Sensor Review

Estimation of fabric opacity by scanner

Abbas Hajipour Ali Shams Nateri Alireza Sadr Momtaz
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Abbas Hajipour Ali Shams Nateri Alireza Sadr Momtaz , (2014),"Estimation of fabric opacity by scanner", Sensor Review, Vol.
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 Estimation of fabric opacity by scanner
Abbas Hajipour
Textile Engineering Department, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Ali Shams Nateri
Textile Engineering Department, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; and Center of Excellence for Color Science and
Technology, Tehran, Iran, and
Alireza Sadr Momtaz
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

Abstract
Purpose – This study aimed to use a scanner as a low-cost method for measuring the opacity of textile fabric. Textile fabrics must have specific
ranges of opacity according to their uses for shirting, curtaining, etc. In this way, opacity is an important property in the textile industry.
Conventionally, textile opacity is estimated using a spectrophotometer, which is an expensive method.
Design/methodology/approach – In this study a scanner was used as a low-cost method for measuring the opacity of textile fabric. The opacity
was estimated by using red, green and blue (RGB) parameters of images of fabric against white and black background.
Findings – The accuracy of opacity estimation was improved by converting RGB into several color spaces. The best opacity estimation was obtained
by using the XYZ color space. In addition, using a regression method, the best estimation was obtained by using a fourth-order polynomial regression
Downloaded by Carleton University At 06:15 01 February 2016 (PT)

with the LSLM color space.

Originality/value – The opacity of fabric has been measured by spectrophotometer, but in this study, the opacity of fabric was measured by scanner
as a low cost device and also with novel and simple method. This method achieved acceptable accuracy for opacity estimation. The obtained result
is comparable with spectrophotometer results.
Keywords Clothing, Colour (color), Optical character recognition (OCR)
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction completely. The reflectance spectrum of opaque materials

does not change with increasing thickness. But, the reflectance
Materials can be distinguished as transparent, translucent or
spectrum of opaque material increases with increasing
opaque in their dependence on light transmittance properties
scattering properties (Imai et al., 2000; Hiltunen, 2002; Simon
(Klein, 2009). When light passes through transparent objects,
and Trachsler, 2003; Kuehni, 2005; Raj Pant, 2006; Klein,
it may be absorbed and transmitted so that the spectral
2009). For opaque samples, the values of contrast ratio (C)
distribution of transmitted light depends on the absorption
and color difference, ⌬Ebw, are 1 and 0, respectively
properties of transparent layers (Kuehni, 2005).
(Mcdonald, 1997; Klein, 2009). Because of doubt
In translucent objects, such as turbid films, paper, opal glass
measurement, the value of C in opaque case was limited, and
or textile, absorption and scattering coincide, and light only
the critical value of 0.98 was used (Klein, 2009; Zhao and
transmits on a small scale so they cannot cover a colored
Berns, 2009).
background completely. In translucent material, the light
The opacity of a textile is an important technical property.
transmittance decreases with increasing thickness of layer.
In the paper industry, according to Technical Association of
Besides, the light transmittance decreases with increasing
the Pulp and Paper Industry, the opacity factor was defined as
scattering and vice versa (Raj Pant, 2006; Klein, 2009). In
the ratio between reflectance of layer over ideal black
addition, the reflectance and absorbance of translucent
background (Rgk⫽ 0) and reflectance of layer over white
material depend on the thickness of the material and the
background (Rgw ⫽ 0.89). But in textile industry, opacity of a
background over which the material is observed. The
textile fabric was defined as the ratio between the surface
reflectance of translucent material increases with increasing
luminance of layer over black background, Yb, and the surface
thickness and reflectance of background (Hiltunen, 2002).
luminance of layer over white background, Yw (Morton, 1965;
However, the transmittance of opaque objects is zero and light
Klein, 2009; Zhao and Berns, 2009). The opacity in fibers
cannot pass, and they can cover a colored background
depends on the details of the particular fiber-forming process
and internal voids or pores (Brody and Quynn, 1965).
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at The scanner is an additive color device (Martinez-Verdú
www.emeraldinsight.com/0260-2288.htm et al., 2006). In the scanner, there are usually three rows of
charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor elements that are
covered with red, green and blue (RGB) filters to generate a
three-band image, typically in the RGB channel (Sharma and
Sensor Review Trussell, 1996; Hunt, 2004; Allen and Triantaphillidou,
34/4 (2014) 404 –409
© Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 0260-2288]
2011). The scanner generates digital data based on sensing
[DOI 10.1108/SR-01-2013-607] color stimulus (Morovič and Morovič, 2003).

