****ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT ARTICLES UNDER THE CIVIL CODE.

Art. 15.  Laws relating to family rights and duties, or to the status, condition and legal capacity of persons are
binding upon citizens of the Philippines, even though living abroad. (9a)

CHAPTER 2
HUMAN RELATIONS (n)
 
Art. 19. Every person must, in the exercise of his rights and in the performance of his duties, act with justice, give
everyone his due, and observe honesty and good faith.

Art. 20. Every person who, contrary to law, willfully or negligently causes damage to another, shall indemnify the
latter for the same.

Art. 21. Any person who willfully causes loss or injury to another in a manner that is contrary to morals, good
customs or public policy shall compensate the latter for the damage.

Art. 22. Every person who through an act of performance by another, or any other means, acquires or comes into
possession of something at the expense of the latter without just or legal ground, shall return the same to him.
Art. 23. Even when an act or event causing damage to another’s property was not due to the fault or negligence of
the defendant, the latter shall be liable for indemnity if through the act or event he was benefited.

BOOK I: PERSONS

Title I. - CIVIL PERSONALITY

CHAPTER 2
NATURAL PERSONS
 
Art. 40. Birth determines personality; but the conceived child shall be considered born for all purposes that are
favorable to it, provided it be born later with the conditions specified in the following article. (29a)
Art. 41. For civil purposes, the fetus is considered born if it is alive at the time it is completely delivered from the
mother’s womb. However, if the fetus had an intra-uterine life of less than seven months, it is not deemed born if it
dies within twenty-four hours after its complete delivery from the maternal womb. (30a)

Art. 42. Civil personality is extinguished by death.

The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law, by contract and by will.
(32a)

CHAPTER 3
JURIDICAL PERSONS
 
Art. 44. The following are juridical persons:
(1) The State and its political subdivisions;
 (2) Other corporations, institutions and entities for public interest or purpose, created by law; their personality
begins as soon as they have been constituted according to law;
(3) Corporations, partnerships and associations for private interest or purpose to which the law grants a juridical
personality, separate and distinct from that of each shareholder, partner or member. (35a)

Art. 45. Juridical persons mentioned in Nos. 1 and 2 of the preceding article are governed by the laws creating or
recognizing them.

Private corporations are regulated by laws of general application on the subject.

Partnerships and associations for private interest or purpose are governed by the provisions of this Code concerning
partnerships. (36 and 37a)
Art. 46. Juridical persons may acquire and possess property of all kinds, as well as incur obligations and bring civil
or criminal actions, in conformity with the laws and regulations of their organization. (38a)
Art. 47. Upon the dissolution of corporations, institutions and other entities for public interest or purpose mentioned
in No. 2 of Article 44, their property and other assets shall be disposed of in pursuance of law or the charter creating
them. If nothing has been specified on this point, the property and other assets shall be applied to similar purposes
for the benefit of the region, province, city or municipality which during the existence of the institution derived the
principal benefits from the same. (39a)