1.

PEOPLE AND RELATIONSHIPS

People in relationship:
• client (clients)
• colleague (colleagues)
• employer (employers)
• parent (parents)
• sibling (siblings)
• spouse (spouses)

Describing people:
• autonomous
• consistent
• conventional
• co-operative also cooperative
• efficient
• flexible
• idealistic
• tolerant
• vulnerable

2. HEALTH

Health problems:
• addiction (addictions)
• allergy (allergies).
• cancer (cancers)
• dehydration
• disease (diseases)
• infection (infections)
• obesity
• stroke (strokes)

Verbs associated with treatment:

• administer (administers, administering, administered)
• admit (admits, admitting, admitted)
• diagnose (diagnoses, diagnosing
• discharge (discharges, discharging, discharged)
• examine (examines, examining, examined)
• screen (screens, screening, screened).
• vaccinate (vaccinates, vaccinating, vaccinated)
3. EDUCATION

Academic subjects:
• archaeology also archeology
• astronomy
• economics
• geology
• linguistics
• psychology
• sociology

Academic activities:
• analyse (analyses, analysing, analysed)
• claim (claims, claiming, claimed)
• define (defines, defining, defined).
• evaluate (evaluates, evaluating, evaluated)
• investigate (investigates, investigating, investigated)
• Nouns associated with research:
• evidence
• hypothesis (hypotheses)
• theory (theories)

4. ADVENTURE

Verbs associated with travel and adventure:

• accompany (accompanies, accompanying, accompanied).
• encounter (encounters, encountering, encountered)
• overcome (overcomes, overcoming, overcame)
• reschedule (reschedules, rescheduling, rescheduled)
• seek (seeks, seeking, sought)
• venture (ventures, venturing, ventured)
Nouns associated with travel and adventure:
• challenge (challenges)
• destination (destinations)
• itinerary (itineraries)
• journey (journeys)

Adjectives to describe experiences:

• dreary
• intense
• pivotal
• profound
• valuable
5. GADGETS

Nouns to describe dimensions:

• angle (angles)
• circumference
• diameter (diameters)
• length (lengths)
• radius (radii)
• volume (volumes)
• width (widths)

Actions:
• adjust (adjusts, adjusting, adjusted)
• convey (conveys, conveying, conveyed)
• launch (launches, launching, launched)
• reinforce (reinforces, reinforcing, reinforced)
• secure (secures, securing, secured)
• suspend (suspends, suspending, suspended)

6. CITIES

Words associated with human geography I Recognizing positive and negative connotation I
Recognizing superordinate terms

Nouns:
• amenity (amenities)
• commuter (commuters).
• congestion
• housing
• resident (residents).
• immigrant (immigrants)
• infrastructure (infrastructures)
• inhabitant (inhabitants).
• neighbourhood (neighbourhoods)

Adjectives:
• bustling
• pioneering
• historic
• rural
• sprawling
• urban
7. THE ART OF PERSUASION
Using reporting verbs to present points of view I Recognizing synonyms

Reporting verbs:
• advocate (advocates, advocating, advocated)
• acknowledge (acknowledges, acknowledging, acknowledged)
• assert (asserts, asserting, asserted)
• dispute (disputes, disputing, disputed)
• imply (implies, implying, implied)
• justify (justifies, justifying, justified)
• object (objects, objecting, objected)
• outline (outlines, outlining, outlined)
• question (questions, questioning, questioned)

Nouns associated with persuasion:

• benefit (benefits)
• debate (debates)
• discussion (discussions)
• drawback (drawbacks).
• evidence
• proof(proofs)

8. GETTING INVOLVED
Naming forms of culture and engagement I Formal and informal verbs

Nouns:
• current affairs
• recital (recitals)
• drama (dramas)

Adjectives:
• amateur
• classical
• contemporary

Verbs associated with involvement:

• assemble (assembles, assembling, assembled)
• attend (attends, attending, attended)
• broadcast (broadcasts, broadcasting)
• establish (establishes, establishing, established)
• observe (observes, observing, observed)
• organize (organizes, organizing, organized).
• participate (participates, participating, participated)
• resign (resigns, resigning, resigned)
9. GLOBAL WARMING
Verbs fo r n a tural processes I Verbs and adjectives associated with scientific study I
Nouns associated with climate I Recognizing antonyms

Natural processes:
• condense (condenses, condensing, condensed)
• contract (contracts, contracting, contracted)
• expand (expands, expanding, expanded)
• flow (flows, flowing, flowed)

Verbs associated with scientific study:

• estimate (estimates, estimating, estimated)
• predict (predicts, predicting, predicted)
• state (states, stating, stated)

Adjectives:
• accurate (opposite inaccurate)
• likely (opposite unlikely)

Nouns associated with climate:

• current (currents)
• flood (floods)
• glacier (glaciers)
• hurricane (hurricanes)
• typhoon (typhoons)

10. WORDS FOR DESCRIBING GRAPHS AND FIGURES

Naming graphs and figures and their components

Nouns for graphs and figures:

• bar chart (bar charts)
• diagram (diagrams)
• flow chart (flow charts).
• line graph (line graphs)
• pie chart (pie charts)
• table (tables)

Components of graphs and figures:

• axis (horizontal/vertical) (axes)
• column (columns)
• key(keys)
• segment (segments).
• step (steps)
• Verbs meaning show’:
• depict (depicts, depicting, depicted)
• represent (represents, representing, represented)
11. WORDS FOR DESCRIBING CHANGE
Learning time expressions and verbs for describing change I Pronouncing consonants
Clearly I Using words with positive and negative connotations

Verbs associated with change:

• abandon (abandons, abandoning, abandoned)
• adjust (adjusts, adjusting, adjusted)
• alter (alters, altering, altered)
• decline (declines, declining, declined)
• develop (develops, developing, developed)
• diminish (diminishes, diminishing, diminished)
• evolve (evolves, evolving, evolved)
• modify (modifies, modifying, modified)
• refine (refines, refining, refined)
• shift (shifts, shifting, shifted)
• transform (transforms, transforming, transformed)

Nouns for periods of time:

• century (centuries)
• decade (decades)
• generation (generations)
• millennium (millenniums or millennia)

12. WORDS EXPRESSING SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE

Recognizing verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs fo r describing s im ila rity and difference

Verbs for describing difference:

• contrast (contrasts, contrasting, contrasted)
• differ (differs, differing, differed)
• differentiate (differentiates, differentiating,
• differentiated)
• distinguish (distinguishes, distinguishing, distinguished)
• vary (varies, varying, varied)

Verbs for describing similarity:

• compare (compares, comparing, compared)
• resemble (resembles, resembling, resembled)

Adjectives and adverbs for describing difference:

• contrary
• conversely
• distinct
• diverse

Adjectives for describing similarity:

• alike
• comparable
• equivalent
• identical
13. WORDS DESCRIBING CAUSE AND EFFECT
Nouns and verbs fo r cause and effect I Working out the meaning of words from context

Nouns:
• chain reaction (chain reactions).
• consequence (consequences)
• impact (impacts)
• influence (influences)
• outcome (outcomes)
• repercussion (repercussions)
• repercussions, it causes unpleasant things

Verbs:
• affect (affects, affecting, affected)
• contribute (contributes, contributing, contributed)
• determine (determines, determining, determined)
• generate (generates, generating, generated)
• induce (induces, inducing, induced)
• provoke (provokes, provoking, provoked)
• result (results, resulting, resulted)
• stem (stems, stemming, stemmed)
• trigger (triggers, triggering, triggered)

14. SIGNPOSTING EXPRESSIONS FOR WRITING

Adding, conceding, sequencing, generalizing, expressing consequence and concluding

Adding points:
• furthermore
• moreover

Contrasting points:
• nevertheless
• whereas
• whilst

Referring to sequence:
• former
• initial
• latter
• prior
• respectively
• subsequent

Generalizing:
• on balance
• overall

Expressing consequence and concluding:

• hence
• thus
15. ADVERBS
Using adverbs to frame your message I Recognizing adverbs I Recognizing synonyms I
Using adverbs to express attitude I Pronouncing the schwa

Vocabulary
• absolutely
• approximately
• comparatively
• ideally
• indefinitely
• inevitably
• interestingly
• necessarily
• particularly
• presumably
• provisionally
• relatively
• supposedly
• surprisingly
• undoubtedly

16. WORDS FOR PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Nouns for problems:

• complication (complications)
• crisis (crises)
• dilemma (dilemmas)
• predicament (predicaments)
Verbs associated with problems:
• damage (damages, damaging, damaged)
• deteriorate (deteriorates, deteriorating, deteriorated)

Verbs associated with solutions:

• address (addresses, addressing, addressed)
• alleviate (alleviates, alleviating, alleviated)
• approach (approaches, approaching, approached)
• eradicate (eradicates, eradicating, eradicated)
• intervene (intervenes, intervening, intervened)
• react (reacts, reacting, reacted)
• repair (repairs, repairing, repaired)
• resolve (resolves, resolving, resolved)
• tackle (tackles, tackling, tackled)
17. WORDS FOR TALKING ABOUT IDEAS

Nouns for ideas:

• concept (concepts)
• conjecture (conjectures)
• consensus
• dogma (dogmas)
• framework (frameworks)
• ideology (ideologies)
• model (models)
• perspective (perspectives)
• stance (stances)

Adjectives for describing ideas:

• ambiguous
• biased
• compelling
• credible
• flawed.
• valid

18. EMPHASIS AND UNDERSTATEMENT

Adjectives describing quantity and degree:

• abundant
• ample
• marked
• modest.
• negligible
• vast

Adjectives describing degree of certainty:

• definitive
• liable
• tentative
• undisputed

Adverbs describing quantity and degree:

• marginally
• seldom

Adverbs describing degree of certainty:

• ostensibly
• reportedly
• seemingly