404
 Estimation of fabric opacity by scanner Sensor Review
Abbas Hajipour, Ali Shams Nateri and Alireza Sadr Momtaz Volume 34 · Number 4 · 2014 · 404 –409

The low-cost color devices application has been increased Table I Color specification and opacity of samples with low opacity
during the past few years, and the color calibration of low-cost Color parameter
Opacity
color device has become an important research. The RGB Number (Yb/Yw) Lⴱ aⴱ bⴱ Cⴱ h°
color space is a fundamental and device-dependent color
space, and other color spaces have been usually obtained by 1 0.13 16.28 0.78 ⫺1.03 1.29 307.27
transforming the RGB color space. The goal of color 2 0.19 21.38 18.52 1.42 18.58 4.4
calibration is to provide a transformation from the scanner 3 0.22 30.22 44.9 18.24 48.46 22.11
measurements to a device-independent color space such as the 4 0.26 36.72 4.29 ⫺38.67 38.91 276.33
CIELab or to spectral reflectance (Ford and Roberts, 1998; 5 0.27 46.87 55.42 ⫺2.84 55.49 357.06
Sharma, 2000; Cheung et al., 2004; Colantoni and Alava, 6 0.29 47 0.74 ⫺38.22 38.23 271.11
2004; Shams-Nateri and Amirshahi, 2007; Yang et al., 2010). 7 0.33 86.85 4.37 ⫺17.48 18.02 284.03
The spectrophotometer, as an expensive optical device, has 8 0.33 58.13 50.1 ⫺6.81 50.56 352.26
been used to measure the reflectance spectra, color 9 0.33 82.52 ⫺9.15 39.42 40.47 103.07
specification and opacity of materials. The scanner, as a 10 0.34 66.07 39.92 ⫺11.92 41.66 343.37
low-cost optical device, has been usually used for scanning 11 0.34 62.73 ⫺1.18 ⫺34.6 34.62 268.04
and imaging of materials. In this work, the spectrophotometer, 12 0.34 79.92 ⫺6.21 61.63 61.94 95.75
as a high-cost device, was replaced with the scanner as the 13 0.34 78.19 ⫺1.31 74.95 74.96 91
low-cost device for measuring the opacity of textile fabrics. 14 0.35 79.61 6 21.53 22.35 74.42
15 0.36 48.04 ⫺31.15 ⫺11.24 33.11 199.85
2. Materials and methods ⫺2.16
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16 0.36 91.57 8.29 8.57 104.63

