s Matter Around

=Chapter- 2
Us Pure?
CONCEPT MAPPING

Matter

mpere Sebstances
Pure Sebtascs
Mxiures

Hetergeneo
Kepresented by Havehed Tnae Solutions Colloidal
Symbols
Cannot be broken
Compositon Uniform Solution &
Can be brokm o
into its constitucnts
Composithon Suspen
no Simpler Suger Non-uniftorm
Substanees by chemical reactions &water, Composition
o p e r , Sodium, or clectrochemical alcohol Sand &
Sugar, water
Hud Waer, Sk, Sugar etc. & os1, milk.

Methods er Sepaza

(Soute sovent) Evaporation

nsaturated Centrifugation
Safurated yeparating tunne
Elements
Super Saturated Sublimation
*romatography
.Distillation
Crystallisation
Medah Metallold's Fuliration
Malleable
Show some of Non-malleable
Ductile he properties of
Non-duxctie .Winn
Ciood Conductor metals and some Bad conductor of hine
Threshin
of Heat & Heat & Electricity
OInetals.
Electricity Silicon,
Cg. Lop Germanium
ydrogen
Silver, Gok, Nitrogen, Sulphur etc.
Sodium

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 Dt.:

Pg.:
2ta
ATTER ROUNID
US URE
Fuxe ord means that there is po mixing in a Aubstance. But
aCtoding o Scienhs langunga all -thing an mixtue o
So mony aubstancesnat ingleone Thallsuhs they
a no Pie

LueAubstanes eanathai all elemenis_hauecame

chemícal Panpenieg
HPue Subsanne iS mace ub of Same Kino sT-ElemenlS

Substonce A Bubstante isa kind mallen -hat cannd be

Sepacxa-dedicda olher Kind stmatler by any Phaica
Paoperhes
Ahat is O mixtue ?
H is aAibstanre in which uso or mon ubstances arm
simply mixed together_ih a Proprmion
Cxample s Air is a mixture o oxgen,nitogen,Coa
and usaler uapou

ypes o Mxhure 3
HHomogerous-
mixdere

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1) Hederogenou
Hixtute
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 D

Homogenous ie ALmíx-tute ohich -the Coposion e

is uni-toxm 18CalledhomageneOuA_mix-tun

Simple 'wgrdg k bdE

Udssolued E

aamble g Sugan in under. Hhas unitoam Comboslion

Hedengecousmiure2 Ahetemgeneous mixture ig a

mixtue in Lohich the composikion is nst untaàn
thoughoui the mikte. H Consist otophaSes

ample Mixtue ooi& ualerthey do ndi mx

thoxaghlyb nstead om we BePamde-
laiere.

whatis SoLUTION
A Solurtion is a_omogeneous mirlure of tao crmore
Substarreg
gAlimbu paniSOda uwattr eie.

Solut ion
Sotuent
Solute (Subsha nee in which
Substare dissolved
6lufe disotved
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Sugar Solutfon
DELT Notebook
Suar Waer J
 Types of Mixtures

True Colloidal Suspension

1. Size of solute 1. Size of solute particles bigger than 1. Size of particles
particles smallest. true but smaller than suspension. In biggest.> 10' m.
10 m. between 10 to 10" m.

2. Solute particles 2. Can be seen

can't be seen with
Soluteeye.particles can't be scen with
2.Naked with naked eye.
naked eye.

3. Homogenous Seems homogenous but actually

3.heterogenous 3. Heterogenous
mixture. mixture. mixture.

4. Particles can't 4. Particles can't be separated by 4. Can be Separated

be separated by filteratoin. by filteration.
filteration.

5. Transparent 5. Translucent 5. Opaque

6. Unstable
6. Stable solutoins6. Stable solutions.
- i.e., solute solution -solute
particles do not particles settle
settle on keeping. upon keeping.
7. Show tyndall effect. 7. May or may not
7. Do not
tyndall effect.
show show tyndall effect.

