GENERAL CHEMISTRY

QUARTER 1- MODULE
1
SEPARATING MIXTURES

Harrieth Mae Ibo 12-STEM A

PAGE Pure substances and mixtures

134
1. A substance made by mixing other substances together.
2. A mixture's constituent parts are distinguished from one another by differences in their physical characteristics, such
as particle size. The separation of the compounds is made easier by how varied their properties are.
3. A pure substance is made up of the same type of particle throughout. White table sugar that you put on your
breakfast cereal, for example, is a pure substance and is made up of nothing except identical particles of sucrose. A
mixture, on the other hand, is made up of at least two substances that have different properties and so it contains
several different kinds of particle. Sea water is an example of a mixture because it is made up of water particles and
salt particles.
4.
 Recycling keeps trash out of the landfill.
 Recycling reduces our need for new raw materials.
5. The separation of materials is important as it insures that the Waste does not become contaminated and makes it
easier when redistributing the contents to manufacturers.
6.
a) Salt - a compound formed by the combination of an acid and a base or a metal salt.
 Salt is made up of Sodium and Chlorine.
 Salt has negatively charged ions (OH-) and positively charged ions (H+).
 Due to their oppositely charged ions, the ions are attracted towards each other with an
electrostatic force of attraction which is called an ionic bond.
 Salt water is a good conductor of electricity.
 Salts are ionic in nature due to the presence of ions.
 They are brittle, hard and crystalline solids.
 Salt is white, odorless and it has a salty taste.

b) Sand -is an important construction material, it is always desirable to use the good quality sand.
 Should be completely inert. (i.e., should not have any chemical activity).
 Grains should be sharp, strong & angular.
 Should not contain any hygroscopic salts (i.e., CaCl2, MgCl2, etc.).
 Should not contain clay & silt; usually 3-4% clay & silt is ordinarily permitted for practical reasons.
 There should be no organic matter.
c) Water- a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous,
liquid, and solid states.
 Polarity
 Cohesion
 Adhesion
 surface tension
 high specific heat
 Evaporative cooling.
7. Sand, salt, and water can be separated through decantation and evaporation.
 7. Sand, salt, and water can be separated through decantation and evaporation.
8. One way of separating the nails from the sawdust is to use a magnet. This works because the nails and sand have
different properties, or features. The nails are made from a substance that is attracted to magnets, but the sawdust is
not attracted to magnets.
9.
PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURES
Tap water Freshly made apple juice
Glass Soft drinks
Distilled water Cornflakes
Gold nugget Cake batter
Sterling silver
10.
Method What is removed? Properties

MAGNET Steel cans are separated from Magnet can attract

each other container. ferromagnetic materials.
Magnetic force can easily pass
through non- magnetic
substances.

11. Recycling consists of separating different types of metals and alloys, based on the elements each is made from. Many
metals contain iron, and a magnet sticks to these types. Other metals do not contain iron, and therefore a magnet will
not stick to them.
12. Why would we choose a machine to accomplish something that people can do just as well? Machines can't think or
make decisions, but people can. It is preferable to use people instead of machines because not all machines can
perform tasks as well as people.

Looking for solutions

PAGE
137

1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent. The solute is the substance
that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium. Solutions can be formed with many different
types and forms of solutes and solvents.
2.
a) Seawater
-The solvent is water, and the solute is sodium chloride.
b) Soft drinks
-Carbon dioxide, sugar, flavorings, and caramel color are among the solutes, and the solvent is water.
c) Coffee
-Small coffee grounds are the solutes, and water is the solvent.
3.

SOLUTE

SOLVENT

SOLUTIO
N

4. Gas carbon dioxide

5. Water

6. An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical
equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table
salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na +(aq) + Cl −(aq).
7. Concentrated solution is a chemical solution containing a high amount of a solute dissolved in
the solvent. While a saturated solution is a chemical solution containing the maximum
concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent.
8. Clear, because when caramel is added it gives the drink its characteristic colour.
9. Since I believe a solvent can only be liquid, I would not anticipate finding a solution containing a
solid solvent. However, this assumption about solvents is incorrect. As most people are aware, a
solvent is not just a liquid. a metal alloy. The solvent is a solid metal that is more abundant.
10. You can try blotting with a dry cloth and then rub some acidic product (rubbing alcohol or nail
polish remover) on the stain. Blot again with a dry cloth and then wash as usual
11. a) Salt
b) Water
12. Sugar dissolves faster in hot water than it does in cold water because hot water has more
energy than cold water. When water is heated, the molecules gain energy and, thus, move
faster. As they move faster, they come into contact with the sugar more often, causing it to
dissolve faster
PAGE Mixing insoluble substances
139
1.
1. a) Solvent
b) Sediment
c) Solute
d) Solution
e) Suspensions
2. Colloids are able to scatter light, but suspensions cannot transmit light. Particles in a suspension can
be seen by the naked eye, but those in a colloid must be viewed using a light microscope.
3.
Core substance (a)Solute
that dissolves in
another

Mixtures of
substances Insoluble
substances settles (b)Colloids
out

Insoluble
substances

Insoluble
substance does
(c) Emulsions
not settles out

4. Milk homogenization is a completely separate process from milk pasteurization. While Fresh Milk
means milk that has been pasteurized produced directly from raw milk.
5. Smog is a type of colloidal solution in which some water droplets are dispersed into the air along with
a solid dispersed phase and a gas dispersion medium.
6. An emulsion
7. Emulsifiers are Food and Drug Administration–approved food additives that help products containing
immiscible food ingredients, like oil and water, to combine.
PAGE Separate ways
142
1. a) Filtrate – clear water
b) Residue – mud
2. If a suspension is left to stand for a long time, the particles will eventually settle down.
3. Centrifuging
4. Because they have toxic properties and produce harmful physical effects, spills of non-petroleum oils also pose
threats to public health and the environment.
5. Removes the oil from the water naturally.
6. The purposes of booms are to contain surface oil within its boundaries so that collection of the oil can take place.
Skimmers recover oil without altering its physical or chemical properties and can do so in a variety of ways,
including suction and adhesion.
7. The properties of water and dirt that make them ideal to separate using filtration is insoluble.
8. The property of the tea leaves and water is solubility. It don’t dissolves in water, so you can use a strainer to filter
them from your tea.

PAGE Separating solutions

149
1. Distillation, evaporation, filtration and chromatography.
2. The glass cover stops the evaporated water from escaping. When the water vapor reaches the glass, it
begins to cool down. The vapor turns back into liquid water.
3. Water is a good solvent because many chemicals can dissolve in it.
4. a) Blue
b) Yellow
5. Brine production & High energy consumption are keys down sides of desalination Disposal of toxic
brine is both costly & associated w/negative environmental impacts.
6. It involves the separation of a mixture based on the difference in the boiling point (or volatility) of its
components.
7. Crystallization is used to purify a solid.
8. In distillation process condensation of vapors take place. To absorb more the cold water is passed from
lower side so that it will stay for longer time and absorb more heat from the vapors to form liquid state
of the substance.
9. The start line above the solvent level allows the solvent to move past the start line, carrying the
dissolved samples along it.
10. Due to the waterproof markers that Zoe used, her experiment will not succeed. She needs to use other
ink that is soluble in water in order for her experiment to succeed.