The performance of the scanner for measuring fabric opacity was 17 0.37 89.03 2.06 ⫺7.65 7.92 285.11
evaluated by using 48 samples in various colors and opacities. 18 0.38 56.63 ⫺17.41 39.16 42.86 113.97
The used fabrics were plain-weave viscose fabric with a weight of 19 0.39 75.45 ⫺10.17 ⫺12.79 16.34 231.5
138 g/m2; knitting polyester fabric with a weight of 106 g/m2; and 20 0.39 37.98 53.64 29.86 61.39 29.1
plain-weave polyester fabrics with various weights of 73, 64 and Notes: Lⴱ: Lightness; aⴱ: greenness–redness; bⴱ: blueness–yellowness;
36 g/m2 which were dyed in various colors and shades. Cⴱ: chroma; h°: hue, in degrees
The XRite Color Eye 7000A spectrophotometer was used to
measure the reflectance spectra and color parameters of samples. condition. For obtaining the color parameters (RGB), obtained
The reflectance spectra were measured within the visible images were cut in 1,500 ⫻ 2,100 pixels, and then the mean filter
spectrum at 31 wavelengths at 10 nm intervals from 400 to 700 was applied over them. The image processing was done by using
nm. The color parameter was measured under 10 degrees MATLAB Ver.7 software. The RGB of image of samples against
standard observer and D65 standard illuminant. The white and black backgrounds were used to measure opacity. The
chromaticity distribution of samples is shown in Figure 1. accuracy of opacity prediction was calculated by using equation (1):
The actual opacity factor was calculated as the ratio between the
surface luminance of fabric over black background (Yb) and the <Predicted opacity-Actual opacity=
Relative error (%) ⫽ ⫻ 100
surface luminance of fabric over white background (Yw) that had Actual opacity
been obtained by the spectrophotometer. The samples were (1)
divided to three categories as low, medium and high opacity with
0-40, 40-70 and 70-100 opacity factors, respectively. Color 3. Result and discussion
specification and opacity of samples with opacity factor of low, For improving the opacity estimation performance of scanner,
medium and high opacity are shown in Tables I–III, respectively. the RGB values were converted to several color spaces such as
The samples were scanned against white and black paper as a
background by using HP Scanjet G3010 scanner at 200 ppi Table II Color specification and opacity of samples with medium
opacity
Figure 1 Chromaticity distribution of samples Opacity Color parameter
Number (Yb/Yw) Lⴱ aⴱ bⴱ Cⴱ h°
100
80 1 0.43 90.92 3.38 ⫺14.69 15.07 282.96
60 2 0.44 86.08 ⫺8.39 50.83 51.51 99.37
3 0.47 66.04 46.92 ⫺11.12 48.22 346.67
40
4 0.48 88.92 4.24 ⫺17.27 17.78 283.79
20
b* 5 0.49 56.06 1.93 ⫺41.74 41.79 272.65
0
6 0.5 84.46 ⫺8.47 48.2 48.94 99.97
−100 −50 −20 0 50 100
7 0.55 91.86 ⫺0.03 0.85 0.85 91.97
−40 8 0.57 66.62 41.35 ⫺13.29 43.43 342.19
−60 9 0.59 57.89 ⫺0.8 ⫺38.43 38.49 268.81
−80 10 0.63 87.19 ⫺6 60.51 60.81 95.66
−100 11 0.63 85.28 ⫺3.2 73.55 73.62 92.49
12 0.68 56.12 54.06 ⫺1.54 54.09 358.37
a*

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Abbas Hajipour, Ali Shams Nateri and Alireza Sadr Momtaz Volume 34 · Number 4 · 2014 · 404 –409