8. Solution diffuse 8. Colloid particles pass through filter8. Suspension

rapidly through paperbut not through parchment paper.particles do not
pass through filter
filter paper as
well as parchment paper as well as
paper. parchment paper.
9. e.g., Sugar in 9. e.g.. Milk, blood. 9. e.g.. Sand/mud
water. in water.
 Common examples of colloids:
|Dispersal Phase perion
Type Example
Solute)
oivent
Gas Aerosol Fog. cloud
Liquid
2. Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke

Gas Liquid Foam Shaving

Cream
Liquid Emulsion Milk, face
. Liquid
cream,
emulsion paint
Solid Liquid Sol Mud, digene
o. Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber

sponge
1. Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese

. Solid Solid Solid sol Coloured

gemstones,
glass (milky,
coloured)

G a s in gas is not a colloidal solution - it is called a mixture.

 D1.

Pg. 2
Concentzation of Solution

Mass Mass bs Mass þexentage mass of so.lute x looo

mass a Solution

2 Mas bs Volume pereniage Volume_o Solute x loo

Volume o Solution

METHOD oF SEPARATION
voPomhion 8Ourto the huo componersls sa mixture
one Can evaporate Lie. has less boiling poiotad atber
bas higher boiling Poird
Eaample Nixture due and usader eurlouoader and
dye, uater evapates burl dye is let behind
dye has bigher boling pain

(2) Centritugation 8 epation opatkles Subsiaree on

he basis beir denstyiwhern mixture
is coterted vexyacthen denser paxicles are
orred at he0 botiom and liqhterr pasticles stay
above
Exampe 2 Sepaading cream mmilk

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 t Py

Applícaions
labson blaod and usine esis
La)_used in diagnose.
andhomeo Sepaate butttr-hom
butitr-fom
Lb))_used in-daities
Croam
machines dyers to Squeeze_ouf woater
Cc used in uashinq
omClothe

Sepamting tunne Two_ ímmiscible liquids which

in each other
do nat dissolve
ín epaaa-íng-
Con be easily Sepanated by puting
t u n D e p a m t e d _ b
q

APPlicatíons
Sepeadioo ooilfom umter:
La) iis oreLightem slag is.
Lb)Extmckon o xon-om
iDn
Mmoved om Qboue -b molten

14 Sublimation
sublimediectly
af be Tuo Lomponerls, ore uill willdt:
Out Solid_and olbexr
Couelsto gas om
Nac(salt)
N H u l a m m o n i u mchlorde) and
Example
Example
easily Sepaatedby heatig
mitue can be Commoh salt
Sublims b t
Sothot NHcl
Yemans bebina

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L APPicaions8
aCan
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laCamphor,na
Can Subltme
pthalene., anthaleoe
 D.
P: 2lta
Chxo.matogaphy _

asic rinciple Colouredl Combonents oa mixhure can be

Sepaxated by ysing an dsorberr on ohich -ley are
adsoxbedt difereri areas

chromalographY
Ink SPot PaPer
mixture of Line drawn by fenci
Colors -water|soluent

When wa-ler Lany Auttablesolueni moues up, the chmmato

-gaphy paperfnk with tuso dierei colourS epazes-
becduse both Colours are absaxbed di dikenet
Spoeds

APPlications
a To Separmte colours_odye
LbToSeparate piqmenls om natumlLColours like
chloropbyl.
[c)lo Sepamte drugsom blood.

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 (Can you guess what is done when athletes undergo a doping testfor their blood?)
(6) Distillation:
Basic principle: Based on Separating mixture of miscible liquids have different
boiling points, followed by condensation. Out of the two components one has a lower
boiling point and other has higher boiling point. This is used to separate two or more
miscible liquids.

Thermometer

Clamp-
water outlet

Distillation Clamp
lask
-Water
condenbe
"Mixture
ol acetone
and water
Cold water In

Acetone-

Example: When mixture of acetone and wateris heated, acetone having lesser
boiling point, boils and moves to delivery tube, within which it condenses back to liquid
with the help of a condenser clamped to it. Thus, acetone is separated out in a beaker and
water is left in the distillation flask.
Note: fthere are more than two components (liquids) mired (with diferent boiling
points) then we use afractionating column to separate all the components from each other.
This process is donefor air. petroleum etc.

18

rmn
Petroleum is separated into
parafin wax, Iubricating oil, diesel,
ratnatt
kerosene, petrol and petrol gas by
rehumn
this method

Fractional Distillation
of Air:
Air is also separated by this method.

