PROGRESS REVIEW REPORT - 1

For the
Virtual Internship - 2021
Semester 6

Bachelor of Technology,
Chemical Engineering Department,
GSFC University, Vadodara.
Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

Group No. 2
Work type: Progress Review Report - 1
Title: Solvent Cement as Thermoplastic Adhesive : A study on possible modification to reduce cost
and improve properties

Work Submitted to,

Faculty Mentor,
Mr. Gaurav Saxena,
Asst. Prof. Chemical Engineering,
GSFC University.

Industry Mentor,
Mr. Shemal Parmar

Work Prepared by,

Kshitij Dalwadi - 18BT01013
Nikunj Padhiyar - 18BT01045
Jugal Patel - 18BT01057
Keyur Patel - 18BT01058
Shivam Panchal - 18BT01085
(Students of 6th Semester, B.Tech Chemical, GSFC University)

Date of submission: 6th April, 2021.

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Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

Table of Contents
WEEKLY REVIEW.............................................................................................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 5
2. CLASSIFICATION OF ADHESIVES............................................................................................5
2.1 Thermosetting adhesives........................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Thermoplastic adhesives........................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Elastomeric adhesives............................................................................................................... 6
3. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLVENT CEMENT............................................................................. 6
3.1 CPVC Solvent Cement..............................................................................................................6
3.2 UPVC Solvent Cement..............................................................................................................7
3.3 PVC Solvent Cement.................................................................................................................7
4. SPECIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENT CPVC & PVC SOLVENT CEMENT............................7
5. PRIMER - CLEANER AND IT’S SPECIFICATIONS..............................................................10
6. ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURES OF CHEMICALS................................ 11
6.1 CPVC Chlorination Polyvinyl Chloride CAS 6864-82-8....................................................... 12
6.2 PVC Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride CAS 9002-86-28......................................................... 12
7. ANALYSIS OF ADHESIVE.......................................................................................................... 13
7.1 Gel Permeation Chromatography and Size-Exclusion Chromatography................................14
7.2 NMR........................................................................................................................................16
7.3 Thermal Analysis.....................................................................................................................17
8. RESULT AND OUTCOMES.........................................................................................................18
9. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................... 18
10. FIGURES AND TABLES............................................................................................................ 18

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Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

WEEKLY REVIEW
This portion contains the weekly work-review by the students of Group 2.
Week 1 (22nd Feb - 1st March)
Finalization of the topic and discussion with Faculty Mentor
Week 2 (2nd March - 8th March)
Research Paper, Articles, literature and web-links collection;
Adhesive and solvent cement classification.
Week 3 (9th March - 15th March)
Ingredients and structures of Solvent cement
Week 4 (16th March - 22nd March)
No work had done as the Exam was going on.
Week 5 (23rd March - 29th March)
Properties and structures of Chemicals;
Primer - cleaner
Week 6 (30th March - 5th April)
Different Analysis method for Adhesives

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1. INTRODUCTION
Adhesives form an inextricable part of modern life. In fact it is difficult to imagine everyday life
without these bonding substances. Consider packaging, building, automobiles, dentistry, medicine,
consumer goods, piping and food industries — all these activities rely heavily on adhesive materials.
Use of adhesives in today’s technology continues to grow at a rapid pace throughout the world and
research in polymer science continues to increase.
For a successful application of an adhesive to a substrate (adherent), to reach a maximum adhesion, it
must be able to flow, penetrate, wet, and set. The adhesive in its final state must be a solid, high-
molecular-weight polymer that is able to carry and transfer mechanical forces. In order to meet these
four criteria, there are three ways in which adhesives are prepared: (1) A polymeric adhesive can be
dissolved or dispersed in a solvent; after application, the solvent is allowed to evaporate, leaving
behind the high molecular-weight polymer. (2) If the adhesive is a thermoplastic polymer, it can be
heated to melt and apply in a molten state; after application, it is allowed to cool and solidify in the
glue line. (3) An adhesive can be prepared by chemical reactions via a polymerization process to
convert monomer (low-molecular-weight starting unit) into polymer (high molecular-weight
material). Many natural adhesives are prepared based on the first method, and most of the synthetic
adhesives are prepared by the third method.
In essence, an adhesive is any substance, inorganic or organic, natural or synthetic, that is
capable of bonding substances together by surface attachment. The bonding power of an
adhesive depends heavily on its molecular weight or size of the molecules. Under a proper bonding
process, the adhesive with higher molecular weight provides a stronger bond. Hence the adhesive is a
high-molecular-weight substance, commonly known as a polymer.
Adhesives are a very diverse and complex group of materials. They can manifest themselves in many
shapes and forms — they can be viscous liquids, powders, or cured products.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF ADHESIVES
2.1 Thermosetting adhesives
 Thermosets molecules are cross-linked by strong covalent intermolecular bonds, forming
one giant molecule. Cross-linking is irreversible therefore thermosets cannot be
reprocessed.
 Cross-linking is achieved in curing process initiated by heat, chemical agents, radiation or
evaporation of Solvents. Curing results in sharp increase of strength, elasticity and
stability of thermosets.

