1. A test for glucose relies on two enzyme-controlled reactions.

glucoseoxidase
glucose + oxygen + water   gluconic acid + hydrogen
peroxide

peroxidase
hydrogen peroxide + colourless substance   water + coloured
substance

(a) Describe how you could use Benedict’s reagent to test a urine sample for
the presence of glucose.

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(2)

(b) Suggest two reasons why a test for glucose in urine based on glucose
oxidase and peroxidase might be preferred to one using Benedict’s
reagent.

1 ....................................................................................................................
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2 ....................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

2. A tripeptide is made up of three amino acids. The diagram shows the molecular
structure of a tripeptide.

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 C H 3O C H3O C H 2O H
O
X C C N C C N C C
O H
H H H H H

(i) Give the formula of the chemical group at position X on the molecule

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(1)

(ii) Give one piece of evidence from the diagram that this molecule is made
up from three amino acids

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(1)
(Total 2 marks)

3. The diagram shows a triglyceride molecule.

H O
F a tty a c id 1
H C O C

O
F a tty a c id 2
H C O C

O
F a tty a c id 3
H C O C

(a) Name part A.

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 .............
(1)

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 (b) With reference to named parts of the diagram, explain the difference
between the terms:

(i) triglyceride and phospholipid;

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(2)

(ii) saturated and unsaturated.

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

4. (a) The graph shows the energy changes which take place during a chemical
reaction.

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 R e a c ta n ts

E n e rg y

P ro d u c ts

R e a c tio n tim e

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 (i) Use the graph to explain what is meant by the term activation
energy.

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(1)

(ii) Draw a curve on the graph to show the energy changes which would
take place if the same chemical reaction were catalysed by an
enzyme.
(2)

The flow chart shows the way in which fructose is produced from starch in the
food industry.

s ta rc h

100°C  - a m y la s e

m o d ifie d sta rc h ,
d e x trin s a n d
g lu c o s e

55° C g lu c o a m y la s e

g lu c o s e

50° C g lu c o s e is o m e ra s e

g lu c o s e a n d
fru c to s e

(b) Describe a biochemical test which could be used to show that reducing
sugars were produced in the first stage of this process.

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(2)

(c) Acid could have been used in place of the -amylase in the first stage of
this process. Suggest why:

(i) acid could have been used;

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(1)

(ii) acid was not used.

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(1)

(d) In the laboratory, the optimal conditions for bacterial -amylase are a pH
of 7 and a temperature of 80°C.

In terms of your knowledge of the way in which enzymes work, explain

why the rate of reaction would change if:

(i) the temperature fell by 10°C;

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 (ii) the pH changed substantially.

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(3)
(Total 12 marks)

5. Sucrose is a disaccharide. The diagram shows the structure of a molecule of

sucrose.

C H 2O H

O O
H H C H 2O H H
H

O H H H O H
H O O C H 2O H

H O H O H H

(a) (i) Use the diagram to explain why sucrose is classified as a

carbohydrate.

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(1)

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 (ii) Explain why sucrose will produce a positive result with Benedict’s
test only after it has been boiled with a dilute acid.

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(2)

(b) Sucrose is sweet-tasting. The receptor molecules in the taste buds on the
tongue are proteins. They detect sweet tasting substances only if they
have dissolved in the saliva.

(i) Explain how proteins are suited for their roles as receptor molecules.

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(3)

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 (ii) Explain why glucose and maltose both taste sweet but starch does
not.

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(1)

(iii) Saccharin, cyclamates and sucrose are chemically different but they
all taste sweet. Suggest why.

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(2)

Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. Many adults are unable to digest

lactose and suffer intestinal problems if they drink milk. Milk can be treated with
the enzyme lactase and this reduces the amount of lactose present. The
diagram shows an industrial reactor used to produce lactose-reduced milk.

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 L a c to s e -
R e a c to r k e p t a t 9 ° C red u ced
m ilk

L a c ta s e im m o b ilis e d
o n m em b ra n e s

F re sh m ilk

M ilk p a s s e d th ro u g h re a c to r s e v e ra l tim e s

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 (c) (i) Suggest one advantage of immobilising the lactase used in this
reaction.

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(1)

(ii) In terms of your knowledge of the way in which enzymes work,

explain why it is necessary to pass the milk through the reactor
several times to reduce the amount of lactose sufficiently.

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(3)

(d) The graph shows the change in lactose concentration during the course of
the reaction.

