TELEVISION

 Television means seeing the scene at a distance.

 A television system must faithfully reproduce the motion, sound, colour, the
structural details and the relative brightness of the scene.

 The standard television picture has a ratio of 4:3 of width to height which is
called as aspect ratio.

 Camera is used to generate picture signal and the sound signal is generated
by microphone.

 Electron beam of the camera scans the images sequentially from left to right
and from top to bottom.

 In India the scanning rate is 25 photo frames per second since the supply
frequently is 50 Hz.

o There are two types of TV

 Monochrome (black & white) system.

 Colour TV system.

o Television broadcasting station in India is assigned a bandwidth of 7 mHz for each

channel.
 o Each channels are assigned the frequency rangs from 54 to 216 MHz in VHF band.

MONOCHROME TV TRANSMITTER

Simplified monochrome TV Transmitter block diagram is shown below.

o A Scene / picture is focussed by camera and scanned by electronic beam, where

the intensity is modulated by the brightness of the scene.

o Camera has photosensitive elements that converts the optical images into electrical
signal.
 o The black and white TV requires only brightness or luminance whereas colour TV
requires luminance and chrominance signals.

o The chrominance signal occupies significant portion in frequency spectrum whereas

luminance signal doesnot use

o Colour TV system and monochrome TV must be compatible i,e the chrominance

signals must be cooled in such a way that a satisfactory picture will be produced by
a monochrome receiver and vice versa.

o Scanning and synchronizing circuits produce, synchronizing and blanking pulses.

o Video signals, synchronizing and blank pulses are combined in the AM modulating
amplifier.
o The video signal is amplified by video amplifier. Sound signals are FM modulated
and combined with video signal in combining network then it is transmitted via
omnidirectional antenna.

TV RECEIVER
Simplified TV receiver block diagram is shown below.

o Both audio and video signals are subjected to superhetrodyne action

simultaneously.

o Both signals are separated. A folded dipole (or) Yagi-uda antenna is used at the
receiving end. It provides proper impedance matching so that the maximum
transmitted energy is received.

o RF tuner is used to achieve good noise figure and provide image rejection. Desired
channel can be selected using tuning circuit.

o Mixer will generate the IF signal and it is applied to two sets of tuned IF amplifier.
One is tuned to sound intermediate frequency and the other to image IF. The
unwanted signals from each channel is removed by the help of rejection filters.
o Audio is fed to FM demodulator and fed to the loud speaker. Images are
demodulated using diode detector. The demodulated composite video signal is given
to a syno separator. It seperates the synchronizing pulse and then image is given to
the picture tube.