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 Most of thermosetting adhesives are based on epoxies, polyesters, polyimides and

phenolic.
 They are essentially infusible, insoluble and show good creep resistance. They are
used for high load assemblies and severe service conditions such as heat, cold,
radiation etc.

2.2 Thermoplastic adhesives

 Thermoplastics are Polymers, which soften (become pliable and plastic) and melt when
heated. No new cross-links form (no chemical curing) when a thermoplastic cools and
harden.
 Thermoplastics may be reprocessed many times by heating or applying a solvent.
Molecules of most of thermoplastics combine long polymer chains alternating with
monomer units.
 Polyamides, cyanoacrylates, polyacrylates, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) are typical
thermoplastic adhesives.

2.3 Elastomeric adhesives

 Elastomers are polymers possessing high elasticity - may be reversibly stretched at high
degree.
 Elastomers consists of long lightly cross-linked molecules. Elastomers are set
(strengthened) by thermal curing or solvent evaporation. Curing results in increase of
cross-linking of the molecules.
 Typical elastomeric adhesives are based on natural rubbers, silicones, acrylonitrile
butadiene (nitrile), neoprene, Butyl, polyurethane, styrene-butadiene.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLVENT CEMENT

Solvent Cement is sometimes known as PVC Cement. It is an adhesive substance and used to join
two pieces of PVC. Although it is called cement, it is more similar to welding, since it melts the
two pieces of PVC in one piece in the same way that a welder does. There are basically three type
of Solvent Cements:

3.1 CPVC Solvent Cement

The CPVC is made of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, so its properties change, due to a
chemical procedure where hydrogen is replaced by chlorine, in order to make it more resistant
to heat. Chlorination makes the pipe stronger, harder and more flexible, with fewer pores. A

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Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

CPVC tube can tolerate a temperature of 82.2℃. Without deforming, a feature that makes it
ideal for hot water installations.

3.2 UPVC Solvent Cement

The UPVC is a thermoplastic polymer belonging to the family of polyvinyl chloride (PVCs),
but with the particularity of being unplasticized. That is, in the manufacturing process
components such as plasticizers, lubricants or stabilizers are eliminated, thus obtaining a much
purer resin of polyvinyl chloride. The main difference with a conventional PVC resin is the
remarkable improvement of the main mechanical qualities of the material, especially the
rigidity.Currently, UPVC has many applications where, mainly, it substitutes metallic materials
where moderate efforts are required and the great advantage of its long duration as it is not
attacked by environmental and chemical phenomena such as oxidation.

3.3 PVC Solvent Cement

PVC pipes and fittings are used in drinking water and sewer
systems, drainage and ventilation systems. As it supports
cracking and resists abrasion of acids, it is also capable of
transporting gases and is used safely in laboratories and
domestic gas installations. PVC pipes are made of polyvinyl
chloride and their common use is limited to transporting
liquids at room temperature since their resistance limit is
60℃. PVC should not be used to transport hot water, as if
the CPVC can do it.
4. SPECIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENT CPVC & PVC SOLVENT CEMENT

This section reviews different type of CPVC and PVC Solvent Cement

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Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

Heavy Duty CPVC Heavy Duty CPVC Medium CPVC All Weather CPVC Cement
Cement Industrial Cement Cement with UV Indicator
Color Orange Gray Orange Gold