Air Liquid air Allowed to warm Gases separated

cooled
up slowly in a at different heights
fractionating column
Some of the applications offractional distillation:

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(a) In petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas
processing and cryogenic air separation plants.
(6) Inoil refineries to separate crude oil into useful substances (or fractions).
In the process of
(C) organicjuice.
(d) In the separation ofoxygen, liquid nitrogen and argon from air.
 Crystallisation:
Basie principle: To remove impurities from a mixture by first dissolving in a
Suitable solvent and then crystallising out one
component.
For example: Coppersulphatecrystals (impure) are first dissolved in sulphuricacid
and then
heated to saturated solution. Now, this solution is left ovemight. So, only
pure copper sulphate crystals on filter paper.
Why is crystallisation better than evaporation?
) Some solids decompose or get charred upon heating to dryness during
evaporation. E.g., sugar.
(i) Some impurities remain dissolved in solution after filteration. On
evaporation, these impurities do not evaporate and remain with the mixture.
Applications:
(a) Purification of salt from sea water.
(b) Separation ofcrystals (e.g. alum (phitkari), copper sulphate]
from their impure crystals.

Water purification in water treatment plants

Reservoir Sedimentation tank Loading tank
(Impure water) (Solids settle down) (Sedimentation of
suspended impurities
using alum elc.)

Water supply
homes
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Chlorination tank
(Addition ofchlorine
Filtration tank
(All impurities filtered)
to kill germs)
 Physical Vs Chemical Changes
Chemical Physical
Not casily revered Easily reversible
New Product(s) formed Nonew products
Reactants used up Oftenjust a state change
Often heat/light/sound/ E.g., Ice melting
fizzing occurs
Electricity may be produced
Aprecipitate may formm
E.g., Wood burning

39/332

Elements
Made of same type of atoms

S.No. Metals Non-metals Metalloids

|Lustrous Non-lustrous Metallaoids have
intermediate properties
between metals and
non-metals.
20

Malleable, ductile Non-malleable, non- |E.g., Boron, Germanium,

ductile Silicon

Sonorous Non-sonorous

Good conductors of Bad conductors

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heat& electricity
E.g.. Gold,
iron ete. E.g.. Oxygen,
Phosphorus
Mixture Compound
I. Elements or compounds are 1. Substances are reacted together
simply mixed so no new substance with each other to make a new
is formed. substance.

2. Elements do not combine in 2.

a
Composition of the components is
fixed ratio. fixed i.e., they combine together
in a fixed radio according to their
masses

3. Amixture shows the properties of 3. Compound doesn't show the

Its components. properties of component
elements.

4. be
Components can
easily4. Components can't be separated
separated by any mechanical from each other by simple
method which is suitable. mechanical methods.

5. E.g.Mixture ofiron and sulphur. 5. E.g. Iron and sulphur react to

from iron sulphide.
 QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS
Classify the following into homogenous and heterogenous mixtures :
(a) Ice (b) Soil
(c) Wood (d) Air
Name the type of mixture formed by mixing sulphur and carbon disulphide
3. Justify the statement that: 'Rusting of iron is corrosion and it is a chemical change"
Name the processes used for separatoin:
(a) Miscible liquids
(b) Immiscible liquids
(c) Butter from milk
(d) Sand from water-sand mix
(c) Separation ofcolours in dyes.
( Camphor from camphor, sand and salt
(8) Alcohol from aqueous alcohol.
Name the apparatus by which mixture ofoil and watercan be separated.
. A hard substance produces a tinkling sound when beaten. Is it metal or a non metal?
What type
ofsolution is an alloy?
8. Classify the following as physical change or chemical change.
(a) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air
(b) Burning ofsulphur in air
(c) Electrolysis of water.
. Which component of the mixture (Iron & sulphur) reacts with dil Hcl and gives
Hydrogen gas?
10. Crystallization is a better technique than simple evaporation. Give one reason to
justify the statement.

