COLLAGE OF DRYL AND AGRICUTURE

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE

Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer on Growth Performance of Wheat (Triticum durum )
GROUP MEMBERS ID
MERON HABTOM SU 1102306
MELAKU TADILO SU 1102318
MOHAMMED KASSA SU 1102262
MUAZ KEBEDE SU 1102284
RAHWA GEBREHIWET
Adviser:
Submitted to the Department of Plant Science in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for B.Sc Degree in Plant Science
February ,2021
Samara, Ethiopia
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................................................1
LIST OF TABLE..............................................................................................................................................3
ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................................................................5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................................6
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................7
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................8
1.1 Back ground of the study..........................................................................................................8
1.1 Statement of the problem..........................................................................................................9
1.2 Objectives...................................................................................................................................9
1.2.1 General objective.................................................................................................................9
1.2.2 Specific objectives.............................................................................................................10
2 LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................................11
2.1 .Centers And Origin of Durum Wheat.........................................................................................11
2.2 Area and Production of Wheat.....................................................................................................11
2.3. Agronomic Practice of Wheat......................................................................................................12
2.3.1. Land preparation......................................................................................................................12
2.3.2. Method of Sowing...................................................................................................................12
2.3.3. Seed Rate.................................................................................................................................12
2.3.4. Spacing of Wheat.....................................................................................................................13
2.3.5. Climate requirement................................................................................................................13
2.3.6. Weed Control...........................................................................................................................13
2.3.7. Disease Control........................................................................................................................13
2.3.8. Harvesting and the Ship...........................................................................................................13
2.4. The Roles of Phosphorus on the Growth of Wheat....................................................................14
2.4. Effects of Phosphorus on Growth of Wheat...............................................................................14
3 MATERIAL AND METHODS..................................................................................................15
3.1. Experimental Site and Location..................................................................................................15
3.2. Experimental Procedures.............................................................................................................15
3.3. Experimental Design, Treatment and Layout............................................................................15
3.3.1. Experimental design................................................................................................................15
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 3.3.2. Experimental Treatments.........................................................................................................16
3.4. Data Collected...............................................................................................................................16
3.5. Data Analysis................................................................................................................................16
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................17
4.1. Plant Height (PH)............................................................................................................................17
4.2. Leaf Number (LN)...........................................................................................................................18
4.3. Number of Tiller (NT).....................................................................................................................18
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................19
5.1. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................19
5.2. Recommendation...........................................................................................................................19
6.REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................20

2
 LIST OF TABLE
Table 1.The Mean effect of Plant height, leaf number, and number of tillers affected by different rate of
Different Rate of phosphorus fertilizer Application...................................................................................17

3
4
 ABBREVIATIONS

ANIOVA Analysis of Variance

cm Centimeter
gm Gram
km Kilogram
SAS Statically analysis system
m.a.s.l. mean above sea level

5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to thank the almightily God for all his done to us. Then we would like
to express our heartfelt gratitude to our advisor Mr Tefera Regasa for all his genuine,
constructive and valuable criticism, comments and advice from very beginning to the completion
of this research work.
Finally, our heartfelt thanks extend to, Mr. Geda and Mr.Wondesen for their help ours in the time
of research writing and they contribute great role to accomplish our work.

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 ABSTRACT

Wheat is one of the major staple cereal crops in the world. However, its productivity is low due
to unfit fertilizer application which is not based on site specific area recommendation. The
experiment will conducted at Samara University, Robe Research main station from March to
June, 2009 E, C. The experiment will laid out in RCBD with three replication while four
treatments (0 gm, 8 gm, 10gm and 12 gm) of DAP fertilizer rates were used. According to the
result the maximum mean value will obtained from 12 gram of DAP fertilizer while the minimum
mean value will recorded from 0 gram of phosphorus fertilizer.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground of the study
Wheat (Triticum durum) is an important staple food crop in the world. From the earliest time,
wheat has played important roles the development of civilization. The captivation of wheat
reduces for back in to history and crop will predominant in antiquity as a source of human food
as well as for animal fodders. Wheat is very suitable for its cultivation in tropical region of the
world. Nowadays it is also grown on a large scale in the subtropical region of the world. Yield is
low in the world in and account of many biotic and abiotic factors. Among these, the trait of
sowing and planting density are of a great significance which determine the proper stand
establishment of growing crop through balancing and the plant competitions and ultimately of
keep the yield (Kabesh. 2004 and Marita. 2003).