Material CPVC CPVC CPVC CPVC

Maximum 110 110 110 110

Application
Temperature ° F
Maximum 43 43 43 43
Application
Temperature ° C
Set Speed Medium set Medium set Fast set Fast set

Product Type CPVC Cement CPVC Cement CPVC Cement CPVC Cement

Set Type Standard (40 – 105 ° Standard (40 – 105 ° F) Standard (40 – 105 ° F) Standard (40 – 105 ° F)
F)
Maximum Use 200 200 200 200
Temperature ° F
Use Heavy-bodied cement Heavy-bodied solvent Medium-bodied orange For copper tube size (CTS)
for use on all cement formulated for cement for use on all CPVC hot and cold potable
schedules and classes use on PVC and CPVC schedules and classes water pipe and fittings up to
of CPVC pipe and Piping systems requiring of CPVC pipe and 2" diameter interference fit.
fittings up to 12" chemical resistance to fittings up to 6"
diameter with caustics, including diameter with
interference fit. Hypochlorite, mineral interference fit.
acids and aqueous salt
solutions.
Table 1 Specifications of CPVC Solvent Cement
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 Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

All Weather Professional

Heavy Duty Clear Medium Clear Regular Clear
Medium PVC Gaede PVC All Temp PVC Cement
PVC Cement PVC Cement PVC Cement
Cement Cement
Color clear clear clear clear Blue Blue
Maximum 43 43 43 43 43 43
Application
Temperature °
C
Set Speed Fast set Medium set Fast set Fast set Fast set Fast set

Set Type Cold Weather (< Standard (40 - 105° Standard (40 - 105° Standard (40 - Cold Weather Cold Weather (< 32° F)
32 ° F) F) F) 105° F) (< 32° F)
Maximum Use 140 140 140 140 140 140
Temperature °
F
Use Regular-Bodied Heavy-bodied
Medium-bodied Heavy Bodied Clear
Clear cement for blue or clear
clear cement for cement for use on all Medium-bodied Medium bodied, very fast
use on all cement for use
use on all schedules and classes clear cement for use setting, all weather clear
schedules and on all schedules
schedules and of PVC pipe and on all schedules and cement for use on all
classes of PVC and classes of
classes of PVC fittings up to 12" classes of PVC pipe schedules and classes of
pipe and fittings flexible and
pipe and fittings with interference fit, and fittings up to 6" PVC pipe and fittings up to
up to 4" for Sch. rigid PVC pipe
up to 6" diameter 18" for DWV diameter with 6” diameter with
40 and up to 2" and fittings up
with interference applications. interference fit. interference fit.
for Sch. 80. to 12" diameter
fit.Recommended Recommended for Recommended for Recommended for potable
Recommended for with
for use on potable potable water, potable water, water, pressure pipe,
potable water, interference fit.
water, drain, pressure pipe, and pressure pipe, conduit and DWV
pressure pipe,
waste, and vent conduit and DWV conduit and DWV. applications.
conduit and
systems. applications.
DWV.

Table 2 Specifications of PVC Solvent Cement

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Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

5. PRIMER - CLEANER AND IT’S SPECIFICATIONS

The primer plays an important role in Solvent cement, it prepares the PVC surface by softening the
material so the cement become more to adhere to, giving a stronger, more reliable connection. As
PVC joints are not glued together exactly, but fused through a chemical change. The softer the outer
layer of your PVC, the better it will cement in joint. In addition to the cement, a primer may also be
used during the solvent welding process to pre - soften the material to fuse and create maximum joint
strength. The primer is made of around 20%-40% acetone. While, PVC cleaner is used to remove
grease, dirt, and oil from PVC surfaces, making them clean.

Table 3 Specifications of Primer-Cleaner

Industrial Grade
Unpurple primer Clear PVC Primer
Purple Primer
Color Purple Clear Clear
Material Primer-Cleaner Primer-Cleaner Primer-Cleaner

Maximum 110 110 110

Application
Temperature ° F
Maximum 43 43 43
Application
Temperature ° C
Product Type primer primer primer

Maximum Use 200 200 200

Temperature ° F
For use on PVC and
CPVC pipe and fittings.
Ideal for use in cold
weather applications. For use on all
For use on all SCH
Recommended for schedules and
Use and classes of PVC
Commercial and Large classes of PVC pipe
pipe and fittings.
diameter thermoplastic and fittings.
piping systems,
specifically CPVC SCH
40 / 80.