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 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
.What is meant by concentration of a solution?
2. List the two conditions essential for using distillation as a method for separation of
the components from a mixture.
3. Smoke and fog both are aerosols. In what ways are they different?
4. Salt can be recovered from its solution by evaporation can you suggest any other
method als0
Can we separate alcohol dissolved in water by using a separating funnel?
Ifyes, then describe the procedure. Ifnot, explain.
Crystallization is a better method or technique than separation for separating
Substances from a mixture. Give one reason tojustify the statement.
7. A solution is prepared by adding 40 gm of sugar in 100 gm of water. Calculate the
concentration is terms of mass by mass percentage
ofsolution.
8. What is chromatography? Mention its two applications.
9. Write down in to get the supply of drinking
the processes in sequential order involved
water to your home form the water works (Flow-chart).
10. How many litres of 15% (m/v) sugar solution would it take to get 75 gm ofsugar?
[Hint:15%of(75+x)=75]
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIOONS
the in considered physical change? Give
.Why interconversion of states
three reasons to justity your answer.
of matter as a

During an experiment the students were asked to prepare a 20%% (mass/mass)

solution of sugar in water. Ram dissolved 20 gm of sugar in 100 gm of water while
Sohan prepared it by dissolving 20 gmofsugar in make 100 gm
water to ofsolution.
(a) Are the two solutions of the same concentration.
(b) Compare the mass% of the two solutions.
(c) Whose solution contain less amount
ofsolute.
3. When a fine beam of light enters a room through a small hole, Tyndall effect is
observed, Explain, why does this happen ? Givee one more example where this effect
can be observed.

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4. With
the help of flow diagram,sow te process of obtaining or separating different
gases from air. If the boiling points of Oxygen, argon and nitrogen are -183°C
-186°C and-196°C respectively which gas gets liquified first as the air is cooled?
You are provided with a mixture containing sand, iron fillings, ammonium chloride
and sodium chloride. Describe the procedures you would use to separate these
constituents form the mixture.
6. in liquid are so
Sometimes the solid particles a small and pass throughfilter paper
Suggest a technique which is used to separate solid from liquid. What is theprincipal
of this method? Explain the process with an example.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

.Complete the sentence by choosing the corect words given in the bracket:
a. Pure substances are.. and have the same. throughout.
b. Mixture of sulphur and carbon disulphide is.. . . and does not show
(homogenous, heterogeneous, Tyndall effect.
C. Tincture of iodine has antiseptic propertices. This solution is mad by dissolving
. i. (potassium iodide, iodine, water, alcohol)
Which of the following are homogeneous in nature ?
(i) ice. (ii) wood. (ii)soil (iv) ai
(a). (i) and (ii) (b). (i) and (iv)

(c). (i) and (iv) (d) cii) and iv)

Whichofthe following are physical changes?
() Melting ofiron metal. (i) Rusting ofiron
(ii) Bending ofan iron rod. (iv) Drawing a wire of iron metal
a. (i, (i) and (ii),

b. i).ci) and (iv)

i)(i) and (iv)
(i), (ii) and (iv)
4. Whichof the following are chemical changes?
c) Decaying ofwood. ci) Burming ofwood
(ii) Sawing ofwood. (iv) Hammering ofa nail into a piece of wood

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 6. Name the process associated withthe following:

. Dry ice is kept at room temperature and at one atmospheric pressure.

b. A drop of ink placed on the surface of water contained in a glass spreads

throughout the water.

*
A potassium permanganate crystal is in a beaker and water is poured into the
beaker with stirring.

d. A acetone bottle is left open and the bottle becomes empty.

Setling ofsand when a mixture ofsand and water is left undisturbed for some
time.

Fine beam of light entering through a small hole in a dark oom, illuminates
the particles in its paths.

. Give an example each for the mixture having the following characterstics. Suggesta
suitable method to separate the components of these mixtures

a. A volatile and a non-volatile component..

************** ****

b. Two volatile components with appreciable difference in boiling8

points. oss

Two immiscible liquids. *ssssssssssa********

d. Oneofthe components changes directly from solid to gascous state . *** ******

C. Twoor more coloured constituents soluble in some solvent.. ****************s*s

8. Whichofthe following are not compounds?

a. Chlorine gas
b. Potassium chloride

C. Iron.

d. Iron sulphide

e. Aluminum

lodine

Carbon

h. Carbon monoxide

9. Classify the substances given in the cloudinto elements and compounds:

Copper Zinc
Water Common Sal
Mercury Silver Oxygen ga
Wood oa

Elements:

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10. Sugar crystals obtained from sugarcane and beetroot are mixed together. Will
Noit be
pure substance or a mixture?