It has been or served the early sowing gives high yield than late sowing due to longer growing
period (Munirerol, Tour et al. 2002). Rigorous growth associated with uniform seeding
emergency (Kirby. 1993) and better combination of leaf size and tiller number(Region et al.
1992, Kriol et al. 2006).Showed that winter wheat grown under more favorable conditions
October sowing 600 seed(m2)respond to the treatments more even compared to those gown under
un favorable condition. November sowing with 300 seed (M 2) whereas daily sowing 20th
November on the world decrease the wheat grain yield 39 kg handy ( Signee and Uttam. 2002).
Similarly 15% increase in grain yield will recorded when seedling rate will increase from 41 to
95 kg per hectare (Alli. 2003). It has also been noted that the increase of seeding rate at early and
optimal sowing time is unfavorable. But the negative effect of late sowing could be compensated
the increase of seed quantity (Pun et al. 2004).

Wheat is grown from the tropics to 600 North and 400 south when at is a temperate region cereal,
it is grown in the tropical and sub-tropical region of the world. In the tropics, wheat is grown at
high altitudes or when suitable condition exists in the low land. In the tropics and sub tropics, it
is grown of the wheat is grown on altitudes between 1600 and 3000 m. In the north region of
West Africa it is grown during the dry or winter season with irrigation. Wheat can be grown
successfully under a wide range of rain fall and temperature condition. It can with stand the cold
of northern areas quite will, it grown successfully in hot climates in the humidity is not too high.
Both the amount and distribution precipitation are of prime concern to when at producers. Where

8
wheat is grown with irrigation the distribution of natural precipitation is not critical. Wheat
requires 250-750 mm of annual precipitation (A.C land. 2005).

The ideal temperature for different stages of the wheat plant varied considerably. For
germination range from 20-250 while the optimum temperature for good tillering is much
lower(16-200 c) and for proper development of wheat plant the best temperature range 20-23 o c,
means daily temperatures higher than 200c in the early tillering only during the winter season. In
east Africa, most is poor and heading is accelerated. At temperatures higher than25 0 c in the
grain development phase the plant dries up permanently. The temperature cereals such as wheat,
barley, rye and oats have the morphological and anatomical features which characterize the
family Graminaia, their leaves have no petioles but, it consists of sheet section and an upper
expanded blade which is long and narrow nodes. No top root is formed but 3-6, seminar roots
from the basal nodes of the stem and it is main branches. In Ethiopia wheat is high land crop and
it is fourth most important cereal crop after teff, sorghum and maize the crop wide which ranks
the second smile food after race (Yack, y. 2001)

In Ethiopia wheat is milled to make, injera, cakes break flakes, purees, syrup testily biscuits and
pasta. It also consumed after being boiled or roasted from milling our human being wheat is one
of the most food crop in highland of Tigry region and the crop is primarily grown for and former
have selected for their economic important rather for animal food, wheat is one of the major
cereal crop largely grown the high land of Ethiopia. It is produced largely in south east control
end and North West part of the country (Daniel bet.2007).

1.1 Statement of the problem

One of the most strongly marked effects of the phosphate deficiency on plants is the reduction of
shoot growth (Freedmen et al. 2004). According to the ornery models of photosynthesis rationing
(Marchers et al. 2001).The increase in shoot ratio under low phosphate condition presumably
adaptive lower phosphate. The root growth is enhanced relatively under deficiency of
phosphorus or any nutrient of low or more redistribution such as calcium and boron.

1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 General objective

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The general objective of this study is to study the effect of phosphorus fertilizer on growth
performance of durum wheat at Samara University Experimental Site, Bale Robe.

1.2.2 Specific objectives

 Towards evaluate the effect of phosphorus fertilizer on growth and performance of durum
wheat
 To identify the best level of phosphorus fertilizer for on growth and performance of
durum wheat

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 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 .Centers And Origin of Durum Wheat

Wide tripoloid wheat will largely distributed in the north east when human stared harvesting
them in the nature (Bozzini. 2005). The large spike and seed size compared to diploid wheat
made them much more attractive for domestication. Durum wheat is thought to have originated
in present day turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran (Feldman. 2002).durum wheat is allotetetrapliod (two
genomic:AABB) with a total of 28chromosome, containing the full diploid complement of
chromosomes from each of progenitor space. Each chromosome pair in the genome has a
homologous chromosomes pair in b genomes to which it is closely related. A number of inhibitor
genes have been identified, bout gene located on the long arm of chromosome 5b is considered
the critical inhibitor gene (Wall et al. 2003).