100

L a c to s e a s R e a c tio n s to p p e d
p e rc e n ta g e o f a n d m ilk re m o v e d
in itia l c o n c e n tr a tio n

0
T im e

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 (i) Explain the change in the rate of reaction with time.

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(2)

(ii) Suggest why the reaction is stopped at the time shown on the graph.

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(1)
(Total 16 marks)

6. (a) The diagram shows two organelles found in a eukaryotic cell.

A B

(i) Name the organelles.

A ..........................................................................................................
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B ..........................................................................................................
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(1)

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 (ii) Explain how the inner membrane is adapted to its function in
organelle A.

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(b) Give one feature of a prokaryotic cell that is not found in a eukaryotic cell.

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(1)

(c) Describe how a sample consisting only of chloroplasts could be obtained

from homogenised plant tissue.

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(Total 7 marks)

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7. The diagram shows an animal cell.

2 0 m

(a) The scale bar on the diagram represents a length of 20 µm. Use this to
calculate the magnification of this diagram. Show your working.

Magnification........................
(2)

(b) Use a guideline and the appropriate letter to show, on the diagram, a site
in this cell where

(i) the enzymes controlling glycolysis are found (A);

(1)

(ii) molecules of enzymes are synthesised (B).

(1)

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 (c) The number of cristae in the mitochondria of a cell with a high metabolic
activity is greater than the number in a cell with lower metabolic activity.
Explain why.

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

8. The diagram shows a section through part of a cell as it would appear when
seen with an electron microscope.

C is te rn a

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 (a) This cell produces and secretes a protein. Describe the part played by
organelles A, B and C in producing and secreting this protein.

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(3)

(b) The table shows information about the different parts of this cell.

Part of cell Percentage of Number in

total cell the cell
volume
Cytoplasm surrounding cell 54 1
organelles
Mitochondria 22 about 1700
Nucleus 16 1
Lysosomes 11 about 300
Cisternae of rough endoplasmic 19 1
reticulum

(i) Which organelle is larger, a mitochondrion or a lysosome?

Use calculations based on figures from the table to support your
answer.

Larger
organelle; .....................................................................................
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 (2)

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 (ii) In the drawing there appear to be a number of separate cisternae in
the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The table gives the approximate
number of cisternae as one. Suggest an explanation for the apparent
difference.

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(2)

(iii) This cell produces a large amount of protein. Explain how the
number of mitochondria in the cell may be linked to this.

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(3)
(Total 10 marks)

9. The drawing shows an electron micrograph of a section through part of an

alveolus from a lung.

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 X In s id e o f
a lv e o lu s

C e ll A

C e ll B

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 (a) Describe the path of a molecule of oxygen from the air in the alveolus at X
to the plasma membrane of cell A.

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(1)

(b) Cell A is a eukaryotic cell. Give two features that may be found in a
prokaryotic cell which are not found in cell A.

1 ....................................................................................................................
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(2)

(c) Cells A and B are biconcave discs. Explain one advantage of a biconcave
disc over a spherical cell of the same volume in transporting oxygen.

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(2)

(d) The diameter of a human red blood cell is 7 µm.

(i) Calculate the magnification of the drawing. Show your working.

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 Magnification = ...............................
(2)

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 (ii) In calculating the magnification, what assumption did you have to
make about how the section was cut?

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

10. The diagram shows part of a cell that secretes enzymes.

(a) Give one piece of evidence, visible in the diagram, which shows that this
cell is a eukaryotic cell.

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(1)

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 (b) Some cells similar to that shown in the diagram were grown in a culture.
Radioactive amino acids were added to the solution in which they were
being grown. The radioactivity acts as a label on the amino acid so that it
can be detected wherever it is.
This radioactive label allows amino acids to be followed through the cell.
At various times, samples of the cells were taken and the amount of
radioactivity in different organelles was measured. The results are shown
in the table.

T im e a fte r r a d io a c tiv e A m o u n t o f r a d io a c tiv ity p r e s e n t /a r b itr a r y u n its

a m in o a c id s w e r e
a d d e d to t h e s o lu tio n / G o lg i a p p a r a tu s R o u g h e n d o p la s m a tic V e s ic le s
m in u te s r e t ic u lu m
1 21 120 6
20 42 68 6
40 86 39 8
60 76 28 15
90 50 27 28
120 38 26 56

(i) What happens to the amino acids in the rough endoplasmic

reticulum?

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(2)

(ii) Use the information in the table to draw arrows on the diagram
showing the path of radioactivity through and out of the cell at X.
(3)

(iii) Name the process which is occurring at point X on the diagram.

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(1)

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 (Total 7 marks)

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