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Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

6. ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURES OF CHEMICALS

Mainly five chemicals are used to make PVC, CPVC solvent cement, and other two ingredients are
resins. This resins are different in some cases, like we are using solvent to joint PVC pipes then we
use CPVC resin and in PVC case we are using PVC resin. So in order to differentiate between these
chemicals, we have to compare these chemicals.
The Chemicals are described in following table.
Tetrahydrfuran Amorphous silica 112945-
Methyl ethyl ketone 78-93-3
109-99-9 52-5
Chemical
C₄H₈O CH₃COC₂H₅ SiO2, fumed
formula
Molar
72.11 g/mol 72.11 g/mol 60.08 g/mol
Mass
Density 0.88 g/cm3 (25 °C) 0.805 g/cm3 (20 °C) 2.3 lb/cu.ft (25 °C)
CAS
109-99-9 78-93-3 112945-52-5
number
Hill
C₄H₈O C₄H₈O SiO2
Formula

Structure
formula

Keep container tightly

Storage 2-8°C Store at +2°C to +30°C.
closed.
pH value 7 (H₂O) pH(1+4, 25℃):6.0～7.0 No data available
Boiling 65 - 66 °C (1013
79.6 °C (1013 hPa) No data available
point hPa)
Explosion
1.5 - 12.4 %(V) 1.8 - 11.5 %(V) No data available
limit
Melting
-108.44 °C -87 °C > 1600 °C
Point
Vapor
170 hPa (20.0 °C) 95 hPa (20 °C) < 0.01 mm Hg (20 °C)
pressure

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Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

Price Rs. 110/Kg Rs. 120/Kg US $1.00/Kg

Categories highly flammable,
highly flammable, irritant No data available
of danger irritant, carcinogenic
Silica, fumed is A chemical
Tetrahydrofuran for
Ethyl methyl ketone reference used in the synthesis of
liquid
Application substance for gas silicalite and in the catalytic
chromatography
chromatography growth of oxide and nitride
LiChrosolv
nanowires

And two resins are,

6.1 CPVC Chlorination Polyvinyl Chloride CAS 6864-82-8

Chemical formula : (C9H11Cl7)n, for 67% Cl polymer
CPVC resin made by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin chlorinated
modified system. Appearance is white or light yellow, tasteless, non-
toxic loose grain or powder.
Application

Low chlorine content, good flame retardant, Applicable to general

requirements for heat resistance and corrosion resistance requirements. Used to produce all kinds
of pipes, plates, wave board, corrugated board and other structural materials

6.2 PVC Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride CAS 9002-86-28

Chemical formula : (C2H3Cl)n

PVC's abrasion resistance, light

weight, good mechanical
strength and toughness are key
technical advantages for
its use in building and
construction applications.
PVC can be cut, shaped, welded
and joined easily in a variety of
styles. Its light weight reduces
manual handling difficulties.

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Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

Application

PVC is an acronym for polyvinyl chloride. A resin is a material often used in the production of
plastics and rubbers. PVC resin is a white powder commonly used to produce thermoplastics.
Other members of the vinyl family can be used for similar applications, but PVC tends to be the
most popular member of that family

7. ANALYSIS OF ADHESIVE
Analysis or characterization is an essential step in working with adhesives. As a rule, such efforts are
directed toward a specific purpose that may focus on structural determination, curing reaction, and
size of the molecule, material design at a molecular level, process control, or failure analysis.
Adhesives may be synthesized by many processes; very often the precise conditions used have an
effect on the structure of the product. Because of the statistical nature of the polymerization process,
most polymers show a distribution of molar mass or molecular weights, which may be averaged in
several different ways. Any physical or performance property of a polymer may be related to one or
more average molecular weights, the type of average being determined by the physical averaging
process inherent in the method used to measure the property. Thus, a complete description of the
molecular weight distribution of a polymer is important to understand its physical, rheological, and
mechanical properties.
The molecular weight of an adhesive is of prime importance in its preparation, application, and
performance. The effect of molecular weight on the tensile strength or bonding power of an adhesive
is illustrated in Figure.