Based on cytological and molecular analysis, T. turgidum sub spaces are believed to have
originated from the natural hybridization of triitcum monococum L. subsp. Boioticum (Boiss)
Triticum urantu: AA and an unknown diploid wheat space containing the B genomes(Feldman.
2002). Molecular evidence suggests that the genomes from T.spetttiodaeis most related to durum
and common wheat B genome (Tabert et al. 2005: Khilostkine and Salina. 2001). Emmer wheat
spread from the wear east to large area of the Mediterranean and Middle East, Egypt and
Ethiopia (Bossin. 2004).

2.2 Area and Production of Wheat

Over the years, south eastern parts of the country give the best wheat yield, although hover all
production levels were not a ways the some just few year ago. The wheat land of Arsi\Bale
wheat were dominated by smallholders subsistence farmers cropping on regimented farm land
wheat in spite of it is unique suitableness to the area will planted a long side other crop today
through to agriculture from grams supported by the world bank things are changing. Monotonous
wheat farm land now define almost the entire belts of farm technologies mechanization are
visible, as well as a hint of commercialization across Arsi\Bale wheat lands. The agriculturally
works in the region has tripled yield per hectare in the past three years. In fact, in some place like
Sinana woreda, also inside the belt the yield has increased from around 1.8 to 5 tons per hectares
(Solomon 2006).

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2.3. Agronomic Practice of Wheat

2.3.1. Land preparation

Successful wheat production required good seed through no fixed rules scan be laid down to
growth tillage of the land different type of soil required different type of tillage so, the primary
objective in preparation of seed bed in to obtain good tithe land (Subnis. 2005) cited in crop
production. The minimum tillage for wheat than for any other crop. In particular distributing
between seed bed to the firm and other root bed.

2.3.2. Method of Sowing

Sowing of wheat is generally done by the following method:

1. Broadcasting: It is the most pervading and simple method of wheat sowing in India seed
are broad casted an soil surface, then worked by harrowing and covered by planking,
however all the broad cast seed not get proper contact with moist soil. Secondly, some
seed left uncovered and eaten always by bird the result in pure and uneven germination to
over those implement 25% higher seed rate in recommended.
2. Behind the plough: In this method the seed are dropped by hand in to furrow been open
in the local plough in this method seed are dropped at desired depth and germination is
satisfactory.
3. Drilling: Drilling of seed in the help of seed drill or deed cum, fertilizer drill, the best
method of sowing.
4. Dribbling: It is used when quality of seed is limited sowing done with help small
implement known as dibber in this method dibber are press in the soil to make the hole
and one of two seed are dropped by the land in each hole and then seeds are covered
(Fisher. 2002).

2.3.3. Seed Rate

Seed rate of wheat varies with varietal character like, seed size tilling and germination
percentage, time sowing, moisture content in to sowing time method of sowing under normal
condition seed rate 100-125kg per hectare is sufficient. A variety of height test weight and shay
in tillering required height seed rate under late sowing condition seed rate should be increased by
25% similarly soil moisture is lass at the sowing time seed rate increased by 25% method of
sowing is also affected seed rate wheat. Broad casting 150kg per hectare while sowing local
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plough and drill required 125kg per hectare respectively under normal condition when seed is
sown by seed rate of 25-30 kg per hectare is sufficient (Martin, Leonard. 2001).

2.3.4. Spacing of Wheat

Spacing varies in variety of sowing and irrigation. Wheat variety them filter excessively spaced
wildly irrigated wheat 35 spaced 22, 5cm between row and 8-10cm between plant rain feed
wheat is spaced 25-30 cm between row and 5-6 cm between plant when sowing is delayed closer
spacing of 15-18 cm between row is recommended(Fisher. 2002).

2.3.5. Climate requirement

Wheat grown over wider range of latitude ranging between to an elevation 60 north and 60m
south and latitude ranging from scalar to an elevation up to 3500 nurse in the tropics and sub
tropics normally the most ideal condition for wheat growth are cool and moist weather during the
vegetative growth period and warm and weather during grain formation(Martin, Leonard. 2001).

2.3.6. Weed Control

It will bring observed semi during wheat varieties are not as competitive fever wheat varies with
weeds. Generally weeds are controlled by hand weeding with monocot weed live little canary
grass and wild oats can be contoured by pose emergency application is opportunely at 1-1.5 kg.
(Fischer.2002).

2.3.7. Disease Control

Wheat crop is infested with rulers altering leaf blight loss smut kernel bunt and powdery. To control the
disease infection of wheat growths rust resistance variety recommended for particular area. Avoid late
sowing because let sowing crop more susceptible to rust infection. Use balanced fertilizers, spray 0.2%
inked ort diner m-45 and 0.1% of and soviet (Spreader-stickers) after appliance of postured (Martin,
Leonard. 2001).

