Valency and chemical bond

Valency:
Compounds are formed by the chemical union of atom of different element in
simple numerical ratios by the satisfaction of their combining capacities, which
are called valency.

A chemical bond is the forced holding together two atoms or groups of atoms
forming an aggregate of ions or molecular species. This tendency is satisfied by
elements gaining, loosing or sharing electrons giving rise to three kinds of bonds.

1. Ionic bond (Electro positive elements + electro negative elements).

2. Covalent bond (Electro negative + electro negative)
3. Metallic bond (both are electro positive)

Ionic bond:
Ionic bond results from transfer of electron from electro positive to electro
negative, elements giving rise to electro valency. The electrically charged atom,
called ions are then held together by electro static attraction forming what is
called an ionic bond.

NaCl  Na+ + Cl ¯

Na2S  2Na+ + S¯¯

Covalent bond:
Covalent bond results from sharing of electrons between two electro negative
elements. The covalency consists in the material sharing of a pair of electrons
between two atoms each of which has the deficit of electrons. It happens when
two electro negative atoms react together. The mutually shared electrons form is
called a covalent bond between atoms.

Examples: H2, O2, Cl2 (diatomic molecules)

Electro valent bond Covalent bond

1. Polar and conduct electricity
when fused or dissolved.
2. Relatively high melting and
boiling point.
3. Usually insoluble in non
ionising solvents.
1. These are non polar and non
conducting.
2. Relatively low melting and
boiling point.
3. Usually soluble in non ionising
solvents.
Metallic bond:
Elements with two little electrons in the outer shell but too many orbitals behave
as metals. A valence bond picture with inclusion or resonant concept and a
molecular orbital approach gave satisfactory explanation for metallic behaviour.

Periodic table:
What is the Mendelev’s periodic law?

The properties of elements and their compounds are periodic functions of the
atomic weight of the elements. He arranged them the known elements in
horizontal rows and vertical columns. Such elements of comparable properties
become members of the same column. This arrangement is called periodic table.

Moseley’s research:
The properties of elements and their compounds are periodic functions of the
atomic number of the element.

Nomenclature:
 For binary compounds ending with “ ide”.
(Anhydrous hydrogen chloride)

 Based on the oxidation state of the element of the acid.

Highest oxidation state with “ic”.

Example: Sulphuric acid, Phosphoric acid, Nitric acid.

Lowest oxidation state with “ous”

Example: Sulphurous acid, Phosphorous acid.

 Oxi acids of halogen

Highest oxidation state name with prefix “per”.
Example: Perchloric acid, Periodic acid.

 As per the degree of halogen acids are name as Ortho, Meta, Pyro.

Ortho acid consists of highest hydrated form of the acid anhydride.

Sulphuric acid, Phosphoric acid, Phosphorous acid.

Meta acids are derived from the Ortho acids by removal of one molecule
of water from each molecule of acid as follows.

H3PO4 HPO3 + H20 


Meta Phosphoric acid

2H2CrO4 H2Cr2O7 + H20 


Pyrochromic acid

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