Figure 1 Effect of molecular weight on tensile strength or bonding power of adhesives

At very low molecular weights, the ultimate tensile stress is near zero. As the molecular weight
increases, the tensile strength rapidly increases, then gradually levels off. Hence, the useful bonding
and mechanical properties of an adhesive are heavily dependent on its molecular weight. Normally,

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bonding power does not begin to develop in adhesives until a minimum molecular weight above
5,000 is achieved. Above that size, there is a rapid increase in the mechanical performance of
adhesives as their molecular weights increase. For analysis or characterization of adhesives, the first
step is to determine the molecular weight or degree of polymerization. The molecular weights of
adhesives can be determined by chemical or physical methods of functional group analysis or by
measurement of the colligative properties, light scattering, ultracentrifugation, or dilute solution
viscosity.

7.1 Gel Permeation Chromatography and Size-Exclusion Chromatography

The technique of GPC or SEC is introduced for determination of the molecular weight and MWD of
adhesive polymers, separation of small molecules, and preparation of molecular weight fractions.
This technique is possibly the most widely used chromatographic technique in polymer analysis. It is
capable of characterizing very high-molecular-weight polymers up to 106, thermoset resins of
molecular weight 103 and 104, and oligomers or prepolymers in which only a few monomer units are
joined.
The essential components of the instrumentation are a solvent reservoir, a solvent delivery system
(high pressure pump), sample injection system, packed columns, detector(s), and a data handling
system. The heart of the instrumentation is the fractionation column where the separation takes place.
The most common packing material used has been a semirigid cross-linked polystyrene gel. The
concentration of the polymer molecules eluting from GPC columns is monitored continously by a
detector. The most widely used detector in GPC is the differential refractometer, which measures the
difference in refractive index between solvent and solute. Other detectors commonly used for GPC
are a functional group detector and an ultraviolet detector.

Figure 2 Equipment schematic for a typical gel permeation chromatograph

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Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

The Gel permeation chromatography or SEC is a liquid column chromatographic technique in which
an adhesive solution is introduced onto a column packed with a rigid porous gel and is carried
through the column by a solvent or solvents (mobile phase). Ideally, size separation is achieved by
differential pore permeation. Under the influence of the solvent stream passing down the column, the
smaller molecules in the adhesive go into and out of more pores in the packing than do the larger
molecules. Hence, larger molecules are eluted from the column earlier than smaller ones and are
detected by means of some suitable instruments.
The separation is based on the hydrodynamic volume of a polymer molecule. This hydrodynamic
volume is converted to a molecular weight or equivalent molecular weight compared to the
hydrodynamic volume of a calibrated polymer by means of a calibration curve.

Figure 3 Relationship between molecular weight and retention volume for gel permeation
chromatography; calibration curve
Specific molecular weights in GPC can be determined only from a calibration curve. Calibration
requires chromatographing several samples of the specific polymer type that have narrow molecular
weight distributions and known molecular weights covering the entire range of interest. The peak
retention volumes of the sample are then plotted graphically against the known molecular weight
average. The molecular weight average of the unknown is determined from the calibration plot and
the peak retention volume and is in the units of the calibration curve, Mw , Mn , or Mv.
In GPC or SEC the distribution coefficient of a solute species is defined in terms of the fraction of
the intraparticle volume, Vs, which is accessible to the solute so that
Vt − Vm
K=
Vs
For large, totally excluded molecules, Vt = Vm and hence K = 0. For small solute molecules which
can enter all the pores, Vt = Vm + Vs and hence K = 1. Separation therefore occurs only where solute
molecules obey the condition 0 < K < 1.