2.3.8. Harvesting and the Ship

Yellow and dry straw is an important visual indicator for readiness to harvest wheat crop shared
dress break ire of spiral and chattering grains are common in standing crop is allowed to over rip.
The most suitable stage for harvesting wheat is when the grain become hard and contains 20-
25%moisture harvest trip is generally done with serrate edged sickles. Threshers and winnowing
13
in a single operation wheat crop harvested manually or by reapers is denied for three to four days
on the threshing flora and threshing is done by power driver stationary threshers (Martin,
Leonard. 2001).
.
2.4. The Roles of Phosphorus on the Growth of Wheat

Phosphorus is component of the complex uncle structures of the plant which regulates protein
synthesis. Phosphorus is therefore important in cell division and development of tissue.
Phosphorus to soil low in and development is also associated high complex energy
transformation in the plant. Phosphorus have many vital functions in wheat in addition to un seen
roles it play in photosynthesis, energy storage and transfer, respirations, cell division and other
plant process. Phosphorus helps root and seedling development more rapidly, improves winter
hardiness, promotes early and uniform heading, hasten crop maturity, vital to seed formation and
quality and increase water efficiency. Wheat lacking phosphorus is stunted, has poor root growth
and has few tillers. Phosphorus is critical to elopement of the first two tillers and they are critical
to wheatֹ yield potential. Wheat has high demand from phosphorus. But, when yields are pushed
to high levels, phosphate removal can exceed 0.6 pound P2O5 per bushel. About 60% of
phosphorus uptake by wheat’s occurs prior to flowering, so itֺ is important to have a good supply
available early in the growing season. Because phosphorus is no important to root growth and
early plant development because it is immobile in the soil, wheat is very responsive to starter
phosphorus. Long term research in Saskatchewan (2005) showed how starter phosphorus
consistently increase spring wheat yield.

2.4. Effects of Phosphorus on Growth of Wheat

One of the most effects of phosphorus deficiency on wheat is reduction of shoot growth while
root growth in unaffected or even stimulate, according to the Thorley model of photosynthesis
portioning. The increase in root or shoot ratio under low phosphorus condition is presumably
adaptive, low phosphorus plant; allocate more of their increasing the uptake capacity of the root
far phosphorus (Berber. 2002). The root growth is enhanced relatively under deficiency of
phosphorus or nutrient of high mobility in the phloem, but not under deficiency nutrient of low
(Maschner et al. 2004).
3 MATERIAL AND METHODS

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3.1. Experimental Site and Location

The experiment will be conducted using plot in field conditions at Samara University College of dry land
agriculture at plant science field in the year 20013.Samara University geographically located in 588km
north east of Addis abeba at about 114732 latitude and 41031 longitude the altitude between 116 and
1600 m.a.s.l. average mean maximum and minimum temperature of 38.5 and 23.8C respectively . The
Average annual rainfall is 53.3mm.The soil of experimental site is well drained and it is characteristically
reddish brown clay soil with Ph range from 5.07 to 6.0

3.2. Experimental Procedures

Land preparation:-the land will done according to farmers practice in the area (oxen-plough)
and leveling will carried out by human power to ensure better seedbed for small seeds of wheat.
Sowing: - Seeds of wheat wil sown on the surface of the soil and covered to protect from
extinction by birds and other animal
Irrigation: -Wheat plants were irrigated once per a day (20-40 mm H20 plot-1) for 15 days and
there after once a week except when it rained
Weeding:-Weeds were controlled twice during the growth season manually by pulling out the
weeds or by using a hand
Harvesting: - Only the wheat plants located in the center of the plots would harvested.

3.3. Experimental Design, Treatment and Layout

3.3.1. Experimental design

The wheat variety of Triticum durum will used for this study. The treatments were arranged by
using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three blocks. Each plot had an area of 1m
by 1m with 0.5m spacing between plots and 1m between blocks. The treatments were assigned to
plots by using scientific calculator.

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3.3.2. Experimental Treatments

The following experimental treatments were used for this study:

 Row sowing at seed rate of 14g/plot application of 0g/plot of p = T1
Row sowing at seed rate of 14g/plot and application of 8g/plot P = T2
Row sowing at seed rate of 14g/plot and application of 10g/plot P = T3
 Row sowing at a seed rate of 14g/plot and application12g/plot p= T4

3.3.3Experimental lay out

The experiment will be laid as a complete randomized block design (factorial) with three replication. The
experiment will be consisted of 12 plots. Plot dimensions will be 1by 1 meter with a space 0.5 meter
between plots.