Table III Color specification and opacity of samples with high opacity Table IV The accuracy of opacity estimation at low opacity
Opacity Color parameter Color space Mean SD Maximum Minimum
Number (Yb/Yw) Lⴱ aⴱ bⴱ Cⴱ h°
RGB 68.33 25.60 146.15 44.74
1 0.7 65.94 45.32 ⫺2.87 45.41 356.38 CIELab 73.52 17.08 123.08 55.26
2 0.7 81.25 ⫺3.04 76.75 76.81 92.27 Grayscale 66.44 23.38 138.46 47.37
3 0.71 94.76 ⫺0.36 2.99 3.01 96.86 hLab 60.27 27.02 146.15 39.47
4 0.71 86.64 1.78 74.57 74.59 88.63 XYZ 22.96 6.03 30.77 10.26
5 0.73 50.97 59.37 0.94 59.38 0.9 sRGB 22.66 6.05 30.30 12.82
6 0.74 82.94 10.18 86.93 87.53 83.32 CMYK 75.64 30.24 146.15 48.57
7 0.74 80.48 15.93 91.84 93.21 80.16 LSLM 66.48 21.84 138.46 47.37
8 0.77 49.08 ⫺2.34 ⫺37.39 37.47 266.42
9 0.79 54.78 ⫺3.72 ⫺34.81 35.01 263.9
10 0.81 35.3 1.97 ⫺40.97 41.02 272.76 Table V The accuracy of opacity estimation at medium opacity
11 0.83 61.61 53.07 21.79 57.37 22.32 Color space Mean SD Maximum Minimum
12 0.83 49.56 59.09 30.34 66.42 27.18
RGB 36.30 9.65 51.16 22.22
13 0.85 41.93 58.63 31.9 66.75 28.55 CIELab 40.95 10.90 58.14 23.81
14 0.95 58.56 6.45 ⫺22.7 23.6 285.87 Grayscale 36.12 9.61 51.16 20.63
15 0.97 33.26 12.47 ⫺25.91 28.76 295.69 hLab 31.28 8.28 41.86 15.87
⫺24.98
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16 0.98 45.07 8.81 26.49 289.43 XYZ 10.51 2.75 14.29 6.35
sRGB 11.01 2.74 14.29 6.35
CMYK 35.29 12.15 55.81 19.05
the CIELab (D65-10°) (Schanda, 2007), Grayscale (Sunita LSLM 36.65 9.64 51.16 20.63
et al., 2012), sRGB (Shams-Nateri, 2011), CMYK (Ford and
Roberts, 1998), hLab (Hunter Lab) (Mcdonald, 1997), XYZ
(Shams-Nateri, 2011) and LSLM (Yang et al., 2010). Then Table VI The accuracy of opacity estimation at high opacity
the opacity factor of samples was evaluated in several color
Color space Mean SD Maximum Minimum
spaces by following equations:
RGB 10.65 7.17 22.54 0.00
Avg共R, G, B兲black CIELab 11.79 7.47 22.54 0.00
RGB: Opacity value ⫽ (2)
Avg共R, G, B兲white Grayscale 10.76 6.66 21.13 1.02
hLab 9.32 5.74 18.31 1.02
*
Lblack XYZ 5.61 3.85 11.43 0.00
CIELab: Opacity value ⫽ *
(3) sRGB 6.27 4.99 14.29 0.00
Lwhite
CMYK 9.54 6.99 22.54 1.02
LSLM 10.93 6.62 21.13 0.00
共Value兲black
Grayscale: Opacity value ⫽ (4)
共Value兲white
of opacity estimation for low-opacity samples is less than
high-opacity samples. So the accuracy of opacity estimation
Avg共R, G, B兲black was increased with an increase in the opacity factor of the
sRGB: Opacity value ⫽ (5)
Avg共R, G, B兲white sample.
In addition, the accuracy of the opacity factor prediction in
共1-Kblack兲 the CIELab, Grayscale, sRGB, CMYK, hLab, XYZ and
CMYK: Opacity value ⫽ (6)
共1-Kwhite兲
Figure 2 The accuracy of opacity estimation in several color spaces

Lblack 50
hLab: Opacity value ⫽ (7) 45
Lwhite 40
35
Error (%)

Yblack 30
XYZ: Opacity value ⫽ (8) 25
Ywhite 20
15
Lblack 10
LSLM: Opacity value ⫽ (9) 5
Lwhite 0
B

LM
GB
ab

Z
ab
ale
RG

XY

Y
EL

hL
sc

sR

The accuracy of the opacity factor prediction is shown in

CM

LS
CI

ay
Gr

Tables IV, V and VI for low-, medium- and high-opacity

samples, respectively. As shown in these tables, the accuracy Color space

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 Estimation of fabric opacity by scanner Sensor Review
Abbas Hajipour, Ali Shams Nateri and Alireza Sadr Momtaz Volume 34 · Number 4 · 2014 · 404 –409

Figure 3 The correlation between actual and predicted opacity in the RGB, CIELab, Grayscale and hLab color spaces

1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8

Predicted
Predicted 0.6 0.6
Correlation = 0.986 Correlation = 0.978
0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Actual Actual

(RGB) CIELab

1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
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Predicted
Predicted

0.6 0.6
Correlation = 0.987 Correlation = 0.991
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Actual Actual