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Group 2 - Progress Review Report 1

7.2 NMR
NMR is an abbreviation for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. An NMR instrument allows the molecular
structure of a material to be analyzed by observing and measuring the interaction of nuclear spins
when placed in a powerful magnetic field. For the analysis of molecular structure at the atomic level,
electron microscopes and X-ray diffraction instruments can also be used, but the advantages of NMR
are that sample measurements are non-destructive and there is less sample preparation required.
Fields of application include bio, foods, and chemistry, as well as new fields such as battery films
and organic EL, which are improving and developing at remarkable speed. NMR has become an
indispensable analysis tool in cutting-edge science and technology fields.
NMR instrument composition

Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

When a nucleus that possesses a magnetic moment (such as a hydrogen nucleus 1H, or carbon
nucleus 13C) is placed in a strong magnetic field, it will begin to precess, like a spinning top.

So, following information can be obtained from NMR;

Chemical shift: Information about the composition of atomic groups within the molecule.

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Spin-Spin coupling constant: Information about adjacent atoms.

Relaxation time: Information on molecular dynamics.
Signal intensity: Quantitative information, e.g. atomic ratios within a molecule that can be helpful in
determining the molecular structure, and proportions of different compounds in a mixture.

7.3 Thermal Analysis

Heat or temperature has a considerable effect on curing, working life, and stability of adhesives.
Several structural transitions can occur in adhesives during heating. Thermal analysis techniques can
provide a detail road map of curing, properties, and stability of cured adhesives that has predictive
utility. They also provide the ability to assess degree of cure and composition.
Thermal analysis refers to any technique for the study of materials which involves thermal control.
The techniques include the measurement of temperatures at which changes may occur, the
measurement of the energy absorbed (endothermic transition) or evolved (exothermic transition)
during a phase transition or a chemical reaction, and the assessment of physical changes resulting
from changes in temperature. Measurements are usually made with increasing temperature, but
isothermal measurements or measurements made with decreasing temperatures are also possible.
Hence thermal analysis has provided important contributions in the characterization of adhesives,
and a great deal has been written on this subject. It yields a ‘‘fingerprint’’ that may uniquely
characterize the adhesive and assess its thermal stability. Thermal analysis data may also permit the
evaluation of the kinetic parameters for the chemical changes that may have taken place during the
heating process. For insoluble network adhesives, thermal techniques have been used to establish the
degree and rate of cure, to study the chemical kinetics of curing reactions and the curing behavior
itself, and to study degradation reactions.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are techniques that
monitor either the heat evolution or absorption for any reactions that are occurring in a sample. Thus,
DTA/DSC thermograms reflect changes in the energy of the system under investigation—changes
that may be chemical or physical in origin. The technique is particularly useful for adhesives because
polymerization or structural changes are almost invariably accompanied by energetic effects so that
curing, crystallization, melting and other reactions all show characteristic DTA/DSC thermograms.
The use of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), however, is not involved in heat change;
it is a technique that measures molecular motion in adhesives to obtain a temperature/ modulus
relationship. These thermal analysis techniques are (1) Differential Thermal Analysis, (2) Differential
Scanning Calorimetry, and (3) Differential Scanning Calorimetry.

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8. RESULT AND OUTCOMES

After the 5 Week of study, we have develop the basis for the ongoing project, which includes all
the general idea, classification, structures and properties of ingredients, different methods for the
analysis. Which will help in determining possible modifications in ingredients in order to reduce
cost and property enhancement.

9. REFERENCES
“Handbook of Adhesive Technology” by A. Pizzi, Universite' de Nancy IEpinal, France and K. L.
Mittal, Hopewell Junction, New York, U.S.A.
Online at “http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=classification_of_adhesives”
“Handbook of Adhesion” by D. E. Packham, University of Bath, Bath, UK
Online at “https://www.plumbingsupply.com/the-great-pvc-primmer-debate.html”
Online at “https://www.kenresearch.com/blog/2018/12/india-pvc-solvent-cement-market-
research-report-ken-research/”

10. FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1 Effect of molecular weight on tensile strength or bonding power of adhesives............ 13
Figure 2 Equipment schematic for a typical gel permeation chromatograph...............................14
Figure 3 Relationship between molecular weight and retention volume for gel permeation.......15

Table 1 Specifications of CPVC Solvent Cement.......................................................................... 8

Table 2 Specifications of PVC Solvent Cement.............................................................................9
Table 3 Specifications of Primer-Cleaner.....................................................................................10

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