3.4. Data Collected

Data will collected on the growth wheat on the following parameters

 Plant height
 Number of tillers
 Number of leafs

3.5. Data Analysis

The data obtained from the field will subject to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using statistical analysis
system (SAS),) of software and the significance will be evaluated using least significance
difference(LSD) 5% probability level statistically

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 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The effect of different rate of phosphorus fertilizer application on growth of wheat will evaluated
and the different rates of phosphorus fertilizer application have their own effect on the growth
component of wheat. The plots which gain optimum phosphorus fertilizer have better positive
effect on the wheat growth and development than others (Table 1).

Table 1.The Mean effect of Plant height, leaf number, and number of tillers affected by different
rate of Different Rate of phosphorus fertilizer Application

Treatments Parameters
(Phosphorus PH LN NT
fertilizer g/plot) (cm) (no)
0g/plot 5.00a 11.00a 24.80a
8g/plot 4.33a 10.00a 22.56b
10g/plot 4.33a 9.66 a
23.3b
12g/plot 4.33a 8.66 a
29.86a
CV (%) 13.07 33.945 39.68
LSD 0.05 6.56 3.052 2.827
Sign. Level ns ns **

Means followed by the different letter are statistically significant different at α =5%.

Ns: non-significant, CV: coefficient of variance and LSD: least significant difference at 5%
alpha.

4.1. Plant Height (PH)

From the results reviewed in (Table1), it will evident that different phosphorus fertilizer levels
have no significant difference on plant height of wheat plant. The result recorded indicated that
different levels of phosphorus fertilizer (0g, 8g, 10g and 12g per plot) have no significant
difference on plant height per plant of wheat at 5% probability level. Accordingly the highest
plant height will recorded from the plot treated with, 12g/plot of phosphorus fertilizer while the
minimum plant height will recorded from control treatment.

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4.2. Leaf Number (LN)
From the results reviewed in (Table1), it will evident that different phosphorus fertilizer levels
have no significant difference on leaf number of wheat plant. The result recorded indicated that
different levels of phosphorus fertilizer (0g, 8g, 10g and 12g per plot) have no significant
difference on number of leave per plant of carrot at 5% probability level.

4.3. Number of Tiller (NT)

Data analysis from (Table 1) above indicated that phosphorus fertilizer levels had significant
difference at alpha level of P<0.05 on number of tiller of wheat. Maximum number of tiller will
recorded in the plots applied phosphorus fertilizer levels at (0g and 12g phosphorus fertilizer
than control or zero and 10g phosphorus fertilizer plot). Application of 12 g phosphorus fertilizer
per plot increased on number of tiller than control and other level of phosphorus fertilizer

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 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion
Wheat (Triticum durum) is an important staple food crop in the world. From the earliest time,
wheat has played important roles the development of civilization. The caltivation of wheat
reduces for back in to history and crop will predominant in antiquity as a source of human food
as well as for animal fodders. It develops best under cool condition and their seed also geminated
quite well, though slowly, under cool condition.

Wheat perform best in soils with plenty of phosphorus fertilizer. Phosphorus fertilizer should be
prepared for rapid growth with minimal disruption of soil and maximum benefit in maintaining
or indeed improving soil fertility. Hence wise use of the phosphorus is just as important as
choosing the best methods for its production.

We are initiated to undertake a field experiment in Samara University College of dry land
agricultureto develop optimum level of phosphorus fertilizer for enhancing growth and
development of wheat.

Phosphorus fertilizer has great effect on growth of wheat. Phosphorus fertilizer at levels of (0g,
8g, 10g and 12g per plot) will used with three replication. The result of the study indicated that
phosphorus fertilizer had significant difference on growth of wheat like number of tiller as
indicated in (Table 1). These indicated that application of phosphorus fertilizer increased number
of leaf, plant height and number of tiller. Although our study runs with shortage of time and the
wheat plant has not reached the required maturity level and some of the growth parameters
haven’t showed significant difference and promising results have been identified.

5.2. Recommendation

According to our research finding, application of 12g phosphorus fertilizer per plot or 1200kg/ha
showed that the highest growth performance and yield of wheat will obtained. So, this finding is
a base for future research to investigate the effect of different level of phosphorus fertilizer
application on wheat over season and at different location to come up with good conclusion and
decide the optimum level of phosphorus fertilizer on wheat growth and yield by doing repeated
experiments under Robe condition.

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Munir A.T.A Roman and Towaha(2002). Impact of phosphotrius application in fava bean in
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content of bread wheat caltivarminiminaninokaor in south Western Japan plantproductionSci
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duties in wheat patistanJ,Agri Res 3;273-276

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