Grayscale hLab

Figure 4 The correlation between actual and predicted opacity in the XYZ, sRGB, CMYK and LSLM color spaces

1.2 1.2
1 1

0.8 0.8
Predicted
Predicted

0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4 Correlation = 0.992
Correlation = 0.994
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Actual Actual

XYZ sRGB

1.2 1.2
1 1

0.8 0.8
Predicted
Predicted

0.6 0.6
Correlation = 0.978 Correlation = 0.988
0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Actual Actual

CMYK LSLM

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 Estimation of fabric opacity by scanner Sensor Review
Abbas Hajipour, Ali Shams Nateri and Alireza Sadr Momtaz Volume 34 · Number 4 · 2014 · 404 –409

Table VII The accuracy of opacity estimation by regression methods

Polynomials
Method Parameter Linear Exponential Power Second-order Third-order Fourth-order Fifth-order
RGB Mean 6.03 5.49 4.33 4.42 3.88 3.78 7.66
SD 5.1 3.96 2.95 2.7 2.59 2.69 4.26
CIELab Mean 7.84 4.28 4.75 4.3 4.02 3.51 4.93
SD 8.92 2.49 3.39 2.11 1.8 1.59 3.53
Grayscale Mean 5.99 5.35 4.2 4.3 3.83 3.58 10.35
SD 6.3 3.5 3.12 2.64 2.55 2.52 4.89
hLab Mean 4.98 6.91 4.75 4.4 4.08 3.88 5.36
SD 3.65 4.64 3.16 3.01 2.63 3.1 3.71
XYZ Mean 4.81 9 5.24 11.48 4.88 4.15 4.03
SD 4.75 7.74 3.63 7.34 3.37 2.92 2.99
sRGB Mean 5.34 9.74 5.09 5.13 4.88 4.62 4.58
SD 4.58 7.24 3.54 3.61 3.14 2.68 2.81
CMYK Mean 7.73 9.92 8.21 8.23 8.3 8.58 8.62
SD 6.41 4.82 5.38 5.49 5.12 5.98 6.07
LSLM Mean 5.8 4.87 3.81 3.76 3.23 3 2.97
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SD 6.55 3.23 2.6 2.25 2.22 1.81 2.05

LSLM color spaces are shown in Figure 2. As shown in this
figure, the best opacity prediction is obtained in the XYZ color
space, with 14.2 per cent relative error. The correlation
between actual and predicted opacity values in various color
spaces is shown in Figures 3 and 4. As shown in these figures,
the best correlation is obtained between actual and predicted
opacity in the XYZ color space with 0.994 correlations.
In next step, the performance of the scanner is improved by
using regression technique such that the dataset is divided in
two set as training and testing dataset. The training dataset
was used to obtain the regression parameter. Scanner was
calibrated by using the linear, exponential, power, second-,
third-, fourth- and fifth-order polynomials regression. The
accuracy of opacity estimation test samples by regression
methods is shown in Tables VII as mean and standard
deviation. As shown in this table, the best estimation of
opacity is obtained by using a fourth-order polynomial
regression method with the LSLM color space with 3 per cent
relative error.
4. Conclusion
This work explained a novel method for evaluating the opacity
of textiles fabrics by using scanner. The scanner is a very
low-cost method than other methods such as using digital
camera. The textile fabrics were scanned against white and
black background, and the RGB values of scanned images
were used to calculate the opacity factor. The performance of
scanner was improved by converting the RGB values into
various color spaces, such as the CIELab, Grayscale, sRGB,
CMYK, hLab, XYZ and LSLM, and using the linear,
exponential, power and second-, third-, fourth- and fifth-order
polynomials regression techniques. The best opacity
estimation is obtained by using the XYZ color space with 14.2
per cent relative error. In addition, using a regression method,
the best estimation is obtained by using a fourth-order
polynomial regression with the LSLM color space with 3 per
cent relative error. The suggested method is a low-cost and
useful industrial application method for measuring the opacity
of textile fabrics.
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Corresponding author
Ali Shams Nateri can be contacted at: a_shams@guilan.
ac.ir