Name – Aaryan Patidar

Class – 12th Maths Roll no. – 12101

Subject – Chemistry

INDEX
S.No. Content Page no.
1 Colloids
2 Dispersed phase and
dispersion medium
3 Distinction between
True solutions,
Colloids and
suspension
4 Classification of
Colloids
5 Preparation of
colloidal sols
6 Purification of
colloidal sols
7 Properties of
colloidal solution
8 Emulsion
9 Colloids around us
10 Application of
colloids
11 Reference

TOPIC
 SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTION

 COLLOIDS

A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one substance is dispersed

( dispersed phase) as very fine particles in another substance called dispersion
medium.

 DISPERSED PHASE AND DISPERSION MEDIUM

 Dispersed phase means the substance distributed in the dispersion medium in the
form of colloidal particles and the dispersion medium means the medium in which the
substance is dispersed in the form of colloidal particles.

 DISTINCTION BETWEEN TRUE SOLUTION, SUSPENSION

AND COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
Property True Colloidal Suspension
Solutions Solutions

Nature Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous

Particle < 10 Å 10 Å to 10000 Å >10000Å
size

Filterability Pass through Pass through Do not pass through

ordinary filter ordinary filter filter paper and
paper as well paper but not animal membrane
as animal through animal
membrane membrane

Settling Do not settle Do not settle Settle on standing

Visibility Invisible Scattering of Particles are visible

light by the to naked eyes or
particles is under a microscope
observed under
ultramicroscope

Diffusion Diffuse quickly Diffuse slowly Do not diffuse

Apperance Clear and Transluscent Opaque

transperant
  CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS

Colloids are classified in three different ways as follows:

(A) Based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
Depending upon whether the dispersed phase and dispersion medium are solids , liquid, gas , eight types of colloidal systems are possible.

Disperse Dispersion Type of Examples

d phase medium colloid
Solid Solid Solid sol Some
coloured
glasses
Solid Liquid Sol Paints
Solid Gas Aerosol Dust
Liquid Solid Gel Milk
Liquid Liquid Emulsio Milk
n
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog
Gas Solid Solid sol Pumic
stone
Gas Liquid Foam Froth
 (B) Based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium.

1. Lyophilic colloids
The word lyophilic means liquid -loving.
Directly formed by substances like gum , gelatine etc. on mixing with suitable liquid.

2. Lyophibic colloids
The word lyophobic means liquid- hating

(C) Based on the type of particles of the dispersed phase (Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids)

1. Multimolecular colloids
When on a dispersion of a substance in the dispersion medium, a large numbers of atoms or smaller molecules of substance aggregate
together to form species having size in the colloidal range , the species this formed are called Multimolecular colloids.

2. Macromolecular colloids
When certain substances having big size molecules, called macromolecules, having large molecular masses are dissolved in a suitable liquid,
they form a solution in which the molecules of the substance, i.e., the dispersed particles have size in the colloidal range. Such substances are
called macromolecules colloids.
 3. Associated colloids – Micelles
The substances which when dissolved in a medium are low concentrations behave as normal, strong electrolytes but at higher concentrations
exhibit colloidal state properties due to the formation of aggregated particles are called Associated colloids.
Comparison of some important characteristics of Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids

Multimolecular colloids Macromolecular colloids Associated colloids

They are formed by the aggregation of a They are molecules of large size They are formed by of aggregation of a large
large number of ions in concen treated solution
number of atoms or molecules which
generally
have diameters less than 1nm

Their molecular masses are not very high They have high molecular masses Their molecular are generally high

Their atoms or molecules are held together Due to long chain, van der Waals Higher is the concentration, greater are
by weak van der Waals force forces holding them are comparatively the van der Waals forces
stronger
  PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLS

A. Dispersion or Disintegration methods

1. Mechanical disintegration
The mechanical disintegration is carried out in a colloid mill or ball mill or ultrasonic disintegrator.
 2. Electro-disintegration (Bredig’s method)
This method is employed for obtaining colloidal solutions of metals like gold, silver, platinum etcc.
 3. Peptization
Peptization is a process of converting a fresh precipitate into colloidal particles by shaking it with the dispersion medium in the presence of a
small amount of a suitable electrolyte. The electrolyte added is called peptizing agent.
B. Condensation or Aggregation methods

1. By chemical reactions
 i. By double decomposition
As2o3 + 3H2S  As2S3 + 3H2O
(Colloidal solution)

ii. By reduction
Gold, silver, platinum, etc. are obtained in colloidal form by reduction of very dilute solutions of their salts with a suitable
reducing agents.

iii. By oxidation
H2S + Br2  S + 2HBr

iv. By hydrolysis
FeCl3 + 3H2O  Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl

2. By exchange of solvent
Substances like sulphur and phosphorus are fairly soluble in alcohol but less soluble in water. If their alcoholic solutions are poured in water,
colloidal solutions of sulphur and phosphorus are obtained.

3. By condensing vapours of a substance into the solvent

Colloidal solutions of sulphur and mercury in water are prepared by passing their vapours in cold water containing a little stabilising agent like
ammonium nitrate.
4. By excessive cooling
Colloidal solutions of ice in an organic solvent like ether is obtained by freezing a mixture of the solvent and water.

 PURIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS

The process of reducing the impurities of the electrolyte to the minimum required level is known as purification of the colloidal solution.

1. Dialysis

The process of separating the particles of colloids from those of crystalloids by diffusion of the mixture through a prachment or an animal
membrane is known as dialysis.
 2. ultra-filtration

(i) Sol particles directly pass through ordinary filter paper because their pores are larger (more than 1μ or
1000mμ) than the size of sol particles (less than 200mμ).

(ii) If the pores of the ordinary filter paper are made smaller by soaking the filter paper in a solution of gelatin
of colloidion and subsequently hardened by soaking in formaldehyde, the treated filter paper may retain
colloidal particles and allow the true solution particles to escape. Such filter paper is known as ultra – filter
and the process of separating colloids by using ultra – filters is known as ultra – filtration.

3. Ultra – centrifugation

(i) The sol particles are prevented from setting out under the action of gravity by kinetic impacts of the molecules of the medium.

(ii) The setting force can be enhanced by using high speed centrifugal machines having 15,000 or more revolutions per minute. Such
machines are known as ultra–centrifuges.
 PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS

1. Physical properties

a. Heterogeneous character
Colloidal sols form heterogeneous mixture consisting of particles dispersed phase and dispersion medium.

b. Stability
Colloidal sols are quite stable.

c. Filterability
The colloidal particles pass through an ordinaryfilter paper. However, they can be retained by animal
membranes,cellophane membrane and ultrafilters.

d. Visibility
 The particles in colloidal solution are not visible to naked eye or under ordinary miscroscope.

2. Mechanical properties – Brownian movement

Brownian movement may be defined as continuous zig -zag movement of the colloidal particles in a colloidal sol.
3. Optical properties -Tyndall-effect
 Tyndall effect may be defined as the scattering of light by the colloidal particles present in a colloidal sol.

Demonstration of Tyndall effect and distinction between a true solution and a colloidal
solution
4. Electrical properties
a. Charge on colloidal particles
Colloidal particles always carry an electric charge. The nature of this solution is the same on all the particles in a
given colloidal solution and may be either positive or negative.
b. Electrophoresis or cataphoresis - The movement of colloidal particles under the influence of an electric field is

called electrophoresis or cataphoresis

c. Electro-osmosis
 Electro-osmosis may be defined as a phenomenon in which the molecules of the dispersion medium are allowed
to move under the influence of an electric field whereas colloidal particles are not allowed to move.

d. Coagulation or precipitation
Coagulation or precipitation is a process of aggregation together the colloidal particles so as to change them into
large sized particles which ultimately settle as a precipitate

 EMULSION

An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion in which both the dispersed phase and dispersion medium are liquids.

Types of emulsion
  COLLOIDS AROUND US
Most of the substances, we come across in our daily life, are colloids. The meals we eat , the clothes we wear, the wooden furniture we use,
the houses we live in, the newspaper we read, are largely composed of colloids.

 APPLICATION OF COLLOIDS
A. Application of colloids in everyday life

1. Medicines
2. Food articles
3. Fog, mist and cloud
4. Artificial rain
5. Formation of delta
6. Blue colour of the sky
7. Tail of comets
8. Blood
 9. Cleansing action of soap
10. Smoke screen

B. Industrial applications
1. Sewage disposal
2. Purification of water
3. Smoke precipitation
4. Photography
5. Rubber industries
6. Tanning/leather industry
7. Colloidal industrial products

 Reference
NCERT Textbook class 12
Pradeep’s chemistry book