BALLOTTEMENT: Compression of the suprapatellar

pouch, which is normally snug against the Femur. Fluid

wave indicates excess fluid in the knee (effusion)

BULGESIGN: Stroke the medical aspect of the knee, then

tap the lateral side of the patella; a fluid wane or if fluid
is present.

MCMURRAYS TEST: External rotation and valgus stress

applied to the knee while the leg is held flexed at the
knee and hip (supine), normally there is no pain or
sound. “click” or pain indicates meniscal tear.

TRENDELENBUG’S TEST: While the patient stands on one foot and then
other , both iliac crests should appear symmetrical. Asymmetry
suggests hip dislocation.
DRAWER TEST: ( ANTERIO POSTERIOR OR
MEDIOLATERAL)
With the supine position knee flexed, push forwards and
backwards on Tibia at the joint line; with the patient
supine with knee extended, stabilize the femur and ankle
while attempting to abduct and adduct the knee ;
normally there is little or no movement suggests
instability of the anterior or posterior cruciate ligaments
or the medial or lateral collateral ligaments of the knee.

LASEGUE TEST( STRAIGHT LEG RAISING)

With the patient supine raise the leg straight with knee
extended; normally there is no pain. If the maneuver
reproduces sciatic pain, it is considered positive and suggest a
herniated disk.
THOMAS TEST: With the patient lying supine and one leg fully
extended and other flexed on the chest, observe the ability of the
patient to keep extended leg flat on the table. Inablity to keep the leg
extended suggest a hip flexion contracture in the extended leg that may
be masked by increased lumbar lordosis.

PHALEN’S TEST: Flex both wrists together at 90 degrees and hold for 60
secs; normally this produces no symptoms, numbers, tingling or
burning in the median nerve distribution suggests carpal tunnel
syndrome.

TINEL’S SIGN: Tap over the median nerve where it passes through the
carpel tunnel in the wrist: normally this does not produce any
symptoms. Tingling along the median nerve distribution is associated
with carpal tunnel syndrome.

DROP ARM TEST: Raise the affected arm 90degree of flexion, then have
the patient slowly adjust the arm to the side. Inability to lower the arm
slowly or smoothly is associated with disruption of the rotator cuff
mechanism of the shoulder.

SCOLIOSIS SCREENING: Forward bend test, observe symmetry and

height of scapulae, shoulders, iliac crests and ribcage. A symmetry of
scapulae or shoulder height, winged iliac crests, demonstrable curve of
the spine and rib hump indicates scoliosis.
ASSESSING FOR PERIPHERAL NERVE FUNCTION: Assessing of
peripheral nerve function has two key elements: Evaluation of
sensation and evaluation of motion. The nurse may perform one or all
of the following during a musculoskeletal assessment.