the read head,creating a comparatively strong signals from a small magnetic
field-and using smaller magnetic domains allows much deeper data storage.

● The Future of spinning disk:

 Finally,all desktop and mobile hard disk will use the SATA(serial ATA)interface and
perpendicular magnetic recording.Any new PC you will look will have SATA interface at
least;you can upgrade to a specific drive later when prices get low or fall.Expec
capacities to continue to grow accumulate,and for performance to grow fairly.Today,the
hard drive is found everywhere--from the computer we use daily to MP3 players and
memory keys sm small you can toss then in your pants or T-shirt pocket and forget you're
carrying around a hard drive.But the hard drive was first introduced,its requires a big
housing and 50 24-inches platters to store 1/2400 as much data as can be fit on today's
biggest space 1-inch hard drive

● Conclusion:

Every modern day hard drive is handling your everyday data very perfectly,and
most drives execute well enough to support you with everything you want to do today.if
you are of an angry nature and have a slacked budget,or if your requirements are simple
high,you should always get a 10,000 revolution per minute Western Digital Raptor
drive.Everyone else can buy a fair 7,200 revolutions per minute model at a variation of
space point for a sensible price.

It cannot be agreed that the hard disk storage storage capacities have by far outstirp
gains in performance,which is why is the most detectable bottleneck in modern
computers.As soon you start or turn it off,open applications,read or write files or move
large amounts of data,you will find it disturbing and delay due to hard drive
activity.Faster drives and interfaces help to close the gap of waiting,but not even a multi-
drive high-performance RAID array will get rid of storage-originated delays totally.
 Nonetheless,there is no point in looking for offender here.In fact,we have to
underline the fact that the hard drive developer are doing an amazing job in increasing
storage density,while still being able to compress some more performance out of hard
drive technology that has only changed in the details after 50 years.(IBM's 305 RAMAC
was introduced in 1956.)

Referencences:
1. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/32020/spinning-disk…………………………..1
2. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/four-major-components-hard-drive-70821.html……...4
3. http://www.physicsinstuff.com/physics-in-hard-disk-drive/…………………………...6
4. https://www.pcworld.com/article/18693/article.html?page=3………………………….7
5. https://www.explainthatstuff.com/harddrive.html……………………………………….8
6. https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/science-behind-your-hard-drive-scoops-physics-
nobel/3003526.article……………………………………………………………………..8
7. https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/15-years-of-hard-drive-history,